Reports on Internment Camps in North Africa by: L.O. Heath, 1/6/43, 1/18/43 attachment to 2/12/43, 4/5/43 attachment to 4/23/43; Mme. H. Benatar, 4/23/43 attachment to 5/24/43. The JDC cautioned Mme. Benatar against adopting the JDC name without previous authorization, 2/1/43, 2/3/43, 3/20/43. Mme. Benatar opened a refugee center with JDC aid at Ain Sebaa, Morocco, 8/2/43, Jan. 1944. The JDC allocated $3,000 to UNRRA North African Refugee Center at Fedhala, Morocco, to improve the camp diet and camp programs, 4/20/44, 8/1/44, 9/2/44 and 10/13/44. Correspondence: H. Benatar, L.O. Heath, H. Katzki, M. Kessler, J. Ottinger, R. Pilpel.

The materials deal only with the transfer of funds to North Africa by the JDC. For a considerable stretch, the JDC obtained favorable exchange rates through the use of blocked funds in North Africa held by U.S. motion picture companies. Additional materials will also be found in the files of other countries in N. Africa.

Reports and Memos – S.P. Mendes – (to REC): 1/2/37, 1/9/37, 1/15/37, 1/19/37, 1/22/37, 1/23/37, 1/26/37, 2/6/37, 2/12/37, 2/20/37, 3/1/37, 3/5/37, 3/12/37, 3/16/37, 4/22/37(2) ; (to C.J. Liebman): 1/10/37, 1/14/37, 2/2/37, 2/26/37, 6/24/37; J. Bendahan: 6/11/37; A. Hirsch: 10/8/37; C. Razovsky: 10/11/37; B. Mellibowsky: 10/12/37; Summaries of Reports on Conditions in Argentina: 12/28/37. JDC Allocation of $10,000 to the Hilfsverein, 7/1/37 – 7/29/37. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, J. Bendahan, J. Bernstein, D.M. Bressler, A. Hirsch, B. Kahn, C.J. Liebman, B. Mellibowsky, S.P. Mendes, B. Schachner.

The JDC granted $10,000 to the Hilfsverein for refugee aid and $125 per month to the Children’s Home (July-Dec.) to provide for an expansion of facilities, 1/31/39, 6/23/39. K.J. Riegner Plan for the training and group settlement in Argentina of young Jewish refugees 1/25/39 and attachments. Proposals to bring refugee children to Argentina from France, 8/3/40 – 8/12/40, 8/23/40 – 9/18/40; also see: File 1,070, 12/2/42, 3/3/43, 3/5/43, 4/1/43, 4/9/43, 8/26/43, 9/15/43. Reports: On study trip to Argentina by F. Borchardt and D. Glick, 5/29/39, 8/8/39 attachment to 9/30/39, 2/9/40; on the Children’s Home in B.A. by A. Hirsch, undated (May 1940). Numbered Letters to the JDC by M.D. Goldsmith: #12, 8/10/40; #14, 8/23/40; #15, 8/31/40, #17, 9/9/40; 10/24/40. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, F.W. Borchardt, M.D. Goldsmith, D. Glick, A. Hirsch, J.C. Hyman, B. Mellibovsky, R. Pilpel.

Numbered letters – L.H. Sobel: #63, 8/16/43, #64, 8/20/43; #72, 9/6/43; #74, 9/10/43; #77, 9/24/43; #83, 10/8/43; #85, 10/13/43; #88, 10/15/43; #95, 10/29/43; #102, #103, 11/26/43; – J.B. Lightman: #117, 1/14/44; #118, 1/26/44; #123, 2/11/44; #132, 3/10/44; #204, 6/14/44; #209, 6/19/44; #216, 6/28/44; #234, 7/17/44; #288, 9/11/44; #297, 9/15/44; #306, 10/4/44; #314, 10/20/44; #331, 11/8/44; #352, #354, 12/5/44; #356, 12/11/44; #400, 1/16/45. Visit by J.B. Lightman to ICA refugee colony at Avigdor, 10/4/44 – 11/8/44. For earlier data on Avigdor, see above, File 1,067, 7/20/36. Reports and Memos: “The Position of the Jews and Jewish Institutions in Argentina,” by A. Mibashan. Table of Nationality Distribution of Jewish Immigrants 1922 – 1940, 6/3/42. Correspondence: M.W. Beckelman, F.W. Borchardt, A. Hirsch, J.C. Hyman J. Landau, M.A. Leavitt, I.H. Levy, J.B. Lightman, B. Mellibovsky, A. Mibashan, R. Pilpel, L.H. Sobel.

Jewish leaders urged the JDC not to collaborate with the “separatist” fund-raising drive of the Organismo de Ayuda Directa a las Victimes Judias de la Guerra in Europe, upon the alleged ground that they were “leftists” and “communists,” 2/16/40 – 6/20/41. List of local contributors to the drive of the Comite Pro Ayuda a las Victimas Judias de la Guerra y Reconstruccion de Eretz Israel, 1940 – 1941. Numbered letters – M.W. Beckelman: #67, 1/4/42; #70, 1/6/42; #131, 3/22/42; #278, 6/4/42; #290, 6/7/42; unnumbered, 10/4/42. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, M.W. Beckelman, N. Bentwich, J.X. Cohen, J. Hellman, A. Hirsch, J.C. Hyman, L. Lapaco, M.A. Leavitt, S. Mirelman, R. Pilpel, J.J. Schwartz. During W.W. II, fund-raising in Argentina for refugee aid overseas never became a community-wide effort, and it continued to reflect the fragmentation of Jewish communal life in the country.

Numbered letters – L.H. Sobel: #70, 9/3/43; #74, 9/10/43; #77, 9/24/43; #81, 10/3/43; #83, 10/8/43; #95, 10/29/43; #100, 11/25/43. J.B. Lightman: #114, 12/24/43; #118, 1/26/44; #123, 2/11/44; #163, 5/10/44; #179, 5/24/44; #193, 6/6/44; #209, 6/19/44; #251, 8/7/44; #270, 8/23/44; #276, 8/29/44; #289, 9/12/44; #296, 9/14/44; #298, 9/16/44; #301, 9/20/44; #304, 9/21/44; #307, 10/4/44; #313, 10/19/44; #321, 10/28/44; #325, 11/2/44; #333, 11/10/44; #357, 12/12/44; #368, 12/15/44; #374, 12/20/44; #377, 12/21/44; #506, 5/9/45. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, H.D. Biele, J.B. Lightman S. Mirelman, R. Pilpel, L.H. Sobel. During W.W. II, fund-raising in Argentina for refugee aid overseas never became a community-wide effort, and it continued to reflect the fragmentation of Jewish communal life in the country.

Annual Reports by Managing Directors of Mutual Enterprises, 12/17/40 attachment to 2/5/41, and of Mutual Farms, 7/3/41 attachment to 8/8/41. Fin. Statements: Mutual Farms 6/30/41. Other data on the operation of Mutual Farms: 4/17/41, 4/21/41, 5/26/41, 9/5/41, 9/19/41, 12/22/41. Number of beneficiaries of Mutual Farms and Mutual Enterprises, 1/9/41, 3/28/41, 8/19/41; also see: File 438, 3/14/40. The JDC granted $3,500 towards the maintenance in Australia of 50 Polish-Jewish refugees who were newly arrived from Japan, 8/20/41, 9/4/41, 11/27/41; also see: File 438b, 1/9/42. For other materials on Polish refugees in Australia, see: Poland, File 880-a. Correspondence: G. Davis, E.H. Komlos, M.A. Leavitt, C.J. Liebman.

Annual Reports by Managing Directors of Mutual Enterprises, 8/27/42, 9/27/43 attach. 10/26/43, and of Mutual Farms, 9/23/43 attach. 9/27/43. Fin. Statements: Mutual Farms, 4/30/42, 7/28/42, 12/15/42, 7/14/43. Other data on: Mutual Enterprises, 10/7/42, 11/25/42; Mutual Farms, 1/8/43, 2/10/43. Sydney and Melbourne communities organized the United Jewish Relief Fund (UJRF) to aid in relief and rehab. of European Jews overseas, 6/10/43-6/30/43, 7/16/43, 8/10/43, 9/15/43, 9/27/43, 10/5/43, 10/31/43. Correspondence: G. Davis, L. Fink, F. Freeman, J.C. Hyman, M.A. Leavitt, H. Lesnie, C.J. Liebman.

The UJRF contributed AL 3,000 towards JDC relief activities for refugees in Sweden, Switzerland, Spain and Portugal, 2/3/44; a second AL 3,000 for refugee relief followed for use at the JDC’s discretion, 5/24/44. The UJRF raised $200,000 in Sydney and Melbourne, and contributed AL 25,000 for JDC refugee programs 10/5/44, 10/26/44 Ripps to JDC, 10/28/44, 11/27/44. The JDC loaned AL 7,500 to the Welfare Guardian Society, Melbourne, to aid in bringing Jewish refugee children to Australia from England, 5/17/44, 9/20/44, 10/23/44, 11/2/44. Annual Reports by Managing Directors of Mutual Farms, 7/27/44 attach. 8/29/44, and of Mutual Enterprises, 9/14/44 attach. 10/11/44. Fin. Statements: Mutual Farms, 4/30/44 attach. 6/28/44. Printed annual report of the UJRF Melbourne 1943-1944, in English and Yiddish copies. Correspondence: F. Freeman, J.C. Hyman, M.A. Leavitt, C.J. Liebman, I. Ripps, L.H. Sobel, H.V. Vidor.

Annual Reports by Managing Directors of Mutual Farms, 9/18/46 attach. 11/27/46, and of Mutual Enterprises 9/14/46 – March 1947, undated. Fin. Statements: Mutual Farms 4/30/46 attach. 7/17/46, 4/30/47 attach. 7/12/47; Mutual Enterprises, 4/30/46 attach. 3/29/47, 12/10/47. Narrative data: Mutual Farms, 4/17/47; Mutual Enterprises, 10/31/46, 2/17/47, 2/26/47, 3/4/47, 8/4/47, 10/10/47, 10/20/47. Correspondence: W.L Brand, A.A. Calwell, P.A. Cullen, E.H. Komlos, H. Lesnie, C.J. Liebman.

Annual Report by Managing Director of Mutual Farms, 5/1/47-4/30/48, 7/22/48 attach. 8/6/48. Fin. Rep.: Mutual Enterprises, 3/16/49. The RAF forwarded to Mutual Enterprises $50,000 for the opening of hostels to care for newly arrived immigrants and $12,500 for making industrial loans to immigrants, 12/1/48, 12/17/48, 12/22/48, 1/12/49, 1/18/49, 3/16/49, 4/5/49. Correspondence: W. Brand, P.A. Cullen, C.H. Jordan, E.H. Komlos, M.A. Leavitt, C.J. Liebman, S. Symonds.

The REC sent out a representative to Australia, Emery H. Komlos, to review the refugee situation and to work out a plan of action in re. fin. assistance, 8/11/49, 8/17/49, 8/22/49, 8/23/49 Liebman to Fink. Komlos met with Jewish leaders in Australia, 9/23/49-9/27/49. [Note: on the return flight home from Australia, Komlos was killed on 10/27/49 when his plane crashed in the Azores] Fin. Statement: Mutual Enterprises, 3/21/50, 3/30/50. Correspondence: W.L. Brand, C.H. Jordan, E.H. Komlos, M.A. Leavitt, C.J. Liebman.

The Freeland League for Jewish Territorial Colonization, London (Secy: Dr. I.N. Steinberg) proposed a plan for a large scale refugee settlement in the Kimberley District in northern Australia. In 1940 Dr. Steinberg began to propagandize heavily on its behalf in government circles in Australia and in Jewish circles everywhere. Early in 1941, the Australian Gov’t. declared that to undertake the project in wartime was inopportune, while agricultural specialists labeled the tropical climate as utterly unsuited to European settlement. Dr. Steinberg’s efforts at promotion continued for several years but led to no result. Correspondence: G. Davis, E.H. Komlos, C.J. Liebman, A. Siegel, I.N. Steinberg.

High hopes were held that Shanghai refugees in large numbers would be admitted to Australia in the post-war years. In the main, those hopes were dashed by a mixture of interlocking causes: shipping shortages in the Far East, domestic Australian political considerations and unsympathetic Australian immigration officials sent to Shanghai. Shanghai emigration to Australia began well along in 1946. In August, a group of 286 Shanghai refugees bearing valid immigration visas for Australia, found themselves unexpectedly stranded in Hong-Kong by the shipping shortage. The Australian Government offered no aid in providing the transportation needed. It was the end of December before the JDC succeeded in getting the last group of stranded refugees moving en route to Australia. In all, some 1,400 Shanghai refugees were admitted to the country, and over one-half arrived in 1946. Thereafter, the going was uphill, as slow-down tactics took their toll. Arrivals: 1946: 763; 1947: 140; 1948: 105; 1949 (May): 292; (June) 1949-1951: 100 (approximately); Total: 1,400. The JDC sent three representatives to Australia from Shanghai to study the prospects: Gertrude van Tijn, Nov. 1946. For her reports, see: 12/20/46, 1/3/47, 1/6/47, 3/22/47. Charles H. Jordan, 8/20/47-9/20/47. For his report, see: 10/4/47 and his summary report on Australian meetings, 9/23/47. Cook Glassgold, July, 1951. see:7/31/51-9/20/51. The Australian Gov’t in its turn sent representatives to Shanghai to canvass candidates for immigration: Alec Masel, Vice-President of the Executive Council of Australian Jewry. He arrived in Feb. 1947 and took back with him some 1,500 applications which the Australian Gov’t accepted in principle. Major Fuhrman arrived in July 1947 as Australian Consul-General along with an immigration official, Mr. Taylor. Both were described as anti-semites. They effectively sabotaged emigration activities, and all but undid Masel’s favorable recommendations. Consul-General Penhalluriack replaced Fuhrman in the autumn of 1948. He was a man of good will, but his approval of visas proceeded in slow motion. By mid-1949, only those refugees who had given up hope of ever gaining admission to the U.S. or Canada were interested in migrating to Australia. In its turn, the Australian Government showed an ever-diminishing interest in accepting the refugees remaining in Shanghai. For data on refugee immigration to Australia from other countries, see: Central Files.

The IKW application for funds to the CGJ, 6/22/39. Reports-IKW: 1/14/39, Jan. 1939, Nov. 1939, Jan. 1940, the Activity of Emigration and the Budget of the Jewish Community for 1940, undated. For other IKW reports, see below: Files 442-443. Other Reports: On Austria, March 1938; the Martyrdom of Austrian Jewry Mar. 1938 – Mar. 1939 by M. Wischnitzer, March 1939; Report on a visit to Vienna by N. Bentwich, 8/17/39; Mass Deportations of Viennese Jews by the JDC Budapest, 3/12/41. On Nazi Deportations from Austria 1938 – 1944 by J.I. Loewenberg, see: SM Archives, File 28, attachment to 8/31/45. Correspondence: M.A. Leavitt, J. Loewenberg, I. Rosen, M.C. Troper.

The file contains IKW activity reports covering the years 1933 – 1940. For IKW correspondence and other IKW reports, see: Files 439-440, 445. Narrative and statistical reports: 1933 – 1936; 5/2/38 – 12/31/39.

The file contains IKW activity reports covering the years 1933 – 1940. For IKW correspondence and other IKW reports, see: Files 439-440, 445. May-June, 7/1/39 – 10/31/39, Activity during twelve months of war 9/1/39 – 8/31/40, Survey on 1940.

In pre-Anschluss days, Jewish emigration from Austria was negligible. But the Anschluss made emigration the goal of every Jew in Austria and emigration aid became the dominant activity of the IKW. Over 60% of the Jewish population emigrated in 1938 – 1939. The frantic pace slowed down once war broke out in Sept. 1939, more so when Italy joined the Axis, and came to a standstill following Pearl Harbor. Between 1938 – 1941, JDC appropriations in aid of emigration from Austria ranged well beyond $2,000,000, although actual expenditures came to $1,849,000. The discrepancy arose because, in some instances, the funds appropriated could not be applied in the manner designated, and especially so following the outbreak of W.W. II. The financial clearing arrangement for emigration worked in this wise. Prospective emigrants deposited with the IKW in local currency the costs of their travel abroad. These funds the IKW then used locally to provide welfare aid to the needy, schooling for children, vocational training in some degree, and support for homes and institutions. In turn, the JDC paid the necessary travel costs, in dollars to non-German steamship lines or travel agencies, and also provided the necessary landing fees, landing deposits and related charges demanded by the countries of destination. The JDC appropriations for emigration may give off an impressive ring at first hearing. Yet they were sufficient to cope but in part with the staggering needs. In June 1940, following the fall of France, Holland and Belgium, the JDC called upon relatives and friends of prospective emigrants from Greater Germany and the occupied countries to contribute the travel costs of those persons, and thereby enlarge the circles of beneficiaries. To administer the activity, the JDC opened the Transmigration Bureau (TB) in June 1940, see above: File 368. By 10/22/41, the TB had accepted trust deposits of $4,600,000, the major part of it earmarked for Jews from Austria. The IKW application for aid to the Council for German Jewry, 6/22/39, 7/6/39, 7/28/39. Overland migration routes from Vienna bound for the Americas and Palestine, 9/23/40; also see below: File 446, 1/4/41. Reports by the IKW: Emigration, Retraining, Social Care 5/2/38 – 7/31/39, May-June 1939; Activity During Twelve Months 9/1/39 – 8/31/40; Twelve Questions About Emigration from Vienna 1/1/40 – 4/30/40; Survey on 1940, The Activity of Emigration and the Budget of the Jewish Community for 1940; also see above: File 442, Report 5/2/38 – 12/31/39. Correspondence: H.K. Buchman, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, M.A. Leavitt, J. Loewenberg, I. Rosen, M.C. Troper.

In pre-Anschluss days, Jewish emigration from Austria was negligible. But the Anschluss made emigration the goal of every Jew in Austria and emigration aid became the dominant activity of the IKW. Over 60% of the Jewish population emigrated in 1938 – 1939. The frantic pace slowed down once war broke out in Sept. 1939, more so when Italy joined the Axis, and came to a standstill following Pearl Harbor. Between 1938 – 1941, JDC appropriations in aid of emigration from Austria ranged well beyond $2,000,000, although actual expenditures came to $1,849,000. The discrepancy arose because, in some instances, the funds appropriated could not be applied in the manner designated, and especially so following the outbreak of W.W. II. The financial clearing arrangement for emigration worked in this wise. Prospective emigrants deposited with the IKW in local currency the costs of their travel abroad. These funds the IKW then used locally to provide welfare aid to the needy, schooling for children, vocational training in some degree, and support for homes and institutions. In turn, the JDC paid the necessary travel costs, in dollars to non-German steamship lines or travel agencies, and also provided the necessary landing fees, landing deposits and related charges demanded by the countries of destination. The JDC appropriations for emigration may give off an impressive ring at first hearing. Yet they were sufficient to cope but in part with the staggering needs. In June 1940, following the fall of France, Holland and Belgium, the JDC called upon relatives and friends of prospective emigrants from Greater Germany and the occupied countries to contribute the travel costs of those persons, and thereby enlarge the circles of beneficiaries. To administer the activity, the JDC opened the Transmigration Bureau (TB) in June 1940, see above: File 368. By 10/22/41, the TB had accepted trust deposits of $4,600,000, the major part of it earmarked for Jews from Austria. Emigration procedures at the IKW, 1/4/41 attachment to 1/7/41. Selected letters on emigration problems by the IKW, 6/14/41 (Reply by M.A. Leavitt 9/27/41), 7/2/41, 11/24(?)/41. Emigration statistics 3/15/38 – 11/7/41, 11/19/42. Correspondence: J.C. Hyman, M.A. Leavitt, J. Loewenberg, E.M. Morrissey, R. Pilpel, I. Rosen, M. Segal.

1. Children, 1937 – 1939: In July 1939, Austrian Gov’t officials demanded the liquidation of the Vienna loan kassa which had been in existence since 1922 when the JDC established it. The officials released the funds ($15,000) on condition that it be applied in full to the costs of transporting Jewish children to other countries from Austria, 8/9/38 – 1/26/39. Statement by the IKW “The Question of the Jewish Children and Juveniles of Vienna”, 1939, issued in five languages. 2. Youth Aliyah, 1933 – 1944: In the 1930’s, the Youth Aliyah movement busied itself with bringing children to Israel from Germany, Austria, Poland and other lands. In 1938, the Hadassah conducted a fund-raising drive in the U.S. on behalf of youth aliyah. The JDC informed the Hadassah that it could make it known that the movement enjoyed the support of many elements in the JDC, but that the organ. itself could not publicly endorse the activities of other organs., 4/12/38 – 5/6/38, 6/17/38. The JDC appropriated $3,000 – 4,000 to cover transportation costs of Youth Aliyah candidates from Germany, Austria and Poland to Palestine, 6/11/38 – 6/20/38. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, M.B. Hexter, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn. Loan Kassa: For the Kreditkassa fuer Kleingewerbe u. Kleinhandel in Wien (loan kassa), see above: File 447(1).

The data deals with special problems in other countries encountered by Austrian refugees, and of Austrian Jews who were deported.

The JDC made grants to Prof. A. Durig of the University of Vienna, a non-Jew, who out of his own means, aided foreign Jewish students at the medical school who had fallen into dire need. Correspondence: A. Durig, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, B. Samuel, Dr. Bela Schick.

Reports: On the Belgian Jews, 11/20/43; Comite National de Defense des Juifs, 9/27/44; Situation of the Jews in Belgium, 10/22/44, 11/9/44 attachment to 11/20/44; Situation of Jewish Children (when the liberation came), attachment to 11/22/44; My Experiences during the Persecution of the Jews in Berlin and Brussels 1939 – 1944, by Paula Littauer, Oct. 1945. Correspondence: E. Allard, P. Baerwald, G. Coulon, M. Gottschalk, J. Jefroykin, M.A. Leavitt, J.J. Schwartz, M. Stephany, M.C. Troper, P. van Zeeland.

Numbered letters to the JDC – M.D. Goldsmith: #33SA, 1/3/41; #34SA, 1/18/41; #36SA, 1/26/41. M.W. Beckelman: #190, 4/28/42; #192, 4/28/42; #267, 6/3/42. L.H. Sobel: #19, 5/15/43; #23, 5/21/43; #30, 6/3/43; #29, 6/4/43; #31, 6/5/43; #35, 6/6/43; #36, 6/15/43; #38, 6/25/43; – 8/12/43; #67, 8/31/43; J.A. Lowenstein: #20 – 22, 5/22/43, 5/28/43; J.B. Lightman: #199, 6/8/44. JDC grants to Makkabi La Paz, 9/2/41. Reports: M.D. Goldsmith, Bolivia, 1/28/41. Jewish Community of Bolivia, Activities Report 1943/1944, 9/21/44. Correspondence P. Baerwald, H.D. Biele, M.D. Goldsmith, B. Kahn, J.B. Lightman, R. Pilpel, Wm. Rosenwald, L.H. Sobel, W.A. Weiss, M. Wihl.

The Agro-Joint earmarked $100,000 in aid of the SOCOBO project, 1/16/41, 1/20/41, 1/23/41. The soundness of the project was called into question when settlement costs ran far ahead of the original estimates, 2/6/41, 2/7/41, 3/15/41, 3/27/41, 4/9/41, 4/23/41, 4/26/41, 5/5/41, 5/12/41. The REC sent an agronomist, A.J. Bruman, to Bolivia to investigate, 4/21/41, 4/24/41, 5/13/41, 5/21/41, 5/23/41(2), 5/29/41. The Agro-Joint forwarded $25,000 to the SOCOBO, 5/29/41, 6/16/41 and $25,000 more, 10/20/41 Borchardt to Baerwald, 10/21/41, 11/4/41, 11/10/41, 11/15/41. Administrative changes were made in the operation of the project, 6/5/41, 6/10/41, 7/8/41. Reports: L.J. Grundner, 9/19/41 a medical rep. M. Wihl, Brief Status Reports, 6/29/41, 7/25/41, 8/20/41; Summary Construction Reports, 9/9/41, 9/24/41, 9/30/41, 10/7/41, 10/11/41, 11/2/41, 11/30/41, 12/16/41, 1/14/42. Fin, Statements: Balance Sheet, 11/7/41; Summary Statement 4/1/40 – 11/30/41, 1/13/42. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, F. Bonoli, F.W. Borchardt, A.J. Bruman, E. Ellinger, M. Hochschild, C.J. Liebman, R. Pilpel, J.N. Rosenberg, M.A. Weiss, M. Wihl.

On the status of the settlement project: 1/15/42 memo by B. Kahn, 4/9/42 – 4/16/42 (2), 6/9/42, 7/7/42, 7/9/42, 8/24/42 attachment to 9/15/42, 9/18/42, 9/30/42, 10/9/42, 10/27/42, 10/30/42, 11/4/42, 11/16/42 (2), 11/20/42 (memo by R. Pilpel), 11/24/42. The REC proposed to limit its obligation to support the SOCOBO settlement project, 11/30/42, and comments thereon, 12/1/42 – 12/5/42. Reports: Auditor’s Rep. 4/1/40 – 3/31/42, attachment to 6/25/42 and comments 6/26/42, 7/22/42 (2). Correspondence: P. Baerwald, F.W. Borchardt, A.J. Bruman, M. Hochschild, B. Kahn, C.J. Liebman, R. Pilpel, D. Watson, W.A. Weiss, M. Wihl.

The Agro-Joint expressed willingness to continue the grant of funds to the settlement project for a limited period, provided M. Hochschild agreed, 2/27/43 attachment to 3/1/43. The Agro-Joint allocated to the SOCOBO $8,400 per month throughout 1943, and $27,500 to reimburse Hochschild for fin. advances extended by him in 1942, 5/21/43 attachment to 5/28/43, 5/25/43, 5/26/43, 8/13/43, 11/19/43, 1/11/44. A summary of the differences in viewpoint on the settlement project between the Agro-Joint and the REC, 2/16/43, 2/18/43, 5/6/43. Minutes of Agro-Joint meetings on the SOCOBO, 2/20/43, 10/8/43. Statements on the Settlement and its Prospects: R. Pilpel, 2/5/43; L.H. Sobel, 6/14/43. Fin. Statements: Field Letters on the SOCOBO by the JDC auditor, 5/25/43, 5/28/43; Schedule of Investments in the SOCOBO by the Agro-Joint and others, 5/6/43, 6/8/43; Summary of SOCOBO cash receipts and expenditures 1/1/43 – 6/30/43, 6/30/43. Narrative Activities Reports, 1943: June, 7/1/43; 7/1/43 – 8/15/43 attachment to 8/30/43; 8/16/43 – 11/15/43, 11/29/43 Correspondence: P. Baerwald, M.H. Hexter, M. Hochschild, E. Komlos, C.J. Liebman, R. Pilpel, M. Wihl.

Schedule of Investments in the SOCOBO by the Agro-Joint and Others, 6/8/44. Report: “Buena Tierra” by David Stern 12/4/44 and Enclosure 13, 11/18/44 Correspondence: H.D. Biele, A. Lidenstaedt, D. Stern, M. Wihl.

Fin. Statements, Monthly

Fin. Statements, Monthly

On the Status of Refugees: 2/7/39 – 2/17/39, 3/2/39, 3/23/39, 4/6/39, 8/18/39, 12/14,39, 1/16/40. Report on Bolivia by F. Borchardt and D. Glick. Fin. Statements – Expenditures by SOPRO: 1/1/39 – 4/30/39, 5/8/39; 1/1/39 – 6/30/39, 1/1/39 – 8/13/39, 8/19/39; 9/13/39. Fin. and Statistical Reports: Oct – Nov 1939, Jan and Feb 1940 attachment to 2/19/40. Complaints vs. the SOPRO: Colonia Cooperative Europea, 7/12/39, 8/30/39, 10/13/39; B. Feder, 8/9/39, 8/14/39, 8/28/39 (2), 9/13/39; F. Weininger, 10/13/39; J. Djialowsky (M. Ezekiel), 10/19/39, 10/25/39, 10/31/39, 11/7/39, 1/25/40, 2/3/40, 2/15/40, 3/1/40, also see: File 1,085, 8/8/40; E and F Jaffe, 12/30/39, 1/23/40 (2), 2/9/40, 8/3/40, File 1,086, 11/1/41; J. Landau, 3/29/40; M. Sittenfeld, 3/30/40, also see: File 1,085, 4/19/40. Correspondence: N. Bentwich, E. Ellinger, M. Ezekiel, I.E. Goldwasser, M. Hochschild, J.C. Hyman, R. Pilpel, M.C. Troper, M. Wihl.

On the Status of Refugees: 5/9/40 Pilpel to Wihl, 6/18/40, 6/25/40. Numbered letters by M.D. Goldsmith: #29SA, 12/5/40; #30SA, 12/7/40; #31SA, 12/16/40; #32SA, 12/17/40. Reports: F.W. Borchardt, “Bolivia”, 6/12/40; Auditor’s Report, SOPRO, 9/20/40 attachment to 10/16/40. SOPRO 1940, Fin. and Statistical Reports: March attachment to 4/17/40; April, attachment to 5/15/40; May, attachment to 6/22/40; June, attachment to 8/16/40. Aug., attachment to 8/17/40; Sept., attachment to 10/26/40; Oct., attachment to 11/23/40; Nov. attachment to 12/20/40; Dec., attachment to 1/24/41; Notes on SOPRO Reports, 5/24/40. Complaints vs. the SOPRO: Circulo Israelita, La Paz, 4/1/40, 4/19/40 M. Wihl to the JDC, 4/22/40, 4/26/40 Pilpel to the Circulo Israelita. Correspondence: N. Aronovici, F.W. Borchardt, E. Ellinger, M.D. Goldsmith, R. Pilpel, M. Wihl.

Numbered letters to the JDC – M.D. Goldsmith: #35SA, 1/19/42. M.W. Beckelman: #204, #205, #206, #210, 5/7/42; #232, 5/18/42. Reports: JDC Auditor’s Report, SOPRO 1939 – 1941, 7/1/42, and Field Notes #14 – 17, 4/29/41 – 5/6/41. Fin. and Statistical Reports SOCOBO, 1941: Jan., 2/20/41; Feb., 3/20/41; March, 4/17/41; April, 5/29/41; May, 6/25/41; June, 7/19/41; July, 9/17/41; Aug., 9/24/41; Sept., 10/17/41; Oct., 11/21/41; Nov., 12/30/41; Dec., 1/22/42; 1942: Jan., 2/20/42; Feb., 3/18/42; March, 4/20/42; April, 5/25/42; May, 6/22/42; June, 7/21/42; July, 8/15/42; Aug., 10/1/42; Sept., 10/22/42; Oct., 11/19/42; Nov., 12/18/42; Dec., 1/27/43. Correspondence: M.W. Beckelman, M.D. Goldsmith, J.A. Lowenstein, R. Pilpel, M. Wihl.

Numbered letters to the JDC – L.H. Sobel; #23, 4/21/43; #29, 6/4/43; #31, 6/5/43; #36, 6/15/43; #69, 3/6/44. J.A. Lowenstein: #20-22, 5/22/43 – 5/28/43. Fund Raising: 8/10/43, 9/13/43, 11/3/43, 3/28/44, 10/25/44. Reports, SOPRO – Activities Report, June 1943, 8/14/43. Fin. and Statistical Reports – 1943: Jan. 1/15/43; Feb. 3/17/43; March 4/19/43; May 6/21/43; June 7/14/43; July 8/19/43; Aug. 9/19/43; Sept. 10/22/43; Oct. 11/26/43; Nov. 12/22/43; Dec. 1/17/44. 1944: Jan – Nov (Dec. missing). Correspondence: H.D. Biele, J.B. Lightman, J.A. Lowenstein, R. Pilpel, L.H. Sobel, M. Wihl.

Between July 1940 – Dec. 1944, the JDC granted $50 per month on the average, to the Comunidad Israelita de Bolivia, La Paz, the largest Jewish congregation in the country, in aid of its cult. and religious activities and notably its Jewish school. The JDC also provided them with a Sefer Torah, prayer books and other religious articles. For accounts of cult. and religious activities see: Numbered letters to the JDC – M.W. Beckelman: #204, 205, 5/7/42; L.H. Sobel #112, 12/7/43, #2523, 3/10/44; J.B. Lightman #138, 3/23/44. Report: Narrative Rep. 1943 – 1944 by Comunidad Israelita de Bolivia, La Paz, 9/21/44. Correspondence: M.W. Beckelman, H.D. Buchman, W. Goldschmidt, J. Klopstock, J.B. Lightman, L.H. Sobel, M. Wihl.

In 1940, a JDC representative, Noel Aronovici, the Vice Manag-Director of the JDC Recon. Foundation, visited Bolivia and recommended the formation of a credit cooperative for refugees. The project failed to materialize in the war years owing to difficulties within the country. Aronovici’s “Interim Report,” 8/20/40, provides a lively picture of the state of affairs in Bolivia. The JDC did aid three small loan projects: a SOPRO. small loan fund, an “Industry Fund” ($5,000), and a “Resettlement Fund” ($4,000). Numbered letters to the JDC – M.W. Beckelman: #201, 5/3/42. L.H. Sobel: #94, 10/29/43. Correspondence: N. Aronovici, F.W. Borchardt, A.A. Landesco, R. Pilpel, L.H. Sobel, M. Wihl.

Reports and Memos – L. Lorch: 1/12/38, 1/20/38, 5/12/38, 6/7/38, 6/18/38, 8/31/38, 11/15/38, April 1939 attachment to 4/12/39, 6/15/39 – F. Borchard and D. Glick: 6/28/39 – Fin. and Statistical Reports, Monthly, 1939, Jan. – June – Memos: Jewish Immigration to S.A. with Special Regard to Brazil, 4/28/39. The JDC granted allocations for the general relief of refugees via the Congregacao Israelita Paulista, 5/3/39, attachment to 5/4/39. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, F.W. Borchardt, D. Glick, J.C. Hyman A. Jaretzki Jr., L. Lorch, R. Pilpel, S. Wissman.

Reports and Memos – L. Lorch: 9/4/39(2), 9/10/39, 10/7/39, 11/19/39, 4/10/40, 4/19/40, 6/8/40 and 6/18/40, Jan. 1941, 3/31/41, 4/28/41, 5/12/41. – F.W. Borchardt: 4/12/40 attachment to 4/14/40. – Memo on refugee status: 3/1/40, 10/14/40, 10/21/40, 11/5/40. JDC allocations for refugee aid: 9/27/39, 1/30/40 Morrissey to Lew, 6/18/40, 7/11/40, 8/28/40, 8/29/40. – Fin. and Statistical Reports, Monthly – 1939: July – Oct. 1940: April – Oct. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, F.W. Borchardt, M.D. Goldsmith, H. Hamburger, J.C. Hyman, A. Jaretzki Jr., B. Kahn, L. Lorch, R. Pilpel, G.L. Warren, S. Wissman.

Memos on the refugee situation – L. Lorch: 8/14/41, 8/21/41 Lorch to the JDC; H. Hamburger: 8/21/41 Hamburger to Borchardt, 10/16/41. Numbered letters to the JDC – M.W. Beckelman: #3, 10/18/41; #6, 10/19/41; #7, 10/19/41 attachment to 11/3/41; #1, 11/1/41; #13, 11/2/41; #15, 11/2/41; #22, 11/22/41; #26, 11/24/41; #27, 11/25/41; #29, 11/27/41; Unnumb., 12/3/41; #50, 12/15/41; #51, 12/19/41; #52, 12/20/41; #53, 12/22/41; #54, 12/22/41; #56, 12/24/41; #57, 12/26/41; #64, 1/2/42; #66, 1/3/42; #69, 1/5/42; #77, 1/19/42; #79, 1/28/42; #80, 1/28/42; #88, 2/4/42; #89, 2/5/42; #105, 3/9/42; #141, 3/28/42; #231, 5/18/42; #265, 6/3/42; #276, 6/4/42. – L.H. Sobel: #108, 12/2/43; #109, 12/3/43. Report: Survey of Jewish Immigration to Sao Paulo 1933, Oct. 1941, M.W. Beckelman. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, M.W. Beckelman, F.W. Borchardt, H. Hamburger, C.J. Liebman, L. Lorch, R. Pilpel, L.H. Sobel, S. Wissman.

The JDC allocated $6,300 to the Uniao to aid in legalizing the status of new immigrants, payable in six equal monthly installments, 7/20/39; the ICA and the British Council for German Jewry made similar allocations, 12/5/38, 1/17/39, 1/26/39. The JDC continued with its monthly allocations and in Sept. 1940 increased them to $1,750 per month, 9/21/40. Reports and Memos – Immigration to Rio: 11/11/37, 8/31/38, 3/1/40. F.W. Borchardt: 6/27/39 (together with D. Glick), 4/20/40 and 5/9/40. M.D. Goldsmith: July 1940. Uniao Activities Reports, Annual: 8/1/36-7/31/37, 6/19/39; 8/1/37-7/31/38, 7/13/39; 8/1/38-8/1/39, 9/8/39; 8/1/39-7/31/40, 8/8/40. Uniao Fin. Reports, Monthly, 1939: July, 8/12/39; Oct., 10/5/39 (includes a narrative report for Sept.), 11/17/39; Nov., 12/6/39; Dec., 1/8/40. 1940: Jan., 1/31/40; March, 4/9/40; April, 5/9/40, 5/24/40; May, 6/14/40, 6/25/40; Sept., 10/15/40; Oct., 11/14/40; Nov., 12/13/40. JDC Notes on Monthly Fin. Reports July 1939 – Feb. 1940, 3/25/40. Correspondence: F.W. Borchardt, D. Glick, M.D. Goldsmith, J.C. Hyman, H. Katzki, M.A. Leavitt, M. Leitchic, L. Lorch, R. Pilpel, P. Zander

The JDC increased its allocations to the Uniao to $2,500 per month, 1/28/41, and to $3,000 per month, 12/30/41. The status of refugees in Rio: 8/14/41, Zander to the JDC, 9/5/41, 9/25/41, 10/28/41 Hamburger to Borchardt. M.W. Beckelman Numbered Letters to the JDC: #8, 10/21/41; Unnumb,; 11/19/41; #23, 11/23/41. Reports: Annual Reports HICEM Rio 1939, 2/17/40, and 1940, 2/10/41, both reports are attached to #266, 6/3/42, Uniao Activities Reports, Annual: 8/1/40-7/31/41, 8/14/41. Uniao Fin. Reports, Monthly – 1940; Dec., 1/17/41. 1941: Jan., 2/17/41; Feb., 3/10/41; March, attachment to 4/30/41; April, 5/15/41; May, 6/18/41; June, 7/13/41; July, 8/14,41; Aug., 9/12/41; Sept., 10/23/41; Oct., 11/14/41; Nov., 12/24/41. Loeb and Troper Summary Fin. Reports on the Uniao 1939/1940, 7/1/41. Correspondence: M.W. Beckelman, F.W. Borchardt, J.A. Lowenstein R. Pilpel, P. Zander

The status of refugees in Rio: 5/13/42, 5/14/42, 6/9/42, 9/14/42, 9/19/42, 9/28/42. M.W. Beckelman Numbered Letters to the JDC: #44, 12/13/41 attachment to 1/8/42; #66, 1/3/42; #71, 1/8/42; #255, 6/2/42. Uniao Fin. Reports, Monthly. 1941: Dec., 1/22/42. 1942: Jan., 2/21/42; Feb., 3/18/42; March, 4/15/42; May, 6/22/42; July, 8/6/42; Sept., 10/20/42. Correspondence: M.W. Beckelman, R. Pilpel, P. Zander

Status of refugees in Rio: 10/9/42(2), 12/23/42, 8/15/44, 8/17/44. Numbered letters to the JDC – L.H. Sobel: #107, 12/2/42. Reports – Uniao Activities Reports, Annual: 1/1/44-12/31/44, Uniao Fin. Reports Monthly, 1942: Oct., 11/20/42; Nov., 12/15/42; Dec., 1/9/43. 1943: Jan., 2/15/43; Feb. 3/17/43; March, 3/14/43; April, 5/15/43; May, 6/9/43; June, 6/12/43; July, 8/21/43; Aug., 9/17/43; Sept., 10/15/43; Oct., 11/16/43; Nov., 12/11/43; Dec., 1/6/44. 1944: Jan., 2/12/44; Feb., 3/11/44; March, 4/24/44; April, 5/12/44; May, 6/12/44; June, 7/10/44; July, 8/9/44; Aug., 9/12/44; Sept., 10/11/44; Oct., 11/14/44; Nov., 12/14/44; Dec., 1/6/45. 1945: Jan., 2/9/45; March, 4/21/45; April, 5/16/45; May, 6/25/45; June, 7/24/45; July, 8/17/45; Aug., 9/24/45; Dec., 1/22/46. 1947: Feb., 3/15/47; March, 4/17/47; June, 7/16/47. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, H.D. Biele, E.M. Morrissey, R. Pilpel, W. Selig, L.H. Sobel, P. Zander

Fund raising in Brazil for refugee aid was conducted along communal and not national lines, and focused in overwhelming degree on Sao Paulo and Rio. In both cities, frictions arose with the WJC in local efforts to raise funds for refugee needs. By Jan. 1944, S.P. made itself self-sufficient in meeting local needs for refugee upkeep, while Rio reached that goal in Aug. 1945. Numbered letters to the JDC – M.W. Beckelman: #49, 12/15/41; #64, 1/2/42; #70, 1/6/42; #142, 3/28/42-L.H. Sobel: #107., 12/2/43; #109, 12/3/43. Fund Raising in S.P.: 4/14/4-5/9/40, 6/9/41, 12/15/41, 1/2/42, 1/6/42, 1/22/42, 2/10/42, 3/28/42, 9/19/42, 12/29/42, 6/1/43, 6/3/43, 12/3/43, 6/19/44, 8/17/44, Fund Raising in Rio: 9/25/41, 12/15/41, 8/27/42, 5/6/43, 5/13/43, 5/21/43, 11/24/43, 12/2/43, 3/13/44, 5/13/44, 6/14,44, 6/19/44, 7/4/44, 8/17/44, 4/23/45, 8/28/45, 9/18/45. Correspondence: F.R. Adlerstein, P. Baerwald, M.W. Beckelman, R. Pilpel, W. Selig, L.H. Sobel, P, Zander.

In 1939, the REC set aside $5,000 as a loan fund for the aid of refugees in Rio but nothing came of it. In May 1941, the JDC allocated $10,000 to open a credit cooperative for the grant of small business loans to refugees. By Brazilian law a gov’t authorization was needed, but gov’t red tape tied up the issuance of an authorization until April 1943. The JDC forwarded a credit of $5,000 to a local management Committee headed by Eduardo Horowitz. But basic differences on the scope of activities arose between the Committee and the JDC NY, and additional credits were not forwarded up to the end of 1944. In Feb. 1942, the REC transferred $5,087 to the Uniao for the opening of a loan fund for small industries, but little use of the funds was made. On the status of the JDC credit cooperative: 5/1/41 attachment to 5/24/41, 11/24/41, 6/1/42, 6/23/42(2), 8/3/42-10/9/42, 10/14/42-12/1/42, 3/18/43, 3/22/43, 4/9/43, 5/14/43, 5/18/43, 6/7/43, 6/13/43(2), 6/30/43 attachment to 8/31/43, 8/26/43, 9/14/43, 9/27/43(2), 10/22/43(3), 11/23/43(2), 12/2/43, 12/21/43, 12/24/43-8/18/44. On the status of the REC loan fund: 2/20/42(2), 3/26/42, 6/17/43. Correspondence: N. Aronovici, M.W. Beckelman, E. Horowitz, E.H. Komlos, A.A. Landesco, C.J. Liebman, M. Leitchic, L. Lorch. R. Pilpel, L.H. Sobel, P. Zander.

1. Sao Paulo, 1937 – 1943: In 1937, the REC granted funds to open two loan funds in S.P.; $10,000 to aid German refugees to establish small businesses and $13,000 to aid in the purchase of land for the settlement of refugees. The loan funds were administered by a local Committee headed by L. Lorch. Fin. Reports by the Lorch Committee: 6/3/37-12/10/37; 3/15/40(3)-9/6/40; 1/27/41-4/30/41. REC Summary Statements on the status of the loan funds, 10/25/40, 7/21/41, 2/10/42, 6/17/43. Correspondence: N. Aronovici, M.W. Beckelman, A.A. Landesco, C.J. Liebman, M. Leitchic, L. Lorch, W.A. Weiss, S. Wissmann. 2. Porto Alegre, 1940 – 1944: In 1940, the REC granted $5,000 for opening a loan fund in Porto Alegre where some 800 refugee newcomers were making their homes. The fund was but lightly used. In 1943 – 1944, the JDC proposed that a credit cooperative for refugees be opened in P.A. REC Summary Statements on the status of the loan fund: 7/21/41, 2/10/42, 6/17/43. Correspondence: L.I. Bach, M.W. Beckelman, A.A. Landesco.

Report: Canadian Emigration Project Iberian Peninsula 1943 – 1944, by D.B. Hurwitz, attachment to 2/18/44 J.J. Schwartz to AJDC. The JDC appropriated $150,000 to cover the costs of maintenance in Spain and Portugal and of transportation to Canada of refugee holders of duration-of-the-war visas, 3/2/44. Lists of refugees sailing for Canada under the program: 280 from Spain and Portugal on the SS Serpa Pinto 3/23/44, 3/27/44, 4/3/44; 72 from Spain and Portugal on the SS Serpa Pinto 5/18/44, which was stopped on the high seas by a Nazi submarine and the passengers were transferred to life boats, 6/9/44, 7/12/44; 66 from Tangiers, 7/2/44, 7/18/44; 11 from Portugal on SS Laurenzo Marques, 7/26/44; 74 from Tangiers on SS Nyassa, 9/17/44, 9/26/44, 9/29/44; 9 from Portugal on SS Serpa Pinto, 11/2/44. Correspondence: O. Cormier, S. Hayes, J.C. Hyman, D.B. Hurwitz, A.L. Jolliffe, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel, J.J. Schwartz, M.R. Springer, H.K. Travers.

List of Shanghai refugees (1,578 persons) who registered for immigration to Canada, 5/15/48. The Canadian Gov’t approved the admission of 300 DP’s from Shanghai, 2/21/49, 4/22/49, 4/27/49, 5/7/49 Glassgold to Rice, 5/9/49(2) Cable 431 and Leavitt to Alaska Airlines, 5/10/49, 5/13/49(2), 5/16/49 Leavitt to Rice, 5/17/49, 5/21/49 – 5/27/49, 6/2/49, 6/8/49, 6/23/49, 7/13/49, 9/14/49, 9/16/49, 9/28/49, 10/6/49, 10/9/49, 2/10/50. The Canadian Gov’t refused to grant temporary visas to a second group of Shanghai DP’s, but it was willing to permit members of the first group to remain who were willing to settle in Canada, 4/11/50 Petluck to Stein, 4/14/50 and attachments, 10/2/50, 11/30/50. Correspondence: D.H. Clark, A.C. Glassgold, S. Hayes, C.H. Jordan, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel, R.L. Stein, J. Wong.

Some 650 refugees arrived on the SS Augustus and created severe fiscal, political and human problems, 1/3/40 – 1/22/40, 1/15/40 attachment to 1/31/40. HICEM Santiago was often at odds with the CISROCO on immigration matters, 3/6/40, 3/18/40, 4/4/40. The CISROCO was reorganized to include representatives from the Sephardi and the East European groups, 5/31/40, 6/13/40, 6/20/40. Numbered letters to the JDC – M.D. Goldsmith: #6, 6/27/40; #9SA, 7/24/40; #11SA, 8/7/40. Reports F.W. Borchardt: “Chile” 6/13/40, and preliminary notes for a report of a trip 6/23/40 – 7/9/40, 7/17/40. Fin. and Statistical Reports, Jan. – Sept. 1940. Correspondence: L. Arensburg, N. Aronovici, F.W. Borchardt, M.D. Goldsmith, G. Hirschberg, S. Hochschild, R. Pilpel.

On the refugee situation: 10/17/40, 11/28/40 CISROCO memo, 12/5/40, 1/1/41, 3/16/41, 4/15/41. Proposals for agricultural settlements: 2/20/41, 2/26/41, 3/10/41, 3/12/41 Bruman to Liebman, 3/14/41, 4/17/41, 4/24/41, 4/30/41. Fin. Reports and Statements: Fin. and Statistical Reports, Monthly, Oct. 1940 – April 1941; JDC Auditor’s Field Notes #10 – 13, 4/21/41 -4/26/41. Correspondence: N. Aronovici, A.J. Bruman, M.D. Goldsmith, G. Hirschberg, M.A. Leavitt, C.J. Liebman, J.A. Lowenstein, R. Pilpel, M. Reinberg.

On the refugee situation: 6/24/41, 7/23/41, 8/27/41, 9/8/41, 9/10/41, 10/30/41, 12/8/41. Proposals for agricultural settlements: 7/13/41, 7/15/41, 7/31/41, 9/9/41, 9/23/41, 9/24/41, 10/3/41 Bruman to Hirschberg, 10/14/41, 10/29/41, 12/18/41 and attachments. Fin. Reports – Fin. and Statistical Reports, Monthly, 1941, May Dec., (Aug. missing); JDC Auditor’s. Field Rep. 8/1/39 – 12/31/40, 7/1/41. Correspondence: L. Arensburg, G. Hirschberg, S. Hochschild, R. Pilpel, L, Reinberg.

Numbered letters to the JDC – M.W. Beckelman; #63, 1/2/42; Unnumbered, 3/24/42; #137, 3/25/42; #146, 3/29/42; #164, 4/14/42; #165, #166, #167, #169, 4/15/42; #173, #174, 4/19/42; #179, 4/24/42; #185, 4/25/42; #213, 5/8/42; #220, #222, 5/13/42; #235, 5/22/42; #242, 5/27/42; #257, #258, #259, 6/3/42. On the refugee situation: Letter #137, 3/25/42; 4/17/42 attachment to #185, 4/25/42; #179, 4/24/42; 5/7/42 attachment to 5/13/42. Proposals for agricultural settlement: 1/26/42, Letter #164, 4/14/42; #167, 4/15/42; 4/20/42, attachment to 4/22/42; 5/27/42, attachment to 6/3/42. Discussions and agreement between the CISROCO and the HICEM Santiago: 1/28/42, 4/1/42; Letter #174, 4/19/42; 7/24/42; 9/11/42; 9/15/42, 10/21/42. Reports: C. Watland – Conditions in Chile, 3/15/42 attachment to 5/5/42; Fin. and Statistical Reports, Monthly 1942, Jan. – Dec.; JDC Auditor’s Field Notes, 8/21/42. Correspondence: M.W, Beckelman, J. Bernstein, G. Hirschberg, S. Hochschild, B. Kahn, M.A. Leavitt, C.J. Liebman, R. Pilpel, M. Reinberg, C. Watland.

Numbered letters to the JDC L.H. Sobel: #40, 7/6/43; #44, 7/19/43; #47, 7/27/43; #52, 7/27/43; #56, 8/10/43; #60, #61, 8/14/43; #78, 9/28/43; #84, 10/13/43; J.B. Lightman: #317, 10/26/44; #331, 11/10/44; #398, 1/5/45; G. Pinsky: #35, 12/5/44; #26, 12/5/44; #27, #28, 12/14/44; #29, 12/23/44. On the refugee situation: 1/4/43, 1/5/43, 1/18/43, 2/10/44. Proposals for agricultural settlement: 7/21/43, 10/13/43. Proposals for a children’s home: #40, 7/6/43, 7/14/43 cable and letter Hyman to Sobel, #52, 7/27/43, 8/3/43 – 8/6/43, #78, 9/28/43, 10/13/43, 11/29/43, 12/24/43, 6/22/44, 12/11/44, 12/15/44. JDC Allocations: the JDC informed the CISROCO that its allocations would close at the end of the year, 2/7/44, 3/10/44, 3/23/44, 5/10/44, 5/17/44, August 1944, 11/6/44, 12/1/44, 12/23/44. Fin. Reports – Fin. and Statistical Reports, Monthly: Jan., 1943 – March 1944 (Missing, June 1943); JDC Auditor’s Field Notes #13, 5/16/43, #17, 5/18/43. Correspondence: H.D. Biele, G. Hirschberg, J.C. Hyman, J.B. Lightman, R. Pilpel, G. Pinsky, L.H. Sobel

Between 1939 – 1942, the JDC granted $20,000 for use as a small loan fund to refugee newcomers, see: 11/3/39, 3/27/40, 5/8/42. In 1941, the JDC Found, earmarked $10,000 as a matching grant to aid in creating a credit coop. to provide agricultural loans to refugee farmers in Chile. In the end, the project came to nothing, and the funds were diverted to other refugee undertakings, see: 5/15/39, 12/4/39, 8/29/40, Sept. 1940, 11/14/40, 4/30/41, 1/29/42, 7/15/42.

The JDC allocated $25,000 for refugee aid in Shanghai, and the Council for German Jewry of Great Britain (Council) made a matching grant, 1/13/39-1/17/39. The Hilfsverein der Juden in Deutschland declared itself powerless to stem the tide of German-Jewish refugees moving to Shanghai, 2/10/39 attachment to 2/22/39. The Council sent $5,000 for May to match the JDC grant, and agreed to send $10,000 per month for a span of months, 4/26/39 Hayim to Council. The list of contributors to refugee relief in Shanghai Aug. 1938, 4/6/39 attachment to 5/12/39. The JDC allocations for 1939 reached $60,000, 6/27/39. Reports and memos on the status of refugees in Shanghai: U.S. Consul General in Shanghai, attachment to 2/23/39; CAEJF, 2/10/39, 3/24/39; Leon Friedman, 2/14/39 attachment to 2/25/39; Unidentified, 3/2/39 attachment to 3/29/39; J.C. Hyman, 3/14/39; H. Katzki, 6/6/39 attachment to 6/7/39; M. Speelman, 6/13/39 attachment to memo by A. Cantor 6/21/39; Council for German Jewry, 6/30/39. For additional materials, see: EUREXCO, Reports, File 190. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, H.A. Hollzer, E. Hayim, J.C. Hyman, H. Katzki, V. Sassoon, M. Speelman, M.C. Troper, G.L. Warren.

The JDC rejected as visionary the Berglas Plan for settling 100,000 refugees in Hunnan Province, 6/15/39-8/5/39, 8/23/39, 8/31/39, 9/11/31, 11/15/39. Also see: File 459, 1/26/40. The Shanghai Municipal Council restricted refugee immigration except for persons already en route on the high seas, 8/14/39, 8/15/39, 8/18/39(2) cable and letter Troper to JDC. Reports and memos on the status of refugees in Shanghai: CAEJF, 7/1/39, 10/17/39, 11/11/39, 11/16/39 attachment to 11/21/39; J.C. Hyman, 7/13/39 Hyman to Hollzer, 10/2/39(2); J.J. Schwartz, 8/24/39, 10/31/39; L. Kadoorie, 8/2/39 attachment to 9/1/39; H. Katzki, 9/11/39. Correspondence: E. Hayim, J.C. Hyman, L. Kadoorie, B. Kahn, H. Katzki, R. Pilpel, V. Sassoon, J.J. Schwartz, M. Speelman, M.C. Troper.

The CAESF was reorganized following the withdrawal of Sir Victor Sassoon, 1/12/40 Speelman to Troper, 1/15/40, 1/19/40, 1/25/40, 2/3/40(2) Troper to Speelman and Troper to the JDC. Restrictions on the admission of refugees to Shanghai were modified in some degree, 1/8/40 attachment to 2/1/40, 4/25/40, 5/1/40, 5/6/40 Speelman to Troper and attachment, 6/17/40. Refugees began arriving again in numbers, 1/18/40, 3/11/40, 4/15/40, 4/26/40, 5/6/40, 5/18/40, 6/4/40, 6/14/40, 6/20/40. JDC allocations increased to $18,000 per month, 3/6/40, but were later reduced to $14,000 per month owing to world-wide financial pressures, 5/2/40 CAEJF Minutes. Minutes of the CAEJF meetings: 2/6/40 and summary, 5/1/40. Reports and memos on the status of refugees in Shanghai: Central Council for Jewish Refugees, 1/29/40; J.C. Hyman, 3/6/40 attached to 3/8/40, Hyman to Nathan; CAEJF, 4/25/40, 5/9/40, and Annual Report of the CAEJF Medical Board 1939/40. Correspondence: J.C. Hyman, S. Ishiguro, B. Kahn, E. Kann, R. Pilpel, J.J. Schwartz, M. Speelman, M.C. Troper.

The CAEJF refused to forward to the JDC a Japanese request for expressions of cooperation, 9/9/40(2), but two other local Jewish organizations did so, 10/10/40, 10/21/40. The JDC agreed to increase its allocation to $16,000 per month in an attempt to reduce cuts in food rations, an aftermath to a galloping inflation, 10/24/40, 11/6/40, 11/13/40, 11/28/40. Reports and memos on the status of refugees in Shanghai: JDC memo, 8/26/40; CAEJF, 9/27/40, Summary of semi-annual report Jan.-June 1940, 11/5/40, and Annual Report 1940. Correspondence: M. Berman, J.C. Hyman, Capt. K. Inuzuka, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel, M. Speelman.

The JDC increased its monthly allocation to $18,000, 4/1/41, and to $22,000, 5/2/41, in light of the ever growing immigration and of the Shanghai inflation. The JDC provided some 8,000 refugees per month with full support and 5,000 others with supplementary aid, 5/21/41, 7/2/41. Reports on the status of refugees in Shanghai – LL. Margolis: #4 (5/28/41), #5 (6/4/41), #7 (6/9/41), #8 (6/11/41), #10 (6/18/41), #11 (7/2/41), #12 (7/3/41), #13 (7/7/41), #16 (7/17/41), #17 (7/26/41), #18 (7/29/41), #23 (7/29/41). Other reports: 2/7/41, 2/13/41, 4/12/41 attachment to 5/1/41, 5/2/41 Leavitt to Baerwald, 5/21/41, 6/17/41. Correspondence: M. Beckelman, J.C. Hyman, M.A. Leavitt, L.L. Margolis, M. Speelman, E.J. Swift, M.C. Troper.

The JDC authorized Laura Margolis to reorganize the Shanghai aid program, 8/8/41 Minutes of Meeting, 8/8/41 cable JDC to Margolis, 8/11/41 attachment to 8/23/41, 9/10/41, 10/4/41. About 1,000 Polish refugees from Vilna were transferred to Shanghai from Japan, 9/11/41 JDC Exec. Committee The JDC increased to $26,000 its October 1941 allocation to Shanghai, 10/4/41, 10/13/41, 10/22/41. After Pearl Harbor, the JDC authorized its representative to make emergency loans locally to cover a six months budget for refugee relief at the rate of $30,000 per month, 12/13/41, 12/15/41, 12/20/41, and File 463, 5/14/42. Margolis requested the JDC to find means for transmitting funds to Shanghai via neutral countries, 12/20/41, 12/29/41. Reports on the status of refugees in Shanghai: CAEJF, 6/17/41, 10/4/41; L.L. Margolis, Numbered letters #19 (8/2/41), #20 (8/11/41), #21 (9/10/41), #22 9/14/41, #24 (10/17/41), #27 (10/26/41), #28 (10/27/41), #29 (11/5/41), #30 (11/9/41), #31 (11/11/41), #32 (11/12/41), #33 (11/14/41). For lists of refugees coming from Japan in April-May 1941, see: File 726. Correspondence: M. Beckelman, H.K. Buchman, J.C. Hyman, L.L. Margolis, R. Pilpel, M. Speelman, A. Tartakower.

Margolis succeeded in borrowing locally the $180,000 that the JDC had authorized, 7/6/42, 9/18/42 attachments, 10/28/42, 12/22/42. Margolis pressed for a second guarantee to cover the next six months, 4/15/42, 5/14/42, and 6/27/42, but the U.S. Gov’t refused permission to complete the arrangement as a violation of the Trading With the Enemy Act, 7/20/42, 8/24/42, 12/22/42, 9/7/43. The JDC repaid $138,500 of the local $180,000 loan, under a U.S. Treasury license, 10/3/43. Report of Activities in Shanghai 12/8/41-Sept. 1943, by L.L. Margolis, 1943 undated. Margolis borrowed locally Sfr 405,000 in Feb. 1943, to meet urgent relief needs, at a time when communications with the JDC were cut, 1/12/44. The JDC authorized the Shanghai Jewish Committee to borrow locally $25,000 per month (Sfr 110,000) for 12 months, 12/24/43. Articles on Shanghai by L.L. Margolis, Survey Graphic, March 1944, and Judisk Tidskrift, Dec. 1944. For additional materials, see: SM Archives, File 59 Correspondence: P. Baerwald, M. Beckelman, J. Bitker, C. Brahn, H.K. Buchman, J.C. Hyman, M.A. Leavitt, L.L. Margolis, E.M. Morrissey, M. Peter, M. Siegel, A.M. Warren.

The Chinese Gov’t issued a restrictive proclamation covering German and Austrian residents of China, including Nazi refugees, 12/19/45 Siegel to Leavitt. Siegel urged that the UNRRA (or its Chinese affiliate CNRRA) be pressed to shoulder responsibility for the basic relief program for Shanghai refugees, so that JDC funds could be used for rehabilitation and resettlement, 10/22/45, 11/10/45, 11/15/45, 11/20/45, 12/4/45. The JDC forwarded $100,000 per month for Shanghai relief throughout 1945, 12/13/45. Reports on events and developments in Shanghai: 8/26/45, 9/25/45, 10/22/45, 11/4/45. For additional materials, see: SM Archives, File 59. Correspondence: H.K. Buchman, A.I Fine, M.A. Leavitt, J.M. Machover, R. Pilpel, S. Mayer, M. Siegel, L.H. Sobel.

The Chinese Gov’t eased restrictive regulations governing Nazi refugees from Germany and Austria, 1/21/46 Jordan to Leavitt, 1/27/46, 1/28/46, 3/4/46 attachment to 3/25/46, 3/16/46, 4/4/46. The UNRRA agreed to deal with foreign DPs in China and to provide a running supply of food rations, 2/1/46(3), 2/11/46; also 1/3/46, 1/29/46, 1/31/46. The JDC increased its monthly allocation for refugee aid from $100,000 to $130,000 in response to the runaway inflation, 6/12/46. For allocations in 1946, see: File 467, 2/8/47. Statistical analysis of Shanghai refugees, 3/31/46. Reports and memos on events and developments: J. Bitker, 1/9/46; M. Siegel, 1/24/46(2), 1/31/46, 2/1/46; C. Jordan, 1/21/46, 2/16/46, 4/12/46, 4/23/46, 5/4/46, 5/28/46; G.V. Tijn, 2/4/46-3/4/46; A.I. Fine, 3/15/46. List of rabbinical groups and their families in Shanghai numbering 506 persons, 4/23/46. For additional materials, see: SM Archives, Files 59-63. Correspondence: M.W. Beckelman, M. Biehle, A.I. Fine, C.H. Jordan, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel, M. Siegel, G.V. Tijn.

Statistical Analysis of 13,475 Refugees in Shanghai 1/1/46-3/31/46, 8/1/46; Statistical Summary, 12/8/46. Status of Jewish refugees in Mukden and Harbin, 12/12/46 Reports and memos on the status of refugees in Shanghai: C. Jordan, 7/12/46, 7/27/46, 8/1/46, 8/6/46, 11/18/46, 12/30/46; R. Pilpel, 10/11/46 memo on Shanghai. Correspondence: M.W. Beckelman, T.P. Cope, J.C. Hyman, C. Jordan, H. Kadoorie, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel, J. Saper, Wu Kuo-Tsung.

Reports and memos on events and developments: C. Jordan: 1/31/47, 2/5/47, 2/25/47, 3/11/47, 3/12/47, 6/3/47, 7/17/47, 8/13/47, 8/15/47, 11/2/47, 11/13/47; A. Grodsky: 2/17/47, 4/9/47 attachment to 4/9/47. Correspondence: H.K. Buchman, A. Grodsky, C.H. Jordan, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel, L.H. Sobel.

The JDC reduced its allocations to $100,000 per month, following cuts in JDC beneficiaries to 6,300 persons, 3/1/48, and then to $75,000 per month, 7/8/48. Reports and memos on events and developments: C. Jordan, 2/17/48, 2/24/48, 3/1/48 Notes on N.Y. Staff Meeting, 4/10/48; A.C. Glassgold, 7/12/48 April-June 1948. Proposals for the mass evacuation of refugees from Shanghai, in the event it fell to the Communists: 11/9/48 Glassgold to JDC N.Y. (Note: Shanghai fell 5/25/49), 11/12/48 Notes of Tel. Conversation, 11/15/48 Notes of Staff Meeting, 11/16/48(2), 11/17/48(3), 11/20/48 Notes of Tel. Conversation, 11/22/48 Notes of Staff Meeting, 11/29/48 Notes of Tel. Conversation, 11/30/48, 12/6/48(2) Cable and Notes of Staff Meeting, 12/10/48(2), 12/14/48(2), 12/20/48 JTA News, 12/21/48 Minutes. Report of Activities in Shanghai, by A.C. Glassgold, 12/10/48. Correspondence: E. Celler, E. Egle, J.H. Fisher, A.C. Glassgold, C.H. Jordan, E. Landau, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel, R.B. Resnick, J.P. Rice.

Glassgold proposed that the JDC Shanghai should close its doors, since the refugee population had dwindled, and that the IRO Shanghai should take over the rest of the migration program, 8/10/49, 8/17/49 cable. The JDC approved, 8/25/49; the IRO declined at first, 9/15/49, but later accepted 12/1/49(2). The U.S. State Dept. announced the closing of its Shanghai consulate, 10/14/49. Reports on events and developments: C. Glassgold: 1/12/49, 2/21/49, 2/25/49, 6/9/49, 9/23/49, 10/7/49, 11/7/49. Statistical tables of refugees still remaining in Shanghai, 8/29/49, 9/5/49(2) Pilpel to Kadoorie and Rice to Leavitt. Correspondence: A.C. Glassgold, C.H. Jordan, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel, J. Rice.

The JDC agreed to close its Shanghai office and to transfer its residual responsibilities to the Council of the Jewish Community, Shanghai, 2/17/50 Glassgold to JDC N.Y., 3/8/50 Pilpel to Glassgold, 3/30/50, 4/4/50, 4/13/50, 4/17/50, 4/25/50 Minutes, 5/12/50, 5/23/50, 6/8/50, 7/2/50, 8/25/50, 8/29/50; also see below: File 471, 5/2/51 attachment to 5/3/51, and File 472, 6/4/51, and 7/6/51. Analysis of the Jewish population of China Oct/Nov 1950, 10/23/50 Glassgold to Pilpel, 11/29/50. Reports on events and developments: A.C. Glassgold, 1/18/50, 2/6/50, 2/17/50, 7/5/50, 8/25/50, 9/14/50, 11/29/50. Correspondence: C.F. Andrew, M.W. Beckelman, A.C. Glassgold, C.H. Jordan, H. Kadoorie, R. Pilpel, J.P. Rice.

The U.S. Treasury Dept. issued an order freezing all Chinese assets in the U.S. and forbidding the transfer of U.S. funds to China, except by special license, 1/15/51. Responsibility for the aliyah emigration from Shanghai was transferred by the JDC to the Palestine Office Far East of the Jewish Agency (Palampt); the supervision of activities was entrusted to W.J. Citron and a $30,000 ceiling was fixed on total expenditures in China chargeable to the JDC, 1/25/51 Grubel to Kadoorie, 2/13/51, 2/15/51. The JDC set up a reserve of $50,000 to enable 250 long-time residents of China, who were otherwise ineligible for aid, to emigrate, 4/3/51 Admin. Committee Minutes, 4/4/51, 4/25/51, 5/2/51 attachment to 5/3/51, 5/18/51 Glassgold to Goldberg. Glassgold received a Chinese exit permit following a 15 month delay, 5/3/51. From Hong Kong, Glassgold informed the JDC of the G.B. Shaw Memorial Fund (gold bars), which he could not communicate from Shanghai, 5/18/51 Glassgold to Pilpel; also see: File 472, 6/1/51(2), 11/26/51, File 474, 1/17/57 and attachment 7/3/56, File 475, 12/29/61 attachment to 1/2/62, 7/30/62, JDC Personnel, C. Glassgold, File 124. Correspondence: W.J. Citrin, A.C. Glassgold, H. Kadoorie, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel.

Final report by Glassgold on the status of refugees in China, 7/8/51. Correspondence: E. Abraham, W.J. Citrin, A.C. Glassgold, C.H. Jordan, L. Kadoorie, A.S. Petluck, R. Pilpel, J.P. Rice, A. Stoessler.

The JDC N.Y. transferred responsibility for China operations to Paris Office, 6/23/51, 7/3/52, 7/15/52, 7/22/52(2). On events and happenings in China: 1/4/52 Jordan to Kadoorie, 1/5/52, 2/7/52, 2/14/52, 2/19/52, 2/20/52 Zerkowitz to JDC, 2/29/52, 3/10/52, 3/26/52 Citrin to Pilpel, 4/17/52, 4/17/52 attachment to 4/28/52, 5/22/52 attachment to 5/24/52, 6/5/52, 6/23/52, 7/2/52 Citrin to Jordan, 7/24/52 Rice to Jordan, 8/4/52 Rice to Jordan, 9/12/52, 9/18/52, 11/4/52. Also see: File 26, Council Reports, 1952/53. Correspondence: R.D. Abraham, N.W. Beckelman, C.J. Citrin, C.H. Jordan, H. Kadoorie, L. Kadoorie, R. Pillpel, E. Potok, J.P. Rice, D.L. Speiser, W. Tag.

Some 250 refugees left China in 1952 with JDC aid, 5/27/53. On events and happenings in China: 8/24/53 Leavitt to Seligson, 12/22/53, 8/17/54, 1/20/55, 3/1/55, 8/10/55, 10/19/55, 11/2/55, 12/9/55, 1/17/56, 6/30/56, 7/3/56 attachment to 7/17/56, 10/2/56, 10/30/56, 1/28/57 and attachments, 9/25/57, 12/10/57. Also see: File 484, Council Reports 1952/53-1957/58. Correspondence: R.D. Abraham, A.H. Fuks, C.H. Jordan, M.A. Leavitt, I.I. Schwartzbart, P.I. Yudalevich.

On events and happenings in China, 10/15/58. Table of refugees in China aided by the JDC 1956-1958, 1/9/59. H. Kadoorie ended his nine-year service as the JDC representative in Hong Kong, 1/27/59-3/5/59, 3/14/59. The roll of Jewish residents in Shanghai and Tientsin, Jan. 1960. In March 1961, the Chinese authorities ordered the Council to discontinue its welfare activities and to transfer its beneficiaries to the China Relief Society, 11/21/61, 12/6/61, 12/29/61. The JDC called upon the Council to cut its expenditures in light of the shrinkage in the scope of its activities, 7/30/62, 8/23/62, 11/5/62, 11/16/62, 12/27/62. Also see: File 484, Council Reports 1957/58-1959/60. Correspondence: J. Breen, D. Lack, H. Elfenbein, C.H. Jordan, H. Kadoorie, M.A. Leavitt, G. Raymond, J.P. Rice, V.J. Zirinsky.

Monthly, 1939: May 1940: May-Dec. Semi-Annual, 1/1/40-6/30/40 (attached to letter 8/7/40)

Monthly: Jan.-Oct.

1. Financial and Statistical Reports, JDC Shanghai, 1946 – 1947: Monthly, 1946:, April-July, Nov.; Monthly, 1947:, Feb., March. 2. Financial Statements, JDC Shanghai, 1947 – 1949: Monthly, 1947:, March, April, June, Dec.; Monthly, 1948:, Jan.-Aug., Dec.; Monthly, 1949:, Jan., March, June; Semi-Annual: 1947:, 7/1/47-12/31/47, 5/5/48; Semi-Annual: 1948:, 7/1/48-12/31/48, 3/22/49; Semi-Annual: 1949:, 1/1/49-6/30/49, 12/2/49. 3. Financial Statements and Accounting Letters, Various, 1950-1955.

From 1937 onward, the Chinese currency grew ever more unstable as the inflation accelerated. In the post-war years, matters worsened as the spread widened between official and unofficial exchange rates. To avoid crushing losses in official rates, the JDC sought legally to obtain local currency from holders of large accounts which could not be transferred abroad. The file also contains materials on settlements of Shanghai claims for funds advanced during the war years to the CAEJF and to the Shanghai Jewish Committee. Correspondence: A.C. Glassgold, C. Jordan, H. Kadoorie, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel, M. Siegel.

Correspondence and publications pertaining to JDC Shanghai and to Jewish refugees there. Correspondence: A.C. Glassgold, C.H. Jordan, R. Pilpel, M. Siegel, E.E. Simke, M. Speelman.

Council of the Jewish Communities of Shanghai. Annual Reports: 1952/53-1959/60 and several duplicates.

Individual Records, 1950, 1955

In 1946, the JDC leased a home for the aged in Shanghai accommodating some 125 persons. The price was $110,000, and the agreement called for the refund of the principal sum in 1948, upon the evacuation of the building by the JDC. The JDC took over the building when the owner proved unable to meet the payments, upon the understanding he would repay $25,000 by March 1951. By then, the Communists were in possession of Shanghai and the owner defaulted again. In 1953, the property was taken over by the Shanghai City Gov’t together with other foreign owned properties. Correspondence: E. Abraham, A.C. Glassgold, C.H. Jordan, R. Pilpel.

Correspondence: A.C. Glassgold, A. Grodsky, E. Philips, L.H. Sobel.

Passover Supplies: see File 503.1. Rabbinical Groups: Following the Nazi invasion of Poland, teachers and students at a number of Polish Yeshivot (about 1,000 persons in all) fled to Lithuania where they received JDC support. Months later, the Lithuanian authorities decreed that refugees must file their intention to accept Soviet citizenship or be declared stateless. The rabbinical groups along with thousands of other refugees rushed to secure exit visas and the JDC expended some $175,000 on transportation costs via Siberia and Japan. The rabbinical groups arrived in Japan in the summer of 1941 and most were shipped to Shanghai by the authorities in the wake of Pearl Harbor. The JDC covered the costs of their support during their entire sojourn in the Far East. They were in the vanguard of the refugees who emigrated from Shanghai in 1946 with JDC aid. For additional materials on the rabbinical groups, see: File 406 and the citations listed there. 1944 – 1947: The Vaad Hahatzala pressed the JDC to support evacuation to neutral countries of rabbis and yeshiva students in Shanghai, 10/21/44-2/27/45. The JDC defrayed the overwhelming share of the transportation costs to the U.S., Canada and South American lands of members of rabbinical groups in Shanghai, 6/21/46, 7/8/46-8/12/46, 9/4/46, 9/12/46, 10/24/46, 11/8/46, 1/30/47. Lists of rabbinical groups in Shanghai: 506 yeshiva students, rabbis and their families; students of the College Tomche-Tmimim, 1/22/46 attachment to 4/15/46; rabbinical students traveling to the U.S. to attend yeshivot, 3/12/47 attachment to 3/25/47. Also see: SM Archives, File 63. Correspondence: H.K. Buchman, S. Gourary, I. Herzog, C.H. Jordan, A. Kalmanowitz, M.A. Leavitt, L. Margolis, R. Pilpel, J.J. Schwartz. Cemeteries, 1949 – 1960: In the late 1950’s the Chinese authorities served notice on Jewish leaders in Shanghai, Harbin, and Tientsin, of their intention to take over ground occupied by Jewish cemeteries in those cities, and to provide new grounds for the graves. In Shanghai, the Chinese authorities paid the costs of the removal and the re-erection of the monuments; in Harbin relatives in the U.S. were called upon to pay, while in Tientsin the Council of the Jewish Community of Shanghai advanced the necessary funds. Schools, 1947 – 1952: In the post-war years, refugee children attended three Jewish schools which the JDC supported. By 1949, following the great refugee emigrations, only the Shanghai Jewish School remained open. By the end of 1950, a mere ten children between the age of 10-15 remained in the city. Yiddish Writers, 1946: Early in 1946, several Jewish writers from Poland opened a Yiddish newspaper in Shanghai, “Unzer Welt”, with the aid of contributions for upkeep by N.Y. colleagues and of JDC support. The newspaper folded near the close of the year when the writer-entrepreneurs emigrated.

In March 1941, the U.S. Gov’t indicated a readiness to include Shanghai refugees in its immigration quotas. To expedite matters, the JDC transferred Laura Margolis, its representative in Cuba to Shanghai. She arrived in April 1941, but the Consulate issued visas at a snail’s pace owing to staff shortages. Quota restrictions and the scarcity of ships in the Far East compounded the difficulties. By Pearl Harbor, some 300 Shanghai refugees had migrated to Palestine, Australia, Canada and Burma with JDC aid. The war cut off all further emigration and it resumed again only in 1946. Between 1946-1953, the JDC aided in the emigration to overseas lands of some 16,000 DP’s from China, and they came from Shanghai predominantly. Some 6,700 DP’s were admitted to the U.S., and included several hundred persons who were in transit to third countries. The remaining DP’s went to Israel, Europe, Australia, Latin America, and Canada. 1946/1,400; 1947/6,700; 1948/3,300; 1949/3,000; 1950/750; 1951/640; 1952/235; Total/16,025. Shipping shortages in the Far East restricted emigration in 1946, but among the first to go were members of the rabbinical groups. In the following year, emigration soared to its post-war peak when the restriction eased, and emigration to the U.S. increased notably. In mid-1947, the U.S. State Dept. agreed to extend to German and Austrian DP’s in Shanghai the use of the corporate affidavit which theretofore had been restricted to Europe. That step permitted the immigration of DP’s who were otherwise eligible but who lacked relatives or friends in the U.S. who could submit acceptable individual affidavits on their behalf. The arrangement remained in effect until the U.S. closed its Consulate in Shanghai in February 1950, in the aftermath of the Communist takeover. The closing brought emigration to the U.S. from Shanghai to a virtual end. The International Refugee Organization (IRO) reimbursed the JDC, in whole or in part, for transportation costs incurred by it on behalf of many refugees. The IRO was created by the UN in 1946, to aid in the repatriation and resettlement of refugees and DPs left in the wake of W.W. II. In time, the IRO replaced existing refugee organizations such as UNRRA and the Intergovernmental Committee for Refugees (IGCR). It was dissolved in Feb. 1952. IRO reimbursements to the JDC covered only a part of the overall emigration expenditures which that agency had incurred. For emigration to Australia, see: Australia, Files 438a-438b. For emigration to Canada, see: Canada, File 455. Letters by L.L. Margolis touching on emigration problems, #4 (5/28/41), #10 (6/18/41), #18 (7/29/41), #20 (8/11/41), #27 (10/26/41), #29 (11/5/41), #31 (11/11/41). Correspondence: M. Berman, H.K. Buchman, L.L. Margolis.

In March 1941, the U.S. Gov’t indicated a readiness to include Shanghai refugees in its immigration quotas. To expedite matters, the JDC transferred Laura Margolis, its representative in Cuba to Shanghai. She arrived in April 1941, but the Consulate issued visas at a snail’s pace owing to staff shortages. Quota restrictions and the scarcity of ships in the Far East compounded the difficulties. By Pearl Harbor, some 300 Shanghai refugees had migrated to Palestine, Australia, Canada and Burma with JDC aid. The war cut off all further emigration and it resumed again only in 1946. Between 1946-1953, the JDC aided in the emigration to overseas lands of some 16,000 DP’s from China, and they came from Shanghai predominantly. Some 6,700 DP’s were admitted to the U.S., and included several hundred persons who were in transit to third countries. The remaining DP’s went to Israel, Europe, Australia, Latin America, and Canada. 1946/1,400; 1947/6,700; 1948/3,300; 1949/3,000; 1950/750; 1951/640; 1952/235; Total/16,025. Shipping shortages in the Far East restricted emigration in 1946, but among the first to go were members of the rabbinical groups. In the following year, emigration soared to its post-war peak when the restriction eased, and emigration to the U.S. increased notably. In mid-1947, the U.S. State Dept. agreed to extend to German and Austrian DP’s in Shanghai the use of the corporate affidavit which theretofore had been restricted to Europe. That step permitted the immigration of DP’s who were otherwise eligible but who lacked relatives or friends in the U.S. who could submit acceptable individual affidavits on their behalf. The arrangement remained in effect until the U.S. closed its Consulate in Shanghai in February 1950, in the aftermath of the Communist takeover. The closing brought emigration to the U.S. from Shanghai to a virtual end. The International Refugee Organization (IRO) reimbursed the JDC, in whole or in part, for transportation costs incurred by it on behalf of many refugees. The IRO was created by the UN in 1946, to aid in the repatriation and resettlement of refugees and DPs left in the wake of W.W. II. In time, the IRO replaced existing refugee organizations such as UNRRA and the Intergovernmental Committee for Refugees (IGCR). It was dissolved in Feb. 1952. IRO reimbursements to the JDC covered only a part of the overall emigration expenditures which that agency had incurred. For emigration to Australia, see: Australia, Files 438a-438b. For emigration to Canada, see: Canada, File 455. On the status of emigration from Shanghai, by C. Jordan: 3/16/46, 4/23/46, 7/10/46, 7/27/46, 8/1/46, 9/12/46, 10/29/46, 11/8/46, 11/14/46. Also see: Australia, Files 438a-438b. Correspondence: M.W. Beckelman, W.L. Brand, C.H. Jordan, M.A. Leavitt, R.F. Moses, R. Pilpel, D. Stern, O.E. Stone.

In March 1941, the U.S. Gov’t indicated a readiness to include Shanghai refugees in its immigration quotas. To expedite matters, the JDC transferred Laura Margolis, its representative in Cuba to Shanghai. She arrived in April 1941, but the Consulate issued visas at a snail’s pace owing to staff shortages. Quota restrictions and the scarcity of ships in the Far East compounded the difficulties. By Pearl Harbor, some 300 Shanghai refugees had migrated to Palestine, Australia, Canada and Burma with JDC aid. The war cut off all further emigration and it resumed again only in 1946. Between 1946-1953, the JDC aided in the emigration to overseas lands of some 16,000 DP’s from China, and they came from Shanghai predominantly. Some 6,700 DP’s were admitted to the U.S., and included several hundred persons who were in transit to third countries. The remaining DP’s went to Israel, Europe, Australia, Latin America, and Canada. 1946/1,400; 1947/6,700; 1948/3,300; 1949/3,000; 1950/750; 1951/640; 1952/235; Total/16,025. Shipping shortages in the Far East restricted emigration in 1946, but among the first to go were members of the rabbinical groups. In the following year, emigration soared to its post-war peak when the restriction eased, and emigration to the U.S. increased notably. In mid-1947, the U.S. State Dept. agreed to extend to German and Austrian DP’s in Shanghai the use of the corporate affidavit which theretofore had been restricted to Europe. That step permitted the immigration of DP’s who were otherwise eligible but who lacked relatives or friends in the U.S. who could submit acceptable individual affidavits on their behalf. The arrangement remained in effect until the U.S. closed its Consulate in Shanghai in February 1950, in the aftermath of the Communist takeover. The closing brought emigration to the U.S. from Shanghai to a virtual end. The International Refugee Organization (IRO) reimbursed the JDC, in whole or in part, for transportation costs incurred by it on behalf of many refugees. The IRO was created by the UN in 1946, to aid in the repatriation and resettlement of refugees and DPs left in the wake of W.W. II. In time, the IRO replaced existing refugee organizations such as UNRRA and the Intergovernmental Committee for Refugees (IGCR). It was dissolved in Feb. 1952. IRO reimbursements to the JDC covered only a part of the overall emigration expenditures which that agency had incurred. For emigration to Australia, see: Australia, Files 438a-438b. For emigration to Canada, see: Canada, File 455. The U.S. State Dept. approved the extension of the corporate affidavit principle to German refugees in Shanghai, 3/6/47, 3/13/47, 4/29/47, 4/28/47 attachment to 5/1/47 Resnick to Warburg, 4/30/47, 5/12/47, 5/26/47, 5/27/47, 7/12/47, 8/11/47. Relations between the JDC Shanghai and the HIAS Shanghai, 2/28/47, 3/10/47, 3/25/47, 5/27/47, 8/13/47, 8/14/47, 8/26/47 Petluck to Jordan, 11/13/47, 12/31/47. On the status of emigration from Shanghai: 1/21/47(2), 1/31/47, 7/17/47, 7/28/47, 8/13/47, 10/6/47 attachment to 10/7/47. JDC expenditures for the transportation of Shanghai emigrants to the U.S., 6/15/46-8/31/47, 9/23/47. Reports: Departure of Refugees from Shanghai 3/1/46-10/31/47 attachment to 11/3/47. Status of Refugees in Shanghai, by Quotas, as of Oct. 14, 1947, undated. Also see: Australia, File 438a. Correspondence: M.W. Beckelman, H.K. Buchman, H.M. Emerson, E.H. Jordan, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel, E. Rosenberg.

In March 1941, the U.S. Gov’t indicated a readiness to include Shanghai refugees in its immigration quotas. To expedite matters, the JDC transferred Laura Margolis, its representative in Cuba to Shanghai. She arrived in April 1941, but the Consulate issued visas at a snail’s pace owing to staff shortages. Quota restrictions and the scarcity of ships in the Far East compounded the difficulties. By Pearl Harbor, some 300 Shanghai refugees had migrated to Palestine, Australia, Canada and Burma with JDC aid. The war cut off all further emigration and it resumed again only in 1946. Between 1946-1953, the JDC aided in the emigration to overseas lands of some 16,000 DP’s from China, and they came from Shanghai predominantly. Some 6,700 DP’s were admitted to the U.S., and included several hundred persons who were in transit to third countries. The remaining DP’s went to Israel, Europe, Australia, Latin America, and Canada. 1946/1,400; 1947/6,700; 1948/3,300; 1949/3,000; 1950/750; 1951/640; 1952/235; Total/16,025. Shipping shortages in the Far East restricted emigration in 1946, but among the first to go were members of the rabbinical groups. In the following year, emigration soared to its post-war peak when the restriction eased, and emigration to the U.S. increased notably. In mid-1947, the U.S. State Dept. agreed to extend to German and Austrian DP’s in Shanghai the use of the corporate affidavit which theretofore had been restricted to Europe. That step permitted the immigration of DP’s who were otherwise eligible but who lacked relatives or friends in the U.S. who could submit acceptable individual affidavits on their behalf. The arrangement remained in effect until the U.S. closed its Consulate in Shanghai in February 1950, in the aftermath of the Communist takeover. The closing brought emigration to the U.S. from Shanghai to a virtual end. The International Refugee Organization (IRO) reimbursed the JDC, in whole or in part, for transportation costs incurred by it on behalf of many refugees. The IRO was created by the UN in 1946, to aid in the repatriation and resettlement of refugees and DPs left in the wake of W.W. II. In time, the IRO replaced existing refugee organizations such as UNRRA and the Intergovernmental Committee for Refugees (IGCR). It was dissolved in Feb. 1952. IRO reimbursements to the JDC covered only a part of the overall emigration expenditures which that agency had incurred. For emigration to Australia, see: Australia, Files 438a-438b. For emigration to Canada, see: Canada, File 455. On the status of emigration from Shanghai: 2/24/48, 3/1/48, 4/21/48. Summary of Shanghai Situation, 4/29/48, 7/12/48, 10/14/48, 11/1/48, 11/9/48-11/16/48, 11/23/48, 11/27/48-12/1/48 JDC N.Y. to Shanghai, 12/3/48 JDC N.Y. to Shanghai, 12/7/48-12/10/48, 12/14/48, 12/21/48-12/22/48, 12/27/48(2) Shanghai Status Report, 12/28/48 Minutes, 12/30/48 Jordan to Glassgold. Also see: Australia, File 438a Canada, Files 453-455 Correspondence: A.C. Glassgold, C.H. Jordan, M.A. Leavitt, A.S. Petluck, R. Pilpel, R.B. Resnick, P. Skorneck.

In March 1941, the U.S. Gov’t indicated a readiness to include Shanghai refugees in its immigration quotas. To expedite matters, the JDC transferred Laura Margolis, its representative in Cuba to Shanghai. She arrived in April 1941, but the Consulate issued visas at a snail’s pace owing to staff shortages. Quota restrictions and the scarcity of ships in the Far East compounded the difficulties. By Pearl Harbor, some 300 Shanghai refugees had migrated to Palestine, Australia, Canada and Burma with JDC aid. The war cut off all further emigration and it resumed again only in 1946. Between 1946-1953, the JDC aided in the emigration to overseas lands of some 16,000 DP’s from China, and they came from Shanghai predominantly. Some 6,700 DP’s were admitted to the U.S., and included several hundred persons who were in transit to third countries. The remaining DP’s went to Israel, Europe, Australia, Latin America, and Canada. 1946/1,400; 1947/6,700; 1948/3,300; 1949/3,000; 1950/750; 1951/640; 1952/235; Total/16,025. Shipping shortages in the Far East restricted emigration in 1946, but among the first to go were members of the rabbinical groups. In the following year, emigration soared to its post-war peak when the restriction eased, and emigration to the U.S. increased notably. In mid-1947, the U.S. State Dept. agreed to extend to German and Austrian DP’s in Shanghai the use of the corporate affidavit which theretofore had been restricted to Europe. That step permitted the immigration of DP’s who were otherwise eligible but who lacked relatives or friends in the U.S. who could submit acceptable individual affidavits on their behalf. The arrangement remained in effect until the U.S. closed its Consulate in Shanghai in February 1950, in the aftermath of the Communist takeover. The closing brought emigration to the U.S. from Shanghai to a virtual end. The International Refugee Organization (IRO) reimbursed the JDC, in whole or in part, for transportation costs incurred by it on behalf of many refugees. The IRO was created by the UN in 1946, to aid in the repatriation and resettlement of refugees and DPs left in the wake of W.W. II. In time, the IRO replaced existing refugee organizations such as UNRRA and the Intergovernmental Committee for Refugees (IGCR). It was dissolved in Feb. 1952. IRO reimbursements to the JDC covered only a part of the overall emigration expenditures which that agency had incurred. For emigration to Australia, see: Australia, Files 438a-438b. For emigration to Canada, see: Canada, File 455. On the status of emigration from Shanghai: 1/4/49, 1/5/49, Pilpel to Epstein, 1/11/49-1/14/49, 1/18/49, 2/21/49(2) Letter #392 and Minutes, 2/28/49 Meeting #7-49, 3/2/49 Leavitt to Wood, 3/11/49, 3/31/49, 4/9/49, 4/15/49, 4/29/49 Press Release, 5/5/49 Leavitt memo, 5/10/49(3), 5/11/49(4), 5/17/49, 5/21/49. JDC relations with IRO, 1/19/49 Letter #365, 1/24/49-1/28/49, 2/11/49 Rice to Beckelman. Voyage of the overcrowded SS Captain Marcos Shanghai to Naples, 1/21/49(2) Letter #368 and Cable 550, 2/3/49 Wood to Leavitt, 2/7/49 Letter #385, 3/15/49, 4/21/49 attachment to 5/9/49 Pilpel to Jordan. Statements of the numbers of refugees who left Shanghai: 3/1/46-12/31/48 attachment to 2/11/49, 3/1/46-2/28/49 undated, 3/1/46-5/31/49 undated. Also see: Australia, File 438a. Correspondence: A.C. Glassgold, C.H. Jordan, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel, J.P. Rice.

In March 1941, the U.S. Gov’t indicated a readiness to include Shanghai refugees in its immigration quotas. To expedite matters, the JDC transferred Laura Margolis, its representative in Cuba to Shanghai. She arrived in April 1941, but the Consulate issued visas at a snail’s pace owing to staff shortages. Quota restrictions and the scarcity of ships in the Far East compounded the difficulties. By Pearl Harbor, some 300 Shanghai refugees had migrated to Palestine, Australia, Canada and Burma with JDC aid. The war cut off all further emigration and it resumed again only in 1946. Between 1946-1953, the JDC aided in the emigration to overseas lands of some 16,000 DP’s from China, and they came from Shanghai predominantly. Some 6,700 DP’s were admitted to the U.S., and included several hundred persons who were in transit to third countries. The remaining DP’s went to Israel, Europe, Australia, Latin America, and Canada. 1946/1,400; 1947/6,700; 1948/3,300; 1949/3,000; 1950/750; 1951/640; 1952/235; Total/16,025. Shipping shortages in the Far East restricted emigration in 1946, but among the first to go were members of the rabbinical groups. In the following year, emigration soared to its post-war peak when the restriction eased, and emigration to the U.S. increased notably. In mid-1947, the U.S. State Dept. agreed to extend to German and Austrian DP’s in Shanghai the use of the corporate affidavit which theretofore had been restricted to Europe. That step permitted the immigration of DP’s who were otherwise eligible but who lacked relatives or friends in the U.S. who could submit acceptable individual affidavits on their behalf. The arrangement remained in effect until the U.S. closed its Consulate in Shanghai in February 1950, in the aftermath of the Communist takeover. The closing brought emigration to the U.S. from Shanghai to a virtual end. The International Refugee Organization (IRO) reimbursed the JDC, in whole or in part, for transportation costs incurred by it on behalf of many refugees. The IRO was created by the UN in 1946, to aid in the repatriation and resettlement of refugees and DPs left in the wake of W.W. II. In time, the IRO replaced existing refugee organizations such as UNRRA and the Intergovernmental Committee for Refugees (IGCR). It was dissolved in Feb. 1952. IRO reimbursements to the JDC covered only a part of the overall emigration expenditures which that agency had incurred. For emigration to Australia, see: Australia, Files 438a-438b. For emigration to Canada, see: Canada, File 455. Emigration to Israel by Tientsin Jews: 6/2/49, 6/6/49-6/9/49 and attachments, 6/16/49(3), 6/21/49, 6/28/49-7/25/49, 8/5/49-8/8/49, 8/11/49-8/15/49, 9/22/49, 9/27/49-9/29/49, 10/7/49, 10/21/49, 11/3/49, 11/18/49, 11/22/49 Pilpel to Epstein, 11/23/49 Rice to Stein, 12/1/49, 12/5/49, 12/9/49, 12/12/49, 12/20/49(2). Passenger lists: SS Gordon arriving in San Francisco 10/13/49, 10/12/49 Stein to Rice; SS Christobol bearing Tientsin passengers headed for Israel, 6/5/49 attachment to 10/12/49 Acc. Letter #810. Correspondence: A.C. Glassgold, C.H. Jordan, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel, J.P. Rice.

In March 1941, the U.S. Gov’t indicated a readiness to include Shanghai refugees in its immigration quotas. To expedite matters, the JDC transferred Laura Margolis, its representative in Cuba to Shanghai. She arrived in April 1941, but the Consulate issued visas at a snail’s pace owing to staff shortages. Quota restrictions and the scarcity of ships in the Far East compounded the difficulties. By Pearl Harbor, some 300 Shanghai refugees had migrated to Palestine, Australia, Canada and Burma with JDC aid. The war cut off all further emigration and it resumed again only in 1946. Between 1946-1953, the JDC aided in the emigration to overseas lands of some 16,000 DP’s from China, and they came from Shanghai predominantly. Some 6,700 DP’s were admitted to the U.S., and included several hundred persons who were in transit to third countries. The remaining DP’s went to Israel, Europe, Australia, Latin America, and Canada. 1946/1,400; 1947/6,700; 1948/3,300; 1949/3,000; 1950/750; 1951/640; 1952/235; Total/16,025. Shipping shortages in the Far East restricted emigration in 1946, but among the first to go were members of the rabbinical groups. In the following year, emigration soared to its post-war peak when the restriction eased, and emigration to the U.S. increased notably. In mid-1947, the U.S. State Dept. agreed to extend to German and Austrian DP’s in Shanghai the use of the corporate affidavit which theretofore had been restricted to Europe. That step permitted the immigration of DP’s who were otherwise eligible but who lacked relatives or friends in the U.S. who could submit acceptable individual affidavits on their behalf. The arrangement remained in effect until the U.S. closed its Consulate in Shanghai in February 1950, in the aftermath of the Communist takeover. The closing brought emigration to the U.S. from Shanghai to a virtual end. The International Refugee Organization (IRO) reimbursed the JDC, in whole or in part, for transportation costs incurred by it on behalf of many refugees. The IRO was created by the UN in 1946, to aid in the repatriation and resettlement of refugees and DPs left in the wake of W.W. II. In time, the IRO replaced existing refugee organizations such as UNRRA and the Intergovernmental Committee for Refugees (IGCR). It was dissolved in Feb. 1952. IRO reimbursements to the JDC covered only a part of the overall emigration expenditures which that agency had incurred. For emigration to Australia, see: Australia, Files 438a-438b. For emigration to Canada, see: Canada, File 455. On the status of emigration from China: 3/14/50, 3/21/50 Minutes, 4/18/50, 4/24/50, 4/28/50(3), 5/12/50; also see: File 470. Reports on events and developments 1/18/50-11/29/50, Refugee flights in 1949, Shanghai to Canada and Israel, and Hong Kong to Israel, attachment to 5/18/50 Pilpel to Marshall. Passenger lists of refugees on Harbin and Tientsin flights to Israel – Flight #1: 57 passengers, 1/23/50 Glassgold to Liao; #2: 121 passengers, 3/9/50 Kadoorie to Pilpel, 3/13/50(3); #3: 68 passengers, 3/31/50 Pilpel to Kadoorie, 4/18/50 Pilpel to Kadoorie, 5/30/50 attachment; #4: 60 passengers, 5/1/50 Kadoorie to Glassgold, 5/2/50 cable, 5/4/50 attachment; #5: 62 passengers, 5/9/50 attachment Kadoorie to Glassgold, 5/2/50 cable, 5/4/50 attachment, 5/11/50, 5/18/50, 5/19/50 Pilpel to Rubenfeld, 5/20/50. For materials on Flight #6, see: File 495. Correspondence: A.C. Glassgold, C.H. Jordan, H. Kadoorie, J. Liao, R. Pilpel, J.P. Rice.

In March 1941, the U.S. Gov’t indicated a readiness to include Shanghai refugees in its immigration quotas. To expedite matters, the JDC transferred Laura Margolis, its representative in Cuba to Shanghai. She arrived in April 1941, but the Consulate issued visas at a snail’s pace owing to staff shortages. Quota restrictions and the scarcity of ships in the Far East compounded the difficulties. By Pearl Harbor, some 300 Shanghai refugees had migrated to Palestine, Australia, Canada and Burma with JDC aid. The war cut off all further emigration and it resumed again only in 1946. Between 1946-1953, the JDC aided in the emigration to overseas lands of some 16,000 DP’s from China, and they came from Shanghai predominantly. Some 6,700 DP’s were admitted to the U.S., and included several hundred persons who were in transit to third countries. The remaining DP’s went to Israel, Europe, Australia, Latin America, and Canada. 1946/1,400; 1947/6,700; 1948/3,300; 1949/3,000; 1950/750; 1951/640; 1952/235; Total/16,025. Shipping shortages in the Far East restricted emigration in 1946, but among the first to go were members of the rabbinical groups. In the following year, emigration soared to its post-war peak when the restriction eased, and emigration to the U.S. increased notably. In mid-1947, the U.S. State Dept. agreed to extend to German and Austrian DP’s in Shanghai the use of the corporate affidavit which theretofore had been restricted to Europe. That step permitted the immigration of DP’s who were otherwise eligible but who lacked relatives or friends in the U.S. who could submit acceptable individual affidavits on their behalf. The arrangement remained in effect until the U.S. closed its Consulate in Shanghai in February 1950, in the aftermath of the Communist takeover. The closing brought emigration to the U.S. from Shanghai to a virtual end. The International Refugee Organization (IRO) reimbursed the JDC, in whole or in part, for transportation costs incurred by it on behalf of many refugees. The IRO was created by the UN in 1946, to aid in the repatriation and resettlement of refugees and DPs left in the wake of W.W. II. In time, the IRO replaced existing refugee organizations such as UNRRA and the Intergovernmental Committee for Refugees (IGCR). It was dissolved in Feb. 1952. IRO reimbursements to the JDC covered only a part of the overall emigration expenditures which that agency had incurred. For emigration to Australia, see: Australia, Files 438a-438b. For emigration to Canada, see: Canada, File 455. Refugees on Harbin-Tientsin flights to Israel-#6: 121 passengers names unavailable, 6/5/50 Kadoorie to Pilpel, 6/16/50, 6/29/50. Shanghai refugees sail for Italy in hopes of obtaining U.S. visas, 6/12/50 Glassgold to Rice, 6/16/50 Glassgold to Petluck, 6/22/50, Report on the arrival of 106 refugees from Shanghai, attachment to 7/6/50 Jordan to Thomas, 7/7/50 Leavitt to Jordan. For earlier materials, see: File 494, 4/28/50 Glassgold to Pilpel, 5/4/50, 5/12/50 and 5/19/50 Glassgold to Rice. The 55-day voyage of the overcrowded SS Anna Salen, Hong Kong to Naples: 7/3/50, 7/12/50, 7/14/50 cable, 7/18/50-7/26/50, 8/2/50 Letters #552, 553, 8/3/50, 8/8/50-8/10/50, 8/16/50, 8/25/50-9/5/50, 9/14/50, 9/18/50 Pilpel to Witkin, 9/25/50-9/29/50. For additional materials on SS Anna Salen, see: File 496. Other materials on emigration from China: 6/18/50 Letter #539, 7/5/50 Letter #543, 9/14/50 Letter #567, 9/18/50 Letter #568. Statements of Persons Who Left Shanghai May/June and July/Aug. 1950, 9/7/50. Correspondence: M.W. Beckelman, A.C. Glassgold, C.H. Jordan, H. Kadoorie, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel, J.P. Rice, J. Silverstein.

In March 1941, the U.S. Gov’t indicated a readiness to include Shanghai refugees in its immigration quotas. To expedite matters, the JDC transferred Laura Margolis, its representative in Cuba to Shanghai. She arrived in April 1941, but the Consulate issued visas at a snail’s pace owing to staff shortages. Quota restrictions and the scarcity of ships in the Far East compounded the difficulties. By Pearl Harbor, some 300 Shanghai refugees had migrated to Palestine, Australia, Canada and Burma with JDC aid. The war cut off all further emigration and it resumed again only in 1946. Between 1946-1953, the JDC aided in the emigration to overseas lands of some 16,000 DP’s from China, and they came from Shanghai predominantly. Some 6,700 DP’s were admitted to the U.S., and included several hundred persons who were in transit to third countries. The remaining DP’s went to Israel, Europe, Australia, Latin America, and Canada. 1946/1,400; 1947/6,700; 1948/3,300; 1949/3,000; 1950/750; 1951/640; 1952/235; Total/16,025. Shipping shortages in the Far East restricted emigration in 1946, but among the first to go were members of the rabbinical groups. In the following year, emigration soared to its post-war peak when the restriction eased, and emigration to the U.S. increased notably. In mid-1947, the U.S. State Dept. agreed to extend to German and Austrian DP’s in Shanghai the use of the corporate affidavit which theretofore had been restricted to Europe. That step permitted the immigration of DP’s who were otherwise eligible but who lacked relatives or friends in the U.S. who could submit acceptable individual affidavits on their behalf. The arrangement remained in effect until the U.S. closed its Consulate in Shanghai in February 1950, in the aftermath of the Communist takeover. The closing brought emigration to the U.S. from Shanghai to a virtual end. The International Refugee Organization (IRO) reimbursed the JDC, in whole or in part, for transportation costs incurred by it on behalf of many refugees. The IRO was created by the UN in 1946, to aid in the repatriation and resettlement of refugees and DPs left in the wake of W.W. II. In time, the IRO replaced existing refugee organizations such as UNRRA and the Intergovernmental Committee for Refugees (IGCR). It was dissolved in Feb. 1952. IRO reimbursements to the JDC covered only a part of the overall emigration expenditures which that agency had incurred. For emigration to Australia, see: Australia, Files 438a-438b. For emigration to Canada, see: Canada, File 455. Voyage of SS Anna Salen, Hong Kong to Naples: 10/4/50, Report 9/26/50 attachment to 10/5/50 Glassgold to Pilpel, 10/13/50, 10/20/50(2); Reception Accorded SS Anna Salen at the Panama Canal-Report by N. Witkin, 10/17/50 attachment to 10/24/50 Pilpel to Rice, 10/25/50-11/7/50 Pilpel to Gurvitch, 11/9/50-11/10/50, 11/14/50, 11/29/50, 11/30/50 Rice to Pilpel; also see: File 497, List of DPs who sailed on the SS Anna Salen, attachment to 1/3/51; for earlier materials, see: File 495. Other materials on emigration from China: 10/19/50 aliyah from China 1950/51, 11/27/50 Agreement Palamt-JDC on the operation of the aliyah, 10/28/50(2), 11/17/50, 12/1/50. Passenger lists of refugees on renewed Harbin-Tientsin flights to Israel: #1: 66 passengers, 12/19/50, 12/30/50; also see: File 497, 1/8/51 Kadoorie to Pilpel, 3/12/51 Kadoorie to Pilpel. Correspondence: M.W. Beckelman, W.J. Citrin, A.C. Glassgold, C.H. Jordan, H. Kadoorie, R. Pilpel, J.P. Rice, M. Witkin.

In March 1941, the U.S. Gov’t indicated a readiness to include Shanghai refugees in its immigration quotas. To expedite matters, the JDC transferred Laura Margolis, its representative in Cuba to Shanghai. She arrived in April 1941, but the Consulate issued visas at a snail’s pace owing to staff shortages. Quota restrictions and the scarcity of ships in the Far East compounded the difficulties. By Pearl Harbor, some 300 Shanghai refugees had migrated to Palestine, Australia, Canada and Burma with JDC aid. The war cut off all further emigration and it resumed again only in 1946. Between 1946-1953, the JDC aided in the emigration to overseas lands of some 16,000 DP’s from China, and they came from Shanghai predominantly. Some 6,700 DP’s were admitted to the U.S., and included several hundred persons who were in transit to third countries. The remaining DP’s went to Israel, Europe, Australia, Latin America, and Canada. 1946/1,400; 1947/6,700; 1948/3,300; 1949/3,000; 1950/750; 1951/640; 1952/235; Total/16,025. Shipping shortages in the Far East restricted emigration in 1946, but among the first to go were members of the rabbinical groups. In the following year, emigration soared to its post-war peak when the restriction eased, and emigration to the U.S. increased notably. In mid-1947, the U.S. State Dept. agreed to extend to German and Austrian DP’s in Shanghai the use of the corporate affidavit which theretofore had been restricted to Europe. That step permitted the immigration of DP’s who were otherwise eligible but who lacked relatives or friends in the U.S. who could submit acceptable individual affidavits on their behalf. The arrangement remained in effect until the U.S. closed its Consulate in Shanghai in February 1950, in the aftermath of the Communist takeover. The closing brought emigration to the U.S. from Shanghai to a virtual end. The International Refugee Organization (IRO) reimbursed the JDC, in whole or in part, for transportation costs incurred by it on behalf of many refugees. The IRO was created by the UN in 1946, to aid in the repatriation and resettlement of refugees and DPs left in the wake of W.W. II. In time, the IRO replaced existing refugee organizations such as UNRRA and the Intergovernmental Committee for Refugees (IGCR). It was dissolved in Feb. 1952. IRO reimbursements to the JDC covered only a part of the overall emigration expenditures which that agency had incurred. For emigration to Australia, see: Australia, Files 438a-438b. For emigration to Canada, see: Canada, File 455. Passenger lists of refugees on Harbin-Tientsin flights to Israel: #2: 56 passengers, 2/20/51, 3/2/51; #3a: 26 passengers, 3/27/51 Citrin to Pilpel; #3b: 17 passengers, attachment to 3/30/51 Grubel to Pilpel; #4: 31 passengers, 4/14/51, 4/19/51; #5: 31 passengers, 5/17/51; #6: 45 passengers, 6/1/51, 6/28/51. Other materials on emigration: 1/16/51 Kadoorie to Pilpel, Iraqi and Iranian Jews in Shanghai, 2/21/51 and attachments 6/11/51; also see: File 498, 8/10/51 attachment to 8/31/51 Pilpel to Council. JDC earmarked $50,000 to aid in emigration of some 250 long-time Jewish residents of China, 4/3/51-4/4/51 cable, 4/11/51, 5/17/51. Correspondence: W.J. Citrin, A.C. Glassgold, A.A. Goldberg, C.H. Jordan, H. Kadoorie, R. Pilpel.

In March 1941, the U.S. Gov’t indicated a readiness to include Shanghai refugees in its immigration quotas. To expedite matters, the JDC transferred Laura Margolis, its representative in Cuba to Shanghai. She arrived in April 1941, but the Consulate issued visas at a snail’s pace owing to staff shortages. Quota restrictions and the scarcity of ships in the Far East compounded the difficulties. By Pearl Harbor, some 300 Shanghai refugees had migrated to Palestine, Australia, Canada and Burma with JDC aid. The war cut off all further emigration and it resumed again only in 1946. Between 1946-1953, the JDC aided in the emigration to overseas lands of some 16,000 DP’s from China, and they came from Shanghai predominantly. Some 6,700 DP’s were admitted to the U.S., and included several hundred persons who were in transit to third countries. The remaining DP’s went to Israel, Europe, Australia, Latin America, and Canada. 1946/1,400; 1947/6,700; 1948/3,300; 1949/3,000; 1950/750; 1951/640; 1952/235; Total/16,025. Shipping shortages in the Far East restricted emigration in 1946, but among the first to go were members of the rabbinical groups. In the following year, emigration soared to its post-war peak when the restriction eased, and emigration to the U.S. increased notably. In mid-1947, the U.S. State Dept. agreed to extend to German and Austrian DP’s in Shanghai the use of the corporate affidavit which theretofore had been restricted to Europe. That step permitted the immigration of DP’s who were otherwise eligible but who lacked relatives or friends in the U.S. who could submit acceptable individual affidavits on their behalf. The arrangement remained in effect until the U.S. closed its Consulate in Shanghai in February 1950, in the aftermath of the Communist takeover. The closing brought emigration to the U.S. from Shanghai to a virtual end. The International Refugee Organization (IRO) reimbursed the JDC, in whole or in part, for transportation costs incurred by it on behalf of many refugees. The IRO was created by the UN in 1946, to aid in the repatriation and resettlement of refugees and DPs left in the wake of W.W. II. In time, the IRO replaced existing refugee organizations such as UNRRA and the Intergovernmental Committee for Refugees (IGCR). It was dissolved in Feb. 1952. IRO reimbursements to the JDC covered only a part of the overall emigration expenditures which that agency had incurred. For emigration to Australia, see: Australia, Files 438a-438b. For emigration to Canada, see: Canada, File 455. Passenger lists of refugees on Harbin-Tientsin movement to Israel: 7/17/51(6), July 1951(15), July-Aug. 1951(36), Aug. 1951(35), Oct. 1951(7). Other materials on emigration: 7/1/51-7/3/51, 7/8/51, 7/12/51, 8/15/51 Rice to Beckelman, 9/22/51, 9/25/51, 10/5/51(2), 10/29/51, 11/6/51, 11/20/51, 11/30/51. Correspondence: R.D. Abraham, M.W. Beckelman, W.J. Citrin, A.C. Glassgold, A.A. Goldberg, C.H. Jordan, H. Kadoorie, L. Kadoorie, H.L. Levy, P. Meyer, R. Pilpel, J.P. Rice, A.A. Stoessler.

In March 1941, the U.S. Gov’t indicated a readiness to include Shanghai refugees in its immigration quotas. To expedite matters, the JDC transferred Laura Margolis, its representative in Cuba to Shanghai. She arrived in April 1941, but the Consulate issued visas at a snail’s pace owing to staff shortages. Quota restrictions and the scarcity of ships in the Far East compounded the difficulties. By Pearl Harbor, some 300 Shanghai refugees had migrated to Palestine, Australia, Canada and Burma with JDC aid. The war cut off all further emigration and it resumed again only in 1946. Between 1946-1953, the JDC aided in the emigration to overseas lands of some 16,000 DP’s from China, and they came from Shanghai predominantly. Some 6,700 DP’s were admitted to the U.S., and included several hundred persons who were in transit to third countries. The remaining DP’s went to Israel, Europe, Australia, Latin America, and Canada. 1946/1,400; 1947/6,700; 1948/3,300; 1949/3,000; 1950/750; 1951/640; 1952/235; Total/16,025. Shipping shortages in the Far East restricted emigration in 1946, but among the first to go were members of the rabbinical groups. In the following year, emigration soared to its post-war peak when the restriction eased, and emigration to the U.S. increased notably. In mid-1947, the U.S. State Dept. agreed to extend to German and Austrian DP’s in Shanghai the use of the corporate affidavit which theretofore had been restricted to Europe. That step permitted the immigration of DP’s who were otherwise eligible but who lacked relatives or friends in the U.S. who could submit acceptable individual affidavits on their behalf. The arrangement remained in effect until the U.S. closed its Consulate in Shanghai in February 1950, in the aftermath of the Communist takeover. The closing brought emigration to the U.S. from Shanghai to a virtual end. The International Refugee Organization (IRO) reimbursed the JDC, in whole or in part, for transportation costs incurred by it on behalf of many refugees. The IRO was created by the UN in 1946, to aid in the repatriation and resettlement of refugees and DPs left in the wake of W.W. II. In time, the IRO replaced existing refugee organizations such as UNRRA and the Intergovernmental Committee for Refugees (IGCR). It was dissolved in Feb. 1952. IRO reimbursements to the JDC covered only a part of the overall emigration expenditures which that agency had incurred. For emigration to Australia, see: Australia, Files 438a-438b. For emigration to Canada, see: Canada, File 455. Status report on emigration by W.J. Citrin, 4/17/52 attachment to 4/28/52. Emigration lists for various countries, 1952: Nov. 12/31/52, Dec. 2/5/53; 1953: Jan.-March, 4/15/53, May-June, 7/20/53, July, 8/10/53, August, 9/2/53, Sept., 10/6/53, Oct., 11/5/53, Nov., 12/8/53, Dec., undated; 1954: Jan., 2/1/54, Feb., 3/1/54, March, 4/1/54, April, 5/6/54, May, 6/2/54, June, 7/2/54, July, 8/4/54, Sept., 10/8/54, Oct.-Nov., 12/6/54. Other materials on emigration: 1/4/52, 1/8/52(2), 1/11/52 attachment to 1/16/52, 2/4/52, 2/15/52-2/16/52, 3/26/52 Letter MIG-98, 4/11/52-4/17/52, 4/30/52 Levy to Abraham, 5/6/52, 5/13/52, 6/16/52, 6/19/52 Levy to Deutsch, 12/16/52, 2/23/53, 7/1/53, 12/4/53, 5/27/54, 8/17/54(2), 8/19/54, 10/5/54, 12/21/54-12/28/54, 3/7/55-4/23/55, 11/2/55, 6/19/56, 10/2/56, 3/19/57, 1/14/58, 3/18/58, 1/5/59, 10/6/59, 3/2/60, 3/7/61, 6/14/62, 2/13/64. Also see: File 484. Correspondence: R.D. Abraham, A.M. Bagg, W.J. Citrin, J. Elfenbein, C.H. Jordan, H. Kadoorie, H.L. Levy, R. Pilpel, J. Rice, S.R. Toeg.

In March 1941, the U.S. Gov’t indicated a readiness to include Shanghai refugees in its immigration quotas. To expedite matters, the JDC transferred Laura Margolis, its representative in Cuba to Shanghai. She arrived in April 1941, but the Consulate issued visas at a snail’s pace owing to staff shortages. Quota restrictions and the scarcity of ships in the Far East compounded the difficulties. By Pearl Harbor, some 300 Shanghai refugees had migrated to Palestine, Australia, Canada and Burma with JDC aid. The war cut off all further emigration and it resumed again only in 1946. Between 1946-1953, the JDC aided in the emigration to overseas lands of some 16,000 DP’s from China, and they came from Shanghai predominantly. Some 6,700 DP’s were admitted to the U.S., and included several hundred persons who were in transit to third countries. The remaining DP’s went to Israel, Europe, Australia, Latin America, and Canada. 1946/1,400; 1947/6,700; 1948/3,300; 1949/3,000; 1950/750; 1951/640; 1952/235; Total/16,025. Shipping shortages in the Far East restricted emigration in 1946, but among the first to go were members of the rabbinical groups. In the following year, emigration soared to its post-war peak when the restriction eased, and emigration to the U.S. increased notably. In mid-1947, the U.S. State Dept. agreed to extend to German and Austrian DP’s in Shanghai the use of the corporate affidavit which theretofore had been restricted to Europe. That step permitted the immigration of DP’s who were otherwise eligible but who lacked relatives or friends in the U.S. who could submit acceptable individual affidavits on their behalf. The arrangement remained in effect until the U.S. closed its Consulate in Shanghai in February 1950, in the aftermath of the Communist takeover. The closing brought emigration to the U.S. from Shanghai to a virtual end. The International Refugee Organization (IRO) reimbursed the JDC, in whole or in part, for transportation costs incurred by it on behalf of many refugees. The IRO was created by the UN in 1946, to aid in the repatriation and resettlement of refugees and DPs left in the wake of W.W. II. In time, the IRO replaced existing refugee organizations such as UNRRA and the Intergovernmental Committee for Refugees (IGCR). It was dissolved in Feb. 1952. IRO reimbursements to the JDC covered only a part of the overall emigration expenditures which that agency had incurred. For emigration to Australia, see: Australia, Files 438a-438b. For emigration to Canada, see: Canada, File 455. List of 7,570 JDC Files of Shanghai emigrants to the U.S., Canada, South America, Europe, Israel and Australia. Shipment of the files out of Shanghai was first approved by the Chinese Communist authorities but later and finally disapproved.

Shanghai was beset by a severe housing shortage following the occupation of the city by the Japanese in 1937. The subsequent arrival of thousands of Jewish refugees worsened the pressure. To cope with housing needs as they arose, the JDC acquired houses and huts as well as single apartments or rooms, as they became available. High rentals and costly key money were the usual price. Annual Report 1939 of the I.C.R. Homes, 12/31/39. Status of refugee housing: 10/20/41-10/23/41, 1/29/46, 3/21/46, 4/23/46, 5/4/46, 11/18/46, 12/26/46 and attachments, 8/19/48 and attachments. Statement of Camps and Houses under the Management of the JDC, 7/5/48. The JDC appropriated $20,000 to construct a dwelling housing 135 persons, 8/26/48-11/9/48. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, A.C. Glassgold, C.H. Jordan, J. Saper, M. Speelman, Wu-Kuo-Tsung.

For a review of the medical condition of DPs and of JDC medical facilities in Shanghai 1939-1949, see below, report by Simon Bergman, 8/9/49. Status of medical care in Shanghai for DPs: 2/13/46, 4/29/46, 6/4/46, 6/18/46, 7/5/46 J. Hamer, 6/17/47, 4/21/48, 10/21/48, 2/25/49. Reports: Medical Care of European Refugees in Shanghai 1942-1945 by T. Kunfi, 9/25/45; Shanghai Refugee Hospital Jan.-Mar. 1946, 6/15/46; Shanghai Refugee Medical Board by S. Bergman, Annual Report 1946 4/22/47, and Jan.-June 1948, 8/30/48 attachment to 9/3/48; Medical Services and Supplies by D. Stansby, 1/9/48; SR Hospital General statistics May 1948, 7/5/48, and year 1948, undated; Jewish Dp’s in China by S. Bergman, 8/9/49. Correspondence: S. Bergman, A.C. Glassgold, J.J. Golub, C.H. Jordan, T. Kunfi, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel, J. Wong.

Essential food and clothing supplies as well as education and religious articles formed the staples among JDC imports into Shanghai following W.W.II. Import licenses, hedged in by restrictions and regulations, were essential for every import even for charitable organizations, and slowed down the flow of supplies. Only UNRRA/IRO supplies came in without restriction, as they were covered by a blanket import license. See below, File 467, 4/27/48 and File 468, 6/30/48. a. General, 1945 – 1949 b. Books, 1945 – 1947 c. Passover Supplies, 1946 – 1949 2. Vocational Training, 1941 – 1948. Reports: Four years ORT Activities in Shanghai 1941-1945; Guild of Craftsmen, Shanghai, 1945-1947.

The JDC granted $500 per month for refugee aid between Jan.-Nov. 1942, 4/7/42, and raised it to $500 per month from Dec. 1942, 11/20/42. Numbered letters to the JDC – M.W. Beckelman: #245, 5/29/42; #270, 6/3/42 attachment to 6/19/42; #271, 6/3/42; #272, 6/4/42; #307, 6/25/42 L.H. Sobel: #3, 4/4/43; #8, 4/18/43; #10, 4/26/43; #11, #12, 5/6/43; #14, 5/7/43. Correspondence: N. Aronovici, M.W. Beckelman, F.W. Borchardt, A. Cohen, B. Kahn, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel, L.H. Sobel, L. Zelwer.

The JDC granted $500 for refugee aid through Nov. 1944, $400 per month for Dec. 1944 and suspended it thereafter owing to the enormous and overriding needs of refugees in Europe, 11/28/44-12/21/44. Numbered letters to the JDC – J.B. Lightman: #233, 7/17/44; #262, 8/12/44; #334, 11/10/44; 355A, 12/11/44. Report: “Ten Years of Jewish Immigration to Colombia,” Aug. 1943 (German). Correspondence: H.D. Biele, A. Cohen, J.B. Lightman, R. Pilpel, L.H. Sobel, L. Zelwer.

In July 1937, the JDC granted $1,000 to aid newly arrived refugees in Barranquilla in escaping the threat of deportation. The threat never materialized. Correspondence: V. Gegenherz, H. Halberstaedter, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, C. Rosenthal, D.J. Schweitzer.

In Colombia, the JDC sought to encourage local fund-raising in support of local refugee aid. Only near the end of 1944 did it call for a drive on behalf of its own overseas aid activities. But earlier, a number of local organizations collected modest sums for overseas relief on their own initiative, e.g. the Comite de Damas, Bogota, $1,000, 10/5/42 and the Centro Israelite de Bogota, $1,170, 7/3/42. Correspondence: M.W. Beckelman, A. Cohen, I.H. Levy, J.B. Lightman, R. Pilpel, S. Rozenthal, L.H. Sobel, L. Zelwer.

In Dec. 1938, the REC appropriated $5,000 to open a loan fund in Bogota to aid refugees in small business enterprises. A Committee of refugees to administer the fund was set up. By Sept. 1940, the funds had all been loaned out to 48 persons. In Jan. 1941, the JDC allocated $3,000 for the grant of constructive loans to refugees. Some 30 loans were extended in the first year, and 26 in the second, 2/8/44. Correspondence: F.W. Borchardt, H. Halberstaedter, E.H. Komlos, R. Pilpel, L.H. Sobel, L. Zelwer.

In Dec. 1938, the REC appropriated $5,000 to open a loan fund in Bogota to aid refugees in small business enterprises. A Committee of refugees to administer the fund was set up. By Sept. 1940, the funds had all been loaned out to 48 persons. In Jan. 1941, the JDC allocated $3,000 for the grant of constructive loans to refugees. Some 30 loans were extended in the first year, and 26 in the second, 2/8/44. Correspondence: F.W. Borchardt, H. Halberstaedter, E.H. Komlos, R. Pilpel, L.H. Sobel, L. Zelwer.

In the mid-1930s, the Refugee Economic Corp. (REC) focused on Costa Rica as the Latin -American country offering the greatest promise for the colonization and resettlement of German refugees. In August 1937, it purchased the Tenorio Ranch on which it hoped to settle some 100-400 families, following the receipt of assurances by the Costa Rican Govt. that the refugees would be admitted. The ranch contained some 50,000 acres and lay mostly in the temperate highlands of that country, at a considerable distance from larger cities and towns. Abraham J. Bruman, an experienced agronomist with the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture was engaged as the general manager. When the Costa Rican press got wind of the purchase, it kicked up a storm, on the ground that the refugees would not remain on the land and would turn instead to trade and commerce where they would compete with native establishments. The Public Registrar thereupon refused to record the deed of sale on strictly arbitrary grounds. The REC appealed to the courts, which ruled in its favor in the lower courts, but the decision was reversed on appeal. The Government thereupon aided the REC in gaining title to the property via a subsidiary, a newly organized Costa Rican corporation, but imposed the condition that new refugees should not be brought in. Moreover, to protect the property against squatter invasions, the REC found itself compelled to install a managerial staff and to add costly improvements and safeguards at various points on the property. What’s more, refugee immigration to Latin America was sharply curtailed by the outbreak of W.W. II and came to a standstill following Pearl Harbor. When W.W. II ended, proposals were repeatedly advanced for the settlement of DPs on the property and for the opening of an industrial and agricultural center, but they all came to nothing. Finally, in October, 1949, the REC sold the Tenorio Ranch to the United Fruit Co. For summary accounts of developments over the years, see below: Report by A.J. Bruman, 1937, undated. Memos: 4/18/38, 11/30/38, 3/21/40, May 1941, 11/2/45, 3/17/47, 10/20/47, 6/17/48, 10/7/48, 5/9/49, 6/22/49.

In the mid-1930s, the Refugee Economic Corp. (REC) focused on Costa Rica as the Latin -American country offering the greatest promise for the colonization and resettlement of German refugees. In August 1937, it purchased the Tenorio Ranch on which it hoped to settle some 100-400 families, following the receipt of assurances by the Costa Rican Govt. that the refugees would be admitted. The ranch contained some 50,000 acres and lay mostly in the temperate highlands of that country, at a considerable distance from larger cities and towns. Abraham J. Bruman, an experienced agronomist with the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture was engaged as the general manager. When the Costa Rican press got wind of the purchase, it kicked up a storm, on the ground that the refugees would not remain on the land and would turn instead to trade and commerce where they would compete with native establishments. The Public Registrar thereupon refused to record the deed of sale on strictly arbitrary grounds. The REC appealed to the courts, which ruled in its favor in the lower courts, but the decision was reversed on appeal. The Government thereupon aided the REC in gaining title to the property via a subsidiary, a newly organized Costa Rican corporation, but imposed the condition that new refugees should not be brought in. Moreover, to protect the property against squatter invasions, the REC found itself compelled to install a managerial staff and to add costly improvements and safeguards at various points on the property. What’s more, refugee immigration to Latin America was sharply curtailed by the outbreak of W.W. II and came to a standstill following Pearl Harbor. When W.W. II ended, proposals were repeatedly advanced for the settlement of DPs on the property and for the opening of an industrial and agricultural center, but they all came to nothing. Finally, in October, 1949, the REC sold the Tenorio Ranch to the United Fruit Co. For summary accounts of developments over the years, see below: Report by A.J. Bruman, 1937, undated. Memos: 4/18/38, 11/30/38, 3/21/40, May 1941, 11/2/45, 3/17/47, 10/20/47, 6/17/48, 10/7/48, 5/9/49, 6/22/49.

In the mid-1930s, the Refugee Economic Corp. (REC) focused on Costa Rica as the Latin -American country offering the greatest promise for the colonization and resettlement of German refugees. In August 1937, it purchased the Tenorio Ranch on which it hoped to settle some 100-400 families, following the receipt of assurances by the Costa Rican Govt. that the refugees would be admitted. The ranch contained some 50,000 acres and lay mostly in the temperate highlands of that country, at a considerable distance from larger cities and towns. Abraham J. Bruman, an experienced agronomist with the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture was engaged as the general manager. When the Costa Rican press got wind of the purchase, it kicked up a storm, on the ground that the refugees would not remain on the land and would turn instead to trade and commerce where they would compete with native establishments. The Public Registrar thereupon refused to record the deed of sale on strictly arbitrary grounds. The REC appealed to the courts, which ruled in its favor in the lower courts, but the decision was reversed on appeal. The Government thereupon aided the REC in gaining title to the property via a subsidiary, a newly organized Costa Rican corporation, but imposed the condition that new refugees should not be brought in. Moreover, to protect the property against squatter invasions, the REC found itself compelled to install a managerial staff and to add costly improvements and safeguards at various points on the property. What’s more, refugee immigration to Latin America was sharply curtailed by the outbreak of W.W. II and came to a standstill following Pearl Harbor. When W.W. II ended, proposals were repeatedly advanced for the settlement of DPs on the property and for the opening of an industrial and agricultural center, but they all came to nothing. Finally, in October, 1949, the REC sold the Tenorio Ranch to the United Fruit Co. For summary accounts of developments over the years, see below: Report by A.J. Bruman, 1937, undated. Memos: 4/18/38, 11/30/38, 3/21/40, May 1941, 11/2/45, 3/17/47, 10/20/47, 6/17/48, 10/7/48, 5/9/49, 6/22/49.

The JDC allocated $10,000 for refugee aid in Cuba, 1/6/39. JDC costs for refugee aid in Cuba for 1939 were estimated at $100,000, 2/16/39 D. Bressler report, 3/21/39(2) memo and Hyman to Margolis. Refugee costs were running at $3,500 per week on a budget of $2,000 per week, 2/15/39 Margolis to Razovsky. The JDC allocated $50,000 for refugee aid in the first six months of 1939, 5/1/39 and granted $1,000 per week in addition effective 4/10/39, 4/7/39, 5/25/39. Reports and memos on events and developments: 1/2/39, 1/5/39, 1/7/39 and 1/10/39 Bressler to Razovsky, 1/12/39(2), 1/21/39, 3/10/39 memo, 3/17/39(2) Maduro to Bressler and Margolis to Razovsky, 3/21/39(2) memo and Razovsky to Bressler, 3/23/39, 3/24/39 Margolis to Razovsky, 3/27/39, 3/28/39(2) Margolis to Razovsky and Maduro to Bressler, 3/29/39 Margolis to Razovsky, 4/8/39, 4/15/39(2), 4/17/39, 5/3/39, 5/19/39. Special Reports: On Cuba, David Bressler, 2/16/39; On the Situation of Refugees in Havana, Edward Hochhauser, 3/3/29. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, L. Berenson, D. Bressler, M.D. Goldsmith, J.C. Hyman, A.H. Kates, L.L. Margolis. S.L. Maduro, E. Perlman, C. Razovsky.

The JDC allocated $78,000 for refugee aid covering the second half of 1939, 7/27/39 Morrissey to Lew. Reports and memos on events and developments: 6/13/39, 6/15/39 Bressler to Maduro, 6/20/39 Hyman to Rosenwald attachment, 6/23/39 Margolis to Razovsky, 6/26/39 Jaretzki to Montes, 7/19/39, 8/10/39, 8/15/39 Montes to Pilpel, 8/16/39 Schwartz to Vorenberg. Correspondence: L. Berenson, D.M. Bressler, J.P. Chamberlain, M.D. Goldsmith, J.C. Hyman, A. Jaretski Jr., A.H. Kates, S.L. Maduro, L.L. Margolis, J.G. Montes, R. Pilpel, C. Razovsky, J.J. Schwartz.

The JRC was incorporated so that American staff members could work in Havana and M.D. Goldsmith was elected president, 9/13/39, 10/9/39 (Note: Cuban labor laws forbade the employment of foreigners in Cuba unless they were officers, or members of the B. of D.). Reports and memos on events and developments: 9/1/39, 9/7/39 Goldsmith to Schwartz, 9/11/39 Goldsmith to Pilpel, 9/21/39, 9/30/39 attachment to 10/12/39, 10/23/39. Special report on the visit to Havana by F.N. Trager 8/12/39-8/25/39 attachment to 10/13/39, Amendment to Cuban Immigration Law proposed in legislature to permit seizure of bond moneys deposited by refugees, 11/14/39-11/28/39. Proposal defeated 12/13/39-12/14/39, 12/18/39, 12/19/39. Also see below: File 509, 1/11/40 memo, 1/12/40 Jaretzki to Montes, 1/17/40 Montes to Jaretzki, 1/27/40, 1/30/40, 1/31/40, 2/1/40; and SS Orinoco, File 388. Correspondence: M.D. Goldsmith, J.C. Hyman, P.C. Jessup, A.H. Kates, J. Kleiman, E.S. Margolis, J.G. Montes, R.T. Pell, R. Pilpel, J.J. Schwartz.

The JDC allocated $98,300 for refugee aid covering the first half of 1940, 1/15/40, 2/23/40, 3/21/40, 5/9/40, 5/18/40. Reports and memos on events and developments: 1/13/40, 1/18/40 Hyman to Goldsmith, 1/18/40 memo, 2/24/40, 2/27/40, 2/29/40, 3/11/40 Pilpel to Hersey, 4/3/40, 5/8/40, 5/9/40, 5/20/40, 5/22/40, 6/18/40. Also see: File 130, 4/26/76 pp. 7-13. Correspondence: M.D. Goldsmith, J.C. Hyman, A.H. Kates, A. Jaretzki Jr., L.L. Margolis, R. Pilpel, J.J. Schwartz.

The JDC allocated $79,500 for refugee aid covering the second half of 1940, 5/18/40, 7/15/40, 9/21/40, 10/25/40, 11/20/40. Voluntary registration of refugees in Cuba came to 1,636 persons, of whom 828 were beneficiaries of JRC relief aid, 8/8/40. Reports and memos on events and developments: 7/22/40(2), 8/8/40, 8/16/40 memo, 8/20/40, 8/28/40(2), 9/5/40, 9/10/40, 9/13/40, 9/16/40, 9/23/40, 10/1/40(2), 10/16/40, 10/21/40, 10/29/40(2) Margolis to Pilpel, 10/31/40, 11/21/40, 12/11/40. Special Report: Study of Change of Status Cases Jan. 1937 – Oct. 1940, by M. Siegel and L. Veissid, 12/1/40. Correspondence: J.C. Hyman, A.H. Kates, M.A. Leavitt, L.L. Margolis, A. Mayerson, R. Pilpel, C. Razovsky, A. Teitelbaum.

Reports and memos on events and developments: 2/3/41, 2/17/41 F.R. Adlerstein, 3/25/41, 5/5/41, 5/21/41, 5/30/41(2), SS Marques de Comillas, 9/8/41. Also see: File 376, SS Navemar 9/9/41 Pilpel to Adlerstein, File 130, 4/26/76 pp. 12-13. Correspondence: F.R. Adlerstein, J.C. Hyman, M.A. Leavitt, L.L. Margolis, R. Pilpel, M. Siegel.

Reports and memos on events and developments: 10/15/41 Pilpel to Mayerson, 10/22/41 and 10/31/41 Pilpel to Brochard, 11/1/41 Leavitt to Pilpel, 12/15/41 memo on makeup of refugees in Havana, 12/20/41 Jordan to Pilpel, 12/31/41 Pilpel to Adlerstein. Correspondence: F.W. Borchard, C.H. Jordan, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel, M. Siegel, M. Stephany.

Reports and memos on events and developments: 1/5/42 Troper to Stephany, 1/13/42 and attachment; nearly 2,000 refugees arrived in Cuba during December 1941, 1/23/42, 2/7/42, 2/14/42, 2/25/42, 3/2/42 Pilpel to Jordan, 3/16/42(2), 4/10/42, 4/11/42 Jordan to Pilpel, 4/15/42 memo, 4/16/42 memo, 4/19/42 telegram, 4/20/42 memo, 5/1/42 R. Pilpel, 5/6/42; also see: File 388, SS San Thome. Statistical summary of 2,396 refugees registered at the JDC, 5/22/42, 5/26/42, 5/28/42. Special Report: Observations on Visit to Cuba 3/26/42-4/2/42, M.A. Leavitt, 4/13/42. Correspondence: O. Gurfinkel, J.C. Hyman, C.H. Jordan, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel, C. Razovsky, M.C. Troper.

Reports and memos on events and developments: 6/8/42(2), 6/11/42, 7/15/42(2), 8/5/42, 8/17/42 memo, 9/1/42, 9/2/42, 9/8/42, 9/16/42, 9/25/42, 10/1/42 Pilpel to Bernstein, 10/3/42, 10/6/42, 10/23/42, 10/28/42 memo, 11/3/42. Lists of refugee arrivals in Florida from Cuba, by months, June-December 1942. Correspondence: J.C. Hyman, C.H. Jordan, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel.

Reports and memos on events and developments: 2/1/43 Pilpel to Frank, 3/8/43 Jordan to Pilpel, 3/24/43, 3/29/43, 4/12/43, 4/21/43, 5/10/43, 5/29/43, 6/8/43, 6/14/43, 8/9/43, 11/25/43, 11/30/43, 12/17/43. Lists of refugee arrivals in Florida from Cuba, by months, Jan.-Dec. 1943. Correspondence: S. Braden, O. Gurfinkel, C.H. Jordan, R. Pilpel, R. Rabinoff, G.L. Warren.

Reports and memos on events and developments: 2/17/44, 2/25/44, 3/1/44, 3/3/44, 3/9/44, 3/10/44, 3/13/44 Gurfinkel to Leavitt, 3/27/44 and attachment, 5/11/44 and 5/18/44 Gurfinkel to Sobel, 6/8/44, 7/7/44, 8/7/44, 12/5/44. Lists of refugees arrivals in Florida from Cuba, by months Jan.-Nov. 1944. The JDC Emergency Admin. Committee set up a deferred commitment of $500,000 as a maintenance guarantee in that sum, if the Cuban Gov’t would admit 1,000 refugee children, 5/2/44, 5/16/44, 6/18/44 memo #2598. Correspondence: H.D. Beale, S. Braden, O. Gurfinkel, J.C. Hyman, L.H. Sobel.

Reports and memos on events and developments: 1/23/45, 1/25/45, 3/27/45, 7/4/46, 2/6/47, 6/30/47, 6/30/48-8/6/48, 9/13/48, 5/1/56. Report on visit to Havana 10/6/48-10/22/48, by Philip Skorneck, 10/22/48. For data on years following 1959, see: Correspondence: A. Gurfinkel, A. Hartman, C.H. Jordan, A.H. Kates, J. Landau, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel, P. Skorneck, A.Z. Weinstein.

Monthly Financial and Statistical Reports: 1939: June (7/12/39), August-December Financial and Statistical Report, M.A. Goldsmith, undated (Nov. 1939).

Monthly Financial and Statistical Reports: 1940: January-December Suspense Account Between the NRS and the JDC, 7/5/40. Loeb and Troper Field Audit, Joint Relief Committee 1939-1940.

Monthly Financial and Statistical Reports: 1941: January-December Loeb and Troper Field Audit, Joint Relief Committee, 1941. LandP Field Audit Letters #21-27, 5/28/41.

Monthly Financial and Statistical Reports: 1942: January-December; 1943: January-December Weekly Financial Summaries #1-15, 9/22/43-12/29/43. Loeb and Troper Field Audit Letters, 1942: #10, 5/13/42; #11, 5/15/42; #12, 5/20/42; #13, 5/22/42.

Monthly Financial and Statistical Reports: 1944: January-December. Weekly Financial Summaries #16-30, 1/5/44-4/12/44, #32-36, 4/26/44-12/20/44 (many gaps). Loeb and Troper Field Audit Letters 1944: #5, 4/20/44; #6, 4/24/44.

Monthly Financial and Statistical Reports: 1945: Jan.-July, November; 1946: December. Loeb and Troper Field Audit Letters 1945: #4, 5/2/45; #5, 5/7/45; #6, 5/10/45. 1946: #4, 4/29/46, #5, 5/3/46.

Monthly Financial and Statistical Reports: 1947: May, Sept., Oct.

The Jewish population of Cuba was fragmented into three major segments: the English speakers who stemmed from the U.S. mostly, the East Europeans and the Sephardis. Between them, communication and cooperation were minimal at best or non-existent. When the tide of Central European refugees began to pour into Cuba, the JDC called upon the Jewish community to participate in refugee relief, via local fund-raising, but the results were meager. Three years of local fund-raising, 1940-1942, produced a mere $7,900 all told. Only in 1945, under the stress of the holocaust, did local fund-raising for European refugees achieve significance. In that year, the JDC conducted its own campaign and collections reached $77,000; George Greenspun came in to serve as coordinator (see: File 531, 2/28/46, 3/6/46, 6/22/46). Thereafter, JDC collections fell off in the face of competing campaigns conducted by the Keren Hayesod, the HIAS, the Histadruth, the WJC and other organizations (1946: $45,000; 1947; $35,000). In 1948, a $500,000 campaign was launched in Cuba; Israel was named the major beneficiary while the JDC was excluded. In the next years, the JDC conducted limited campaigns and collected modest sums. Correspondence: H.D. Biele, O. Gurfinkel, J.C. Hyman, L.L. Margolis, M. Siegel.

The Jewish population of Cuba was fragmented into three major segments: the English speakers who stemmed from the U.S. mostly, the East Europeans and the Sephardis. Between them, communication and cooperation were minimal at best or non-existent. When the tide of Central European refugees began to pour into Cuba, the JDC called upon the Jewish community to participate in refugee relief, via local fund-raising, but the results were meager. Three years of local fund-raising, 1940-1942, produced a mere $7,900 all told. Only in 1945, under the stress of the holocaust, did local fund-raising for European refugees achieve significance. In that year, the JDC conducted its own campaign and collections reached $77,000; George Greenspun came in to serve as coordinator (see: File 531, 2/28/46, 3/6/46, 6/22/46). Thereafter, JDC collections fell off in the face of competing campaigns conducted by the Keren Hayesod, the HIAS, the Histadruth, the WJC and other organizations (1946: $45,000; 1947; $35,000). In 1948, a $500,000 campaign was launched in Cuba; Israel was named the major beneficiary while the JDC was excluded. In the next years, the JDC conducted limited campaigns and collected modest sums. Correspondence: G. Greenspun, O. Gurfinkel, A. Hartman, J.C. Hyman, R. Pilpel, L.H. Sobel.

The Jewish population of Cuba was fragmented into three major segments: the English speakers who stemmed from the U.S. mostly, the East Europeans and the Sephardis. Between them, communication and cooperation were minimal at best or non-existent. When the tide of Central European refugees began to pour into Cuba, the JDC called upon the Jewish community to participate in refugee relief, via local fund-raising, but the results were meager. Three years of local fund-raising, 1940-1942, produced a mere $7,900 all told. Only in 1945, under the stress of the holocaust, did local fund-raising for European refugees achieve significance. In that year, the JDC conducted its own campaign and collections reached $77,000; George Greenspun came in to serve as coordinator (see: File 531, 2/28/46, 3/6/46, 6/22/46). Thereafter, JDC collections fell off in the face of competing campaigns conducted by the Keren Hayesod, the HIAS, the Histadruth, the WJC and other organizations (1946: $45,000; 1947; $35,000). In 1948, a $500,000 campaign was launched in Cuba; Israel was named the major beneficiary while the JDC was excluded. In the next years, the JDC conducted limited campaigns and collected modest sums. Correspondence: G. Greenspun, O. Gurfinkel, J.B. Lightman, R. Pilpel, P. Skorneck.

The Jewish population of Cuba was fragmented into three major segments: the English speakers who stemmed from the U.S. mostly, the East Europeans and the Sephardis. Between them, communication and cooperation were minimal at best or non-existent. When the tide of Central European refugees began to pour into Cuba, the JDC called upon the Jewish community to participate in refugee relief, via local fund-raising, but the results were meager. Three years of local fund-raising, 1940-1942, produced a mere $7,900 all told. Only in 1945, under the stress of the holocaust, did local fund-raising for European refugees achieve significance. In that year, the JDC conducted its own campaign and collections reached $77,000; George Greenspun came in to serve as coordinator (see: File 531, 2/28/46, 3/6/46, 6/22/46). Thereafter, JDC collections fell off in the face of competing campaigns conducted by the Keren Hayesod, the HIAS, the Histadruth, the WJC and other organizations (1946: $45,000; 1947; $35,000). In 1948, a $500,000 campaign was launched in Cuba; Israel was named the major beneficiary while the JDC was excluded. In the next years, the JDC conducted limited campaigns and collected modest sums. Correspondence: O. Gurfinkel, M.A. Leavitt, J.B. Lightman, R. Pilpel, P. Skorneck, E.M.M. Warburg.

Ever since the depression 1930’s, Cuban law barred the labor market to foreigners. In April 1943, the JDC underwrote a form of WPA Federal Writer’s Project for the many professional and white collar workers among the unemployed refugees. Materials collected and prepared by them on the History of the Jews in Cuba up to circa 1933, will be found in the JDC Archives 1921-1932, Files 184-185. Materials bearing upon the post-1933 years will be found below. The project was supervised by Boris Sapir. Correspondence: H.D. Biele, O. Gurfinkel, C. Jordan, R. Pilpel, R. Rabinoff, B. Sapir, L.H. Sobel.

Ever since the depression 1930’s, Cuban law barred the labor market to foreigners. In April 1943, the JDC underwrote a form of WPA Federal Writer’s Project for the many professional and white collar workers among the unemployed refugees. Materials collected and prepared by them on the History of the Jews in Cuba up to circa 1933, will be found in the JDC Archives 1921-1932, Files 184-185. Materials bearing upon the post-1933 years will be found below. The project was supervised by Boris Sapir. “Is There a Jewish Question in Cuba”, W. Berger, 1944.

Reports and memos on the Situation of the Jews in Czechoslovakia: Boris Smolar, 3/17/39; Bohemia – Moravia, 6/7/39; Slovakia, 6/8/39; Jewish Political Situation in Moravia and Bohemia, F. Ullmann, 11/7/39 attachment to 11/9/39; Review of Pre-War Czechoslovakia, undated; Slovakia, 2/8/40, 2/9/40; Bohemia – Moravia, 2/23/40. Correspondence: H.K. Buchman, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, H. Katzki, O Newmann, M. Schmolka, H. Steiner, M.C. Troper.

Reports and memos on the Situation of the Jews in Czechoslovakia: The Czech Gov’t-in-Exile, undated (Aug. 1940); JDC Budapest, 10/16/40 and attachments to 10/25/40; Federation of Czechoslovakian Jews, June 1942; Deportation of Jews from Slovakia, undated, (1943); F. Kohn, 3/17/44; CICR, 12/19/44; Review of Pre-War Czechoslovakia, Aronovici and Tarshansky, 1/12/45. List of 1,200 Theresienstadt inmates who arrived in Switzerland in Feb. 1945, undated; for additional materials, see: SM Archives, File 21. Correspondence: J. Becko, J. Blum, P.T. Culbertson, R.K. Fueredi, G. Fleischmann, J.C. Hyman, S.B. Jacobson, J. Katzki, M. Rosenbluth, H. Schwartz, M.R. Springer, M.C. Troper.

a. General, 1939 – 1941: Correspondence: F. Friedman, L. Rosner, M.C. Troper. b. Transfer of Funds, 1938 – 1942: Clearance arrangements for the transfer of funds: 9/9/38, 1/6/39, 2/13/39, 3/29/39, 8/8/39, 8/22/39, 2/14/40. Correspondence: J.C. Hyman, H. Katzki, E.M. Morrissey, J. Robbins, J.J. Schwartz, D.J. Schweitzer, M.C. Troper.

1. Kettner, L. and H. 2. Robitschek, J. and L. 3. Sabl, Karoline

Cooperatives, 1935 – 1939; 1970 – Report: Jewish Cooperatives in Czechoslovakia (between the two World Wars), Moshe Ussoskin, 1970. Correspondence: J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, H. Katzki, I. Millstein, L. Oungre, M. Ussoskin.

Jews in “no-man’s-lands” along the various Czech frontiers, 11/1/38, 11/28/38, 12/12/38 – 1/6/39, 1/23/39, 2/7/39. Situation of refugees in Czechoslovakia: Memo, Nov. 1938; Report, Feb. 1939. JDC aided refugees from Czechoslovakia who were stranded in Rumania, 11/18/39 – 1/5/40. For earlier materials, see: Germany, File 628, 11/14/34 attachment to 11/21/34 pp. 22-24. For additional materials, 1938, 1939, see: EUREXCO, Files 179-181. Correspondence: E. Jabotinski, E. Kafka, R. Katz, H. Katzki, M.A. Leavitt, M.R. Springer, J.J. Schwartz, M. Schmolka, M.C. Troper.

In Nov. 1941, the Nazis proceeded to transform the fortress city of Terezin (Theresienstadt), to the northwest of Prague, into a Jewish ghetto under the supervision of the Gestapo. Jews in the tens of thousands were shipped in, initially from Germany, Austria and Czechoslovakia and later from other countries too. At first, conditions were less intolerable than in other ghettos and concentration camps, but in time grave shortages in food, clothing and medicaments cropped up, epidemics broke out and mortality rates mushroomed. In May 1943, the JDC was authorized by the U.S. Treasury to transfer $12,000 per month to its Lisbon office, for the shipment of individual food parcels to non-Czech inmates of Theresienstadt. The inmates were restricted to the receipt of two parcels per month, weighing no more than one pound each. In May 1944, the JDC enlarged the monthly allocations to $14,000 and in August to $16,000. In addition, the Lisbon office supervised the shipment of some 5,000 parcels per month to Czech nationals in Theresienstadt. These parcels were shipped via the Czech representative in Lisbon, and were paid for by the British Board of Guardians. Moreover, in April 1944, Saly Mayer, with JDC funds, began to ship 2,000 parcels per month to Theresienstadt from Switzerland via the CICR, and the number expanded greatly by the year’s end. Lists of individual inmates for the receipt of parcels were submitted by a number of organizations, and mainly the Federation of Czechoslovakian Jews, the Self-Help of Emigres from Central Europe, the Czechoslovak Jewish Representative Committee, and the Agudas Israel. Correspondence, memos, reports and addenda. Reports and memos on food parcel shipments to Theresienstadt: 9/2/43 Katzki to JDC N.Y., 11/8/43, 1/26/44, 7/7/44, 8/8/44, 1/31/45, 2/9/45. Reports and memos on conditions in Theresienstadt: 8/27/43, 9/15/43 attachment, 6/23/44 attachment to 10/26/44, 8/1/44, 10/13/44(2), 4/23/45 attachment to 7/3/45, 5/24/45, 5/26/45 attachment to 6/11/45, 6/4/45(2), July 1945, 7/25/45, 9/22/45. For a small pin bearing the words in Czech: “In Memoriam Theresienstadt”, see R.K. Correspondence: Leo Baeck, P. Baerwald, P.F. Dunand, E. Frischer, C. Huber, H. Katzki, A.L. Kubowitzki, M.A. Leavitt, H. Linder, L.L. Margolis, R. McClelland, R. Pilpel, M. Rossel, J.J. Schwartz.

In Nov. 1941, the Nazis proceeded to transform the fortress city of Terezin (Theresienstadt), to the northwest of Prague, into a Jewish ghetto under the supervision of the Gestapo. Jews in the tens of thousands were shipped in, initially from Germany, Austria and Czechoslovakia and later from other countries too. At first, conditions were less intolerable than in other ghettos and concentration camps, but in time grave shortages in food, clothing and medicaments cropped up, epidemics broke out and mortality rates mushroomed. In May 1943, the JDC was authorized by the U.S. Treasury to transfer $12,000 per month to its Lisbon office, for the shipment of individual food parcels to non-Czech inmates of Theresienstadt. The inmates were restricted to the receipt of two parcels per month, weighing no more than one pound each. In May 1944, the JDC enlarged the monthly allocations to $14,000 and in August to $16,000. In addition, the Lisbon office supervised the shipment of some 5,000 parcels per month to Czech nationals in Theresienstadt. These parcels were shipped via the Czech representative in Lisbon, and were paid for by the British Board of Guardians. Moreover, in April 1944, Saly Mayer, with JDC funds, began to ship 2,000 parcels per month to Theresienstadt from Switzerland via the CICR, and the number expanded greatly by the year’s end. Lists of individual inmates for the receipt of parcels were submitted by a number of organizations, and mainly the Federation of Czechoslovakian Jews, the Self-Help of Emigres from Central Europe, the Czechoslovak Jewish Representative Committee, and the Agudas Israel. 1. Self-Help of Emigres from Central Europe, #1-21, 1943 – 1944. 2. JDC list #12, the names of 3,589 persons in receipt of JDC packages, 2/23/44. 3. JTA lists, Czechoslovakia, undated. 4. Federation of Czechoslovakian Jews, lists #24-28, 1944.

In Nov. 1941, the Nazis proceeded to transform the fortress city of Terezin (Theresienstadt), to the northwest of Prague, into a Jewish ghetto under the supervision of the Gestapo. Jews in the tens of thousands were shipped in, initially from Germany, Austria and Czechoslovakia and later from other countries too. At first, conditions were less intolerable than in other ghettos and concentration camps, but in time grave shortages in food, clothing and medicaments cropped up, epidemics broke out and mortality rates mushroomed. In May 1943, the JDC was authorized by the U.S. Treasury to transfer $12,000 per month to its Lisbon office, for the shipment of individual food parcels to non-Czech inmates of Theresienstadt. The inmates were restricted to the receipt of two parcels per month, weighing no more than one pound each. In May 1944, the JDC enlarged the monthly allocations to $14,000 and in August to $16,000. In addition, the Lisbon office supervised the shipment of some 5,000 parcels per month to Czech nationals in Theresienstadt. These parcels were shipped via the Czech representative in Lisbon, and were paid for by the British Board of Guardians. Moreover, in April 1944, Saly Mayer, with JDC funds, began to ship 2,000 parcels per month to Theresienstadt from Switzerland via the CICR, and the number expanded greatly by the year’s end. Lists of individual inmates for the receipt of parcels were submitted by a number of organizations, and mainly the Federation of Czechoslovakian Jews, the Self-Help of Emigres from Central Europe, the Czechoslovak Jewish Representative Committee, and the Agudas Israel.

Agudas Israel Organization, #15 (1942), #23 (1943); Federation of Czechoslovakian Jews, #1-19, 1942; Lists from Gisi Fleischmann, Bratislava, 1942 – 1944; Unidentified, 1944.

On refugee events and developments: 2/19/41, 6/16/41, 10/31/41. Narrative reports: W. Baum, 3/1/41; M. Wischnitzer, 3/10/41; M. Siegel, 7/10/41 attachment to 7/14/41; M.C. Troper, 9/25/41. Fin. and statistical Reports: L and T Field Audit of JRC 3/22/39 – 12/31/41, 6/1/42; J.M. Brossa Audit 4/1/39 – 12/31/40; JRC 1940 (consolidated): Jan.-June, July-Dec., 1/24/41 attachment to 1/28/41; 1941: March 4/18/41, April 5/14/41, December 12/31/41. Correspondence: W. Baum, E. Birnbaum, L. Falk Jr., E.M. Morrissey, R. Pilpel, J.N. Rosenberg, D.J. Schweitzer, M. Siegel, A. Staiman, M.C. Troper, G.L. Warren.

On refugee events and developments: 1/10/42, 1/14/42 minutes of meeting, 2/4/42, 2/5/42, 2/13/42, 2/17/42, 7/19/42 attachment to 7/30/42 Baum to Pilpel, 12/7/42. Fin. and statistical reps.-JRC 1942: Jan., Feb., May 6/11/42, July 7/13/42, Oct. 11/10/42; L and T Field Letters #3-5, 3/20/42, #6-7, 5/5/42. Correspondence: S. Arons, W. Baum, J.C. Hyman, C.H. Jordan, B. Kahn, E.M. Morrissey, R. Pilpel, D.J. Schweitzer.

On refugee events and developments: 1/9/43, 1/26/43, 3/30/43 Baum to Pilpel, 8/9/43 report on discussions with C.H. Jordan. Report: Refugees in the Dominican Republic, R. Pilpel, 7/16/43. Fin. and Statistical Reports: Loeb and Troper (L and T) Field Audit for 1943, 4/12/44, L and T Field Letters #1-4 attachments to 5/10/43 and #14-15, 5/15/43, JRC 1943: Feb. attachment to 3/19/43. Correspondence: W. Baum, J.C. Hyman, C.H. Jordan, R. Pilpel.

On refugee events and developments: 3/17/44 attachment to 3/30/44, 3/25/44, 4/22/44, 5/8/44, 7/10/44(2), 9/2/44, 9/16/44. Fin. and statistical Reports: JRC, 9/5/44 attachment to 10/10/44, Sept. 1944 attachment to 10/11/44, on Batey Admin. 4/1/44 – 10/31/44, 11/30/44; L and T Field Letters #1-3a, 3/23/44. Correspondence: N. Aronovici, W. Baum, W.L. Bein, H.D. Biele, M.B. Hexter, L.H. Sobel.

In 1939, the newly arrived immigrants established the Jewish Community of the D.R. (Parroquia Israelita de la Republica Dominicana). Beginning in 1939, the JDC Cultural Committee made small grants for cultural and religious projects, to the Parroquia in the main, and these continued until the end of 1947. In all, the allocations ran beyond $15,000, but their modest size failed to reflect the wide-ranging efforts undertaken by the JDC to aid in making the projects possible and in developing communal unity. In addition, the JDC provided the Jewish community with a range of matzos, prayer books, Torah scrolls and other religious articles as well as books of Jewish interest. Besides the usual religious, cultural and linguistic dissensions that fragmented communities of recent immigrants, a single ruthless individual, F. Steinmetz, managed to divide the Ciudad Trujillo community into pro and anti-Steinmetz factions. His machinations served to paralyze Jewish communal initiative for several years, until finally he succeeded in driving off even his staunchest partisans. Reports and memos on developments in the Jewish Community: C.H. Jordan, 2/25/43, 7/11/43. Fin. and statistical repts.: Parroquia Israelita de la Republica Dominicana, Quarterly, 1943 – 1945 (some omissions). Correspondence: S. Arons, W. Baum, H.K. Buchman, A. Horwitz, C.H. Jordan, E. Phillips, J. Rosenheim, F. Steinmetz, D. Stern.

Further negotiations for the admission of the 50 refugee boys (Floersheimische Stiftung), 7/9/41, 8/14/41, 8/19/41, 10/3/41, 10/7/41 HICEM to the JDC, 10/9/41, 10/13/41, 12/6/41. Memos by A.J. Bruman on agricultural settlement for refugees, 6/6/41, 7/12/41 attachment to 7/30/41. Correspondence: N. Aronovici, F.W. Borchardt, A.J. Bruman, C. Jordan, B. Kahn, B. Mellibovsky, R. Pilpel, O. Rocca, L. Zelwer.

The JDC allocated $2,840 in one-time grants to organizations in Quito and Guayaquil, 5/21/43, 6/3/43. Numbered Letters to the JDC – M.W. Beckelman: #289, 6/7/43 – L.H. Sobel: #17, 5/8/43, #18, 5/9/43, #47, 7/27/43, #73, 9/7/43. HICEM Annual Reports: 1941, 12/31/41; 1942, 12/31/42. Correspondence: M.W. Beckelman, C. Jordan, R. Pilpel, L. Sobel, O. Rocca.

The JDC allocated $875 in one-time grants to organizations in Quito and Guayaquil, 3/24/44, 4/27/44, 5/22/44. Numbered letters to the JDC – L.H. Sobel: #93, 10/28/43; J.B. Lightman: #165, 5/15/44. Reports and Memos – D. Stern, “Ecuador,” Jan. 1945 attachment to 1/24/45; S. Guttman, “The Jewish Community of Guayaquil” attach. 1/24/45. HICEM Annual Report: 1943, and Summary, Dec. 1943 and 12/27/43. HICEM Monthly Reports – 1944: April-Dec.; 1945, Jan., March, April. Correspondence: H.D. Biele, I.H. Levy, J.B. Lightman, R. Pilpel, G. Pinsky, O. Rocca, J. Rosenstock, L.H. Sobel, D. Stern, M. Weiser.

In 1944, the Jewish community of Quito forwarded to the JDC $1,500 raised by it for European relief, see below: 8/31/44-10/11/44. In 1945, the Jewish community of Guayaquil followed with $1,200 for the same purpose, 5/11/45-6/5/45. From 1947 onward, united fund-raising campaigns got under way. The JDC repeatedly protested that the distribution formula of the funds was grossly inequitable to the needs of its programs vis-a-vis those granted to the HIAS and the WJC. In 1947, the JDC agreed to permit its campaign share, some $2,000, to be used for the aid of refugee newcomers to Ecuador, 5/28/47-6/27/47, 11/19/47. In 1951, $500 in campaign funds were forwarded to the JDC, 5/30/51. Correspondence: I.H. Levy, J.B. Lightman, J. Lomnitz, R. Pilpel, G. Pinsky, O. Rocca, J. Rosenstock, P. Skorneck, L.H. Sobel, E.M.M. Warburg, M. Weiser.

The JDC granted $700 to the Cooperativa and a credit of $1,500 to aid in opening a branch in Guayaquil, 9/17/42, 9/23/42. The REC earmarked $25,000 for providing agricultural settlers in Ecuador with long-term credits, 8/26/42, 9/9/42, 10/13/42, 10/29/42, 11/12/42. Reports and Memos: On the organization of the Cooperativa by Noel Aronovici, 11/30/41; Short Summary of the Work of the Recon. Committee, 7/15/42; Activities report by Max Weiser, 8/20/42 attachment to 8/24/42; Summary of the Activities of the Cooperativa in Quito in 1942, 3/11/43. Monthly Statistical Reports and Fin. Statements by the Cooperativa, 1942: March, attachment to 4/16/42; April, attach. 5/15/42; May, attach. 6/18/42; June, attach. 8/11/42; July, attach. 8/14/42; Aug., attach. 9/10/42; Sept., attach. 10/12/42; Oct., attach. 11/12/42; Nov., attach. 12/15/42; Dec., attach. 1/13/42. Correspondence: N. Aronovici, A.J. Bruman, A.A. Landesco, G. Levi, R. Pilpel, O. Rocca, H.D. Rothschild, M. Weiser.

The JDC allocated $1,000 plus a one-time grant of $300 to the Cooperativa, 9/22/43. Leadership personality quarrels threatened to disrupt the Cooperativa, but a settlement was finally reached in Feb. 1943, 1/4/43-3/8/43(2). For earlier materials, see: File 1,124, 11/22/42-12/27/42; (Note: The materials from Quito are all in German or Spanish). The JDC earmarked $3,000 for the grant of agricultural loans to refugees, 2/24/43, 3/9/43 Aronovici to the Cooperativa, 3/16/43, 4/8/43(2), 4/23/43 Landesco to the Cooperativa and attachment, 5/8/43 cable, 5/14/43, 6/2/43, 6/8/43, 10/22/43, 11/24/43, 12/6/43, 12/21/43. Reports and Memos: JDC Auditor’s Field Letters: #1, 6/4/43, #2, 6/5/43. Summary of Activities of the Cooperativa 1/1/43-7/31/43, 9/22/43. Statement by the Cooperativa Manager on 8/26/43, 9/23/43. Summary of Activities of the Recon. Committee in S.A., 10/22/43. Statistical Reports and Fin. Statements by the Cooperativa, 1943: Jan., 1/31/43, attach. 2/11/43; Feb., 2/28/43; 3/5/43; May, attach. 6/11/43; June, attach, 7/12/43, 7/15/43; July, 7/31/43, 8/27/43; Aug., attach. 12/2/43 Aronovici to Cooperativa; Sept., attach. 10/16/43; Oct., attach. 11/5/43 and 12/2/43 Landesco to Cooperativa; Nov., attach. 12/9/43 and 12/27/43; Dec. 12/31/43, also see: File 1,126, attach. 1/25/44. Correspondence: N. Aronovici, E. Kreismann, A.A. Landesco, J. Lowenstein, O. Rocca, H.D. Rothschild, L.H. Sobel, M. Weiser.

The JDC allocated two grants of $300 each, 1/26/44 Landesco to Weiser, 3/16/43 and 9/13/44. Agricultural loans and settlement prospects: 1/14/44, 8/25/44 attachment to 9/14/44, 9/25/44, 10/31/44, 11/9/44, 1/5/45; for materials on agric. settlement prospects, see below: File 1,121, Report by David Stern attach. 1/24/45. Reports: Cooperativa, Feb. 1944 attach. 3/21/44, presenting biographical accounts of 20 borrowers. Statistical Reports and Fin. Statements by the Cooperativa, 1944: Jan., attach. 2/2/44; Feb., 2/29/44, attach. 3/24/44; March, attach. 4/5/44 and 4/15/44; April, attach. 5/12/44; May, attach. 6/9/44 and 7/14/44; June, attach. 7/21/44; July, attach. 8/11/44, 8/17/44; Sept., 9/30/44, 10/4/44; Oct. attach, 11/29/44. Correspondence: N. Aronovici, A.A. Landesco, J.B. Lightman, C. Rosenberg, H.D. Rothschild, M. Weiser.

On CBF/JDC Relations: 5/30/33, 11/2/33, 12/1/33, 2/26/34, 3/13/34 Kahn to Goldsmid excerpts, 3/14/34, 4/16/34, 5/18/34(2) – 6/18/34, 7/3/34, 8/8/34 – 9/21/34, 3/12/35 – 5/1/35, 5/10/35 – 6/5/35, 6/3/36, 3/23/44 – 8/30/44. Report: CBF Report for 1933 – 1943. Minutes of Meetings: 2/28/44 attachment to 3/23/44, 10/4/44, 10/12/44, 10/31/44, 11/33/44. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, D.M. Bressler, O.E. d’Avigdor Goldsmid, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, E.M. Morrissey, O. Schiff, J.J. Schwartz, J. Simon, M. Stephany, F.M. Warburg.

The Allocations Committee of the CBF functioned between 1933 and Dec. 1934, and had seven members – three Zionists, three non-Zionists and an impartial Chairman, Osmond d’Avigdor Goldsmid. At the close of 1934, the CBF was incorporated and it was governed thereafter by a Council which consisted of the members of the Allocations Committee, plus the Chief Rabbi of England and O.E. d’Avigdor Goldsmid. Reports of Alloc. Comm: 1/28/34, 2/4/35 Correspondence: C. Adler, E.O. d’Avigdor Goldsmid, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, E.M. Morrissey, L. de Rothschild.

The Allocations Committee of the CBF functioned between 1933 and Dec. 1934, and had seven members – three Zionists, three non-Zionists and an impartial Chairman, Osmond d’Avigdor Goldsmid. At the close of 1934, the CBF was incorporated and it was governed thereafter by a Council which consisted of the members of the Allocations Committee, plus the Chief Rabbi of England and O.E. d’Avigdor Goldsmid. 2/5/34, 3/15/34, 3/22/34, 4/10/34, 4/16/34, 4/23/34, 5/7/34, 5/22/34, 5/29/34, 6/11/34, 6/25/34.

The Allocations Committee of the CBF functioned between 1933 and Dec. 1934, and had seven members – three Zionists, three non-Zionists and an impartial Chairman, Osmond d’Avigdor Goldsmid. At the close of 1934, the CBF was incorporated and it was governed thereafter by a Council which consisted of the members of the Allocations Committee, plus the Chief Rabbi of England and O.E. d’Avigdor Goldsmid. 7/9/34, 7/25/34, 9/3/34, 10/3/34, 10/30/34, 11/20/34, 12/11/34.

Annual: 12/31/35, 12/31/36, 12/31/37 Intermittent: 5/28/34, 6/20/34, 7/18/34, 8/17/34, 9/27/34, 10/25/34, 11/13/34, 12/5/34, 12/31/34(2), 4/30/35, 5/31/35, 6/30/35, 9/7/35, 10/9/35, 10/31/35, 12/3/35, 12/31/35, 2/5/36, 3/5/36, 5/21/36, 8/31/36.

1/26/34, 7/26/34, 9/30/34, 11/30/34, 12/31/34, 1/31/35, 2/28/35, 3/31/35, 4/30/35, 5/31/35, 6/30/35, 7/31/35, 8/31/35

9/30/35, 10/31/35, 11/30/35, 12/31/35, 1/31/36, 2/29/36, 3/31/36, 4/30/36, 5/31/36, 6/30/36, 7/31/36, 8/1/36, 9/30/36, 12/31/36, 3/31/37.

9/30/34, 11/30/34, 12/31/34, 1/31/35, 2/28/35, 4/30/35, 5/31/35, 6/30/35, 7/31/35, 8/31/35, 9/30/35, 10/31/35, 11/30/35, 12/31/35, 1/31/36, 2/29/36, 3/31/36, 4/30/36, 5/31/36, 6/30/36, 7/31/36, 8/31/36, 9/30/36, 12/31/36, 3/31/37.

Consolidated Accounts, Quarterly Building/Training Schemes: 6/30/37, 9/30/37, 12/31/37, 3/31/38, 6/30/38, 9/30/38, 12/31/38.

These minutes focus on the period between June 1935 – Dec. 1936. For the years 1937 – 1939 there are many omissions, and the reader should also consult the Exec. Committee Minutes of the Council for German Jewry. For Minutes of 1944, see above: File 559. 12/19/34, 1/14/35, 2/4/35, 2/25/35, 3/18/35, 4/9/35, 5/13/35, 5/31/35.

These minutes focus on the period between June 1935 – Dec. 1936. For the years 1937 – 1939 there are many omissions, and the reader should also consult the Exec. Committee Minutes of the Council for German Jewry. For Minutes of 1944, see above: File 559. 7/8/35, 7/29/35, 9/17/35, 10/15/35, 11/5/35, 10/10/35. For summaries of earlier meetings in 1935, see above: File 559, 3/7/35, 5/27/35.

These minutes focus on the period between June 1935 – Dec. 1936. For the years 1937 – 1939 there are many omissions, and the reader should also consult the Exec. Committee Minutes of the Council for German Jewry. For Minutes of 1944, see above: File 559. 1/14/36, 2/11/36, 3/10/36, 4/20/36, 5/25/36, 6/22/36, 7/23/36, 12/16/36, 7/7/37, 12/30/37, 2/21/38, 9/12/38, 9/18/39.

On the visit to the U.S. of the British delegation: 1/22/36, Steno report of the reception by the JDC 1/28/36, 1/29/36, 2/5/36 – 2/6/36. Memo on the visit by the delegation 2/7/36, 2/10/36, 2/13/36. Statement Concerning the Plans of the English Delegation and the Relationship of the JDC to the Proposals, 2/23/36. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, J.N. Rosenberg, H. Samuel, F. Warburg, S.S. Wise.

On the organization of the Council and the JDC response: 3/16/36 Hyman to Snyder, 3/30/36, 4/2/36 Cable Kahn to N.Y., 4/6/36 Warburg to Bentwich, 4/9/36 attachment to 4/14/36, 4/24/36, 4/28/36, 4/29/36 Rosenberg to Baerwald, 5/4/36(3), 5/14/36(2), 5/15/36 Baerwald to Hyman, 5/21/36, 6/3/36, 6/7/36 – 6/16/36 Baerwald to Warburg. Report: Diary of Mission to Europe by D.M. Bressler, 6/26/36. Also see below: Minutes of Meetings 1936 – 1937. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, N. Bentwich, D. Bressler, O.E. d’Avigdor Goldsmid, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, J.N. Rosenberg, Wm. Rosenwald, H. Samuel, M. Stephany, B.C. Vladeck, F. Warburg, M. Warburg, S. Warburg, Ch. Weizmann.

Report to JDC Exec. Committee by D.M. Bressler, 7/2/36. Article in the American Hebrew 7/17/36 attachment to 7/22/36. The JDC and the Council each allocated L 8,000 ($40,000) to cover the transportation costs of some 650 German emigrants, so they could enter the Union of South Africa before new legal restrictions entered into effect. Also see: Union of South Africa, File 1,053. Reports by the Council: Interim Report Dec. 1936; Report for 1936, 5/25/37. Other data on Council/JDC Relations: 8/10/36, 8/14/36, 8/18/36, 8/28/36 attachment to 9/3/36, 9/16/36, 9/28/36, 9/30/36(2), 10/20/36 attachment to 11/2/36, 12/1/36, 12/4/36(2), 12/11/36, 12/17/36. Also see below: File 581. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, C.J. Liebman, H. Samuel, F.M. Warburg.

The JDC and the Council agreed to allot: $50,000 each for German emigration and $7,500 each to aid professional groups in Israel, 1/15/37(2), 2/3/37; and $15,000 each (plus the same sum by the ICA) to the HICEM. E.S. Harkness donated $100,000 to the JDC for the aid of German refugees, 1/8/37(2), 1/29/37 Warburg to Bearsted, 2/16/37. Also see below: File 575, 2/1/38(2), 3/8/38, 3/30/38. JDC contributions to programs aided by the Council, 3/26/37. Other data on Council/JDC relations: 4/7/37, 4/21/37, 5/28/37 attachment to 7/8/37, 9/29/37 attachment to 10/6/37 Hyman to Council, 10/18/37. Attack by Prof. L.B. Namier on JDC activities in Germany and the JDC rebuttal, 6/3/37 – 6/10/37 Hyman to Warburg. Report by the Council: 1937, 2/28/38. Also see below: File 581. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, D.M. Bressler, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, N. Katz, H. Katzki, L.B. Namier, D.J. Schweitzer, M. Stephany, F.M. Warburg.

On expenditures of the Harkness Fund, 2/1/38(2), 3/8/38, 3/30/38; for earlier data see: File 574. Report on M.C. Troper trip to London 12/6/38 – 12/12/38, 12/26/38. Council Report for 1938, Feb. 1939. The Council proposed to open in England a camp for refugees and requested JDC cooperation, 1/11/39. Other data on Council/JDC relations: 3/8/38, 4/25/38, 6/9/38(2), 6/14/38(2), 9/9/38(2), 9/14/38, 1/17/39(2), 2/17/39(2) – 2/22/39. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, N. Bentwich, J.C. Hyman, A. Jaretzki, B. Kahn, N. Katz, M. Stephany, M.C. Troper, J.B. Wise, B.M. Woolf.

The American members resigned from the Council following the outbreak of the war in Sept. 1939, 9/27/39, 9/29/39(3), 10/16/39. The JDC offered aid to the Council to help it cope with wartime currency restrictions, and the Council’s responses, 11/3/39, 11/7/39, 11/8/39 Troper to N.Y., 11/21/39, 1/29/40 Cable 357, 1/29/40 memo. The Central Council joined the CBF, 3/23/44, 8/8/44, 8/25/44. Other data on Council/JDC relations: 1/27/41, 4/4/41, 4/28/41, 7/4/41, 7/17/41, 9/8/41. Correspondence: S. Adler – Rudel, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, J.J. Schwartz, M. Stephany, L.L. Strauss, M.C. Troper.

The Committee was established at the start of 1939 to aid in providing agricultural training in England for refugees from Germany and Austria. Following the outbreak of the war, the number of trainees decreased sharply, as industry absorbed increasing numbers of refugees.

Monthly: 12/31/36, 11/30/37, 12/31/37, 1/3/38, 2/28/38, 3/28/38, 4/30/38, 5/31/38, 7/12/38, 8/31/38(2)*, 9/30/38(2)*, 10/31/38(2)*, 12/31/38(2)*. *Note: The second fin. statements in the last four entries pertain to the Austrian Appeal of the Council. Intermittent: 4/30/39, 5/31/39, 9/1/39, 11/30/39, 12/31/39, 3/31/40, 12/31/40. Annual: Income and Expenditure Account: 1937, 1938, 1939, 1940. Fin. Statement for the years: 1938, 1939, 1940. Statements of Receipts and Payments of Funds Administered for the Council by the Jewish Agency for Palestine

7/30/36-9/30/36, 10/31/36, 11/30/36, 12/31/36, 1/31/37, 2/28/37, 3/31/37, 4/30/37, 5/31/37, 6/30/37, 7/31/37, 8/31/37, 9/30/37, 10/31/37, 11/30/37, 12/31/37.

1/31/38, 2/28/38, 3/31/38, 5/31/38, 6/30/38, 7/31/38, 8/31/38, 9/30/38, 10/31/38, 11/30/38, 12/31/38.

1936: 3/18/36, 3/23/36; 9/22/36, 10/13/36, 11/3/36, 11/18/36, 12/4/36, 12/8/36, 12/17/36. 1937: 1/12/37, 2/9/37, 3/2/37, 3/16/37, 3/22/37, 3/23/37, 3/24/37, 4/13/37, 5/4/37, 5/25/37, 7/6/37, 9/13/37, 10/28/37, 11/22/37, 12/7/37, 12/20/37, 12/30/37 (Agenda only).

1/24/38, 2/21/38, 3/15/38, 3/29/38, 4/4/38, 5/10/38, 5/16/38, 6/13/38, 6/27/38, 7/25/38, 9/12/38, 10/3/38, 10/24/38, 11/17/38, 11/28/38, 12/1/38, 12/12/38, 12/29/38.

1/5/39, 1/18/39, 1/25/39, 2/6/39, 2/20/39, 3/14/39, 3/27/39, 4/13/39, 5/1/39, 5/18/39.

6/1/39, 6/19/39, 7/10/39, 8/10/39, 9/13/39, 9/26/39, 10/10/39, 11/14/39, 11/21/39, 12/1/39, 12/12/39, 12/14/39 (Agenda only), 12/21/39, 12/28/39.

1/4/40, 1/10/40, 1/18/40, 2/8/40, 2/22/40, 3/19/40, 4/11/40, 4/18/40, 4/25/40, 5/1/40, 5/9/40, 5/22/40, 6/5/40, 6/14/40, 6/20/40, 6/26/40, 7/10/40, 7/24/40, 8/8/40, 8/16/40, 8/21/40, 9/18/40, 10/15/40, 11/13/40, 12/31/40, 2/14/41, 3/19/41, 5/15/41, 6/24/41.

The Council was formed in Dec. 1933 so as to coordinate the activities of HICEM Paris with refugee emigration needs in England and other countries. Sir Osmond d’Avigdor Goldsmid and Mr. Otto M. Schiff were among the principal sponsors. In Nov. 1934, the Council transferred its refugee emigration activities to the Jewish Refugee Committee, London, since the prospects of any mass migration to overseas lands had grown dim. 1933 – 1934: Minutes of Meetings: 12/15/33, 1/24/34, 2/2/34 and Summary, 3/1/34, 3/22/34, 4/19/34, 5/7/34, 5/24/34, 6/12/34, 7/10/34, 11/8/34. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, O.E. d’Avigdor Goldsmid, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn.

The German Refugee Committee was established in 1933, became subsequently the German-Jewish Aid Committee and following the outbreak of the war, the Jewish Refugee Committee The funds distributed by it stemmed from the Council for German Jewry and in growing measure from the British Gov’t. Reports: Narrative and Statistical, 1/1/38-2/1/39; Monthly 1939: Feb., March, April, May, June. Fin. Report: 6/5/39.

The German Refugee Committee was established in 1933, became subsequently the German-Jewish Aid Committee and following the outbreak of the war, the Jewish Refugee Committee The funds distributed by it stemmed from the Council for German Jewry and in growing measure from the British Gov’t. Reports: Narrative and Statistical, monthly: 1939, July; 1940, March and Supplement, April, Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec., Supp. Rep. for 1940; 1941, Jan., Feb.

Also know as: Movement for the Care of the Children from Germany, London Refugee Children’s Movement, London The non-sectarian Inter-Aid Committee was formed in 1936, renamed in the wake of the Kristalnacht, and again following the outbreak of the war. It brought to England some 9,300 children from Germany and Austria. About 90% were Jewish and all but a handful came in following the events of the Kristalnacht. The children were cared for by local committees formed on denominational lines. In May 1938, the Council for German Jewry and the JDC joined in a grant of and7,500, but subsequent support stemmed from the Baldwin Fund and the Council General, 1936; 1938 – 1940: Reports: “Organizations in Great Britain for the Care of Children from Germany”, attachment to 12/19/38; 4/21/39 attachment to 5/13/39, 5/18/39, 5/25/39, “Second Annual Report 1939-1940”, 3/31/41.

The Maccabi World Union applied to the JDC for aid in conducting projects for illegal immigrants to Palestine from Vienna and for colonization in Bolivia. Both projects fell through when the JDC refused to grant the funds requested because it viewed them as unsound. For data on these projects, see: 2/13/40-5/1/40. For data on a project by an affiliate organization, Svaz Makabi Prague, see: SM Archives, File 31.

Aid for the upkeep of German-Jewish refugees in England was distributed via the German-Jewish Aid Committee/Jewish Refugee Committee For materials, see above: Files 587-588. For other materials on refugees, see above: Organizations, German-Jewish Emigration Council, Central British Fund, Central Council for Jewish Refugees, Federation of Jewish Relief Organizations, Joint Orthodox Jewish Refugee Committee, Masaryk-Gaster Fund, Polish-Jewish Refugee Fund and Academic Assistance Council. Early in 1939, in the wake of the Kristalnacht, the Council for German Jewry opened a refugee transit camp on the English south coast (Kitchener Camp) to accommodate German and Austrian refugees in transit to overseas countries. Some 3,500 refugees were accommodated there and the JDC shouldered some 20% of the upkeep costs ($77,282). The camp closed its gates in May 1940, for by then the residents had emigrated or had volunteered for national service, following the outbreak of the war. Reports: 12/28/38, 4/26/39, 8/2/39, 11/21/39. Publications: “Some Victims of the Nazi Terror”, attached to 10/27/39. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, N. Bentwich, J.C. Hyman, M. Stephany, M.C. Troper.

On the situation of the Jews in France: Present Situation in France, memo H. Katzki 3/22/41, JDC Press Release 5/9/41, Letter to M.C. Troper 7/21/41, Reports by J. Jefroykin – July-Aug. 1941 (8/31/41) and Sept.-Oct. (10/31/41), Statements by H. Katzki 10/9/41, 10/11/41, 10/14/41, 12/31/41. Also see: File 597. Correspondence: B. Kahn, H. Katzki, M.A. Leavitt, J.J. Schwartz.

The France Gov’t created a new Jewish organization, Union Generale des Israelites de France (UGIF), dissolved all existing Jewish organizations, and transferred all their properties to the UGIF, 4/6/42; for additional materials, see below: File 608. The JDC approved the budgets of its beneficiary organizations for the first 6 months of 1943 directly following the Nazi occupation of the Unoccupied Zone, 11/14/42. The JDC authorized the raising of $600,000 in Ffr, 9/21/43 (also see: SM Archives, File 34(1)). J. Jefroykin reached Spain from France, 5/16/44. Report on General Situation in France Nov. 1942 – June 1944 by J. Jefroykin, August 1944. Illegal JDC activities in occupied France 1942 – 1944, 12/5/44. Other materials on the situation of the Jews in France: 5/1/42, 7/7/42, 7/30/42, 8/13/42, 7/15/43 – 8/6/43, 9/17/43, 12/31/43, 2/25/44, 9/4/44, 9/6/44, 9/8/44, 9/20/44, 11/24/44, 12/31/44. Also see: File 597. Correspondence: N. Aronovici, M. Brener, J.C. Hyman, J. Jefroykin, B. Kahn, H. Katzki, J.J. Schwartz, H.K. Travers, E.M.M. Warburg.

Note: For the most part, reports by JDC representatives or on JDC activities will be found in Files 594-596, while reports on the general situation of Jews in France, and notably those prepared by non-JDC representatives, may be looked for in this file. “The Situation of the Jews in the Occupied Zone” (March (?) 1941) and English summary, 6/19/41. “Judaism in France” (two parts), by Professor Halphen of Paris, June 1941. “Work Companies in France”, 6/25/42. “Social Services of Europe: (France), 3/13/44. “La Situation Generale en France, Nov. 1942 – June 1944”, by J. Jefroykin, Aug. 1944.

General: Accumulative statement of income and expenditures in 1941 by CAR, Federation, OSE and Camp Commission, 11/24/42. Expenditures in France June 1942 – April 1944 (as reported by J. Jefroykin), 4/30/44 – summary thereof 10/27/44. Transfer of Funds: In the course of W.W. II, the JDC raised greater sums in France for local use, via its private clearing system, than in any other country. A number of large lenders, organizations and individuals came forward. In some of these instances, and notably when the JDC was pressed for local funds, it arranged for earlier repayments. For additional materials, see: SM Archives, File 34(1).

Correspondence: H. Katzki, M.A. Leavitt, E.M. Morrissey, J.J. Schwartz.

1. Deposits by Individuals: Between June-Nov. 1942, individuals in France deposited $1,088,988 in Ffr. for JDC aided activities, 12/22/42. The JDC authorized the raising of $600,000 in Ffr. to support aid programs for 6 months, 9/21/43; for additional materials, see: SM Archives, File 34(1). J. Jefroykin raised $1,600,000 in Ffr. in 1st half of 1944, 7/14/44. Status of French clearances as of 10/13/44. 2. Lists of depositors in Ffr. to JDC aided activities in France: Feb. 1941 – Oct. 1942, undated. For additional materials, see: SM Archives, File 34(1). Correspondence: H. Katzki, M.A. Leavitt, D.J. Reagan, J.J. Schwartz, M.C. Troper.

Eclaireurs Israelites de France (EIF), 1941: For additional materials, see: SM Archives, File 35a. Hehaloutz, Paris, 1935: The Hehaloutz received JDC allocations for the equipment of farms used for the training of young German refugees for aliyah to Palestine. Jeuness Juive de France, Marseille, 1941. Jewish Einheit Committee, Paris, 1944. Oeuvres d’Aide Sociale Israelite, Marseilles, 1941. ORT France. Le Renouven (Chateau de Born), 1934 – 1936: Correspondence: P. Baerwald, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn. Service Juridique pour les Refugees Allemand, Paris, 1935. Tiomkin Ambulatory, 1940. Unitarian Service Committee (USC), Boston, 1941 – 1943: The USC was established in 1940 to help refugees escape from Nazi occupied lands. In W.W. II, it maintained a branch office in Unoccupied France, but transferred it to Switzerland following the occupation. It provided medical aid in the main, and about one-half its beneficiaries in France were Jews. In 1942, the JDC contributed $15,000 to the USC activities in France. For additional materials, see: File 337. Correspondence: R.C. Dexter, J.C. Hyman, C.R. Joy, M.A. Leavitt, M.C. Troper. Workmen’s Circle, Paris, 1939 – 1940.

American Relief for France (ARF), 1944: The ARF was organized in mid-1944 as a national organization representing the American people in the matter of French relief. J.C. Hyman served as an incorporator and as a Board member, but acted as a private person and not a JDC representative. The JDC maintained a close liaison with the ARF but was neither a contributor nor a financial beneficiary.

The CAR was the principal committee for aiding refugees in France (Germany, Austria and Czechoslovakia, in the main). It was organized in July 1936 as the successor to the Comite National Francais. Following the fall of France, it evacuated its headquarters to Marseilles and continued operations in the Unoccupied Zone. It extended aid as well via some 20-25 local affiliates, and maintained its independent standing until it was forcibly merged into the UGIF in 1942. Albert Levy served as President and Gaston Kahn as Director. In 1939, CAR beneficiaries doubled in number, (January: 2,750, December: 5,500), at an annual cost of some Ffr. 30,700,000. Some 70% (Ffr. 21,825,000) came from the JDC. In 1941, beneficiaries increased to 12,000 and the JDC contribution reached some Ffr. 24,000,000. Correspondence: H. Katzki, A. Levy, H.C. Troper.

1936: Jan. -Oct.; 7/20/36 – 6/30/37. 1938: Jan.-March 1939: Annual 1940: Annual 1941: Jan.-June; General statistical data, 1941 1942: Feb.

The first organization was established in Paris in 1933 and concerned itself with refugees in France largely, the second was established in 1938 and was more international in character. Both organizations were really one in fact (Director, Boris Gourevitch), and over the years the JDC extended small allocations to the one or the other. During W.W. II, the organizations sought to conduct independent fund-raising campaigns in the U.S. and came into conflict with the JDC and the UJA. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, B. Gourevitch, J. Hadamard, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, H.S. Leiper, J.A. Rosen, M.C. Troper.

Federation de Societes Juives de France (FSJF), Paris/Lyon, 1939 – 1942. Comite de Coordination et de Federation The FSJF extended aid to artisans, intellectuals, students and religious functionaries, members of the professions et al, stemming from Eastern Europe, in the main. (Presidents: J. Jefroykin and M. Jarblum). The Comite was the coordinating committee among the organizations and local committees affiliated with the Federation. Reports: Semi-Annual – 1/1/41 – 6/30/41, 1/1/42, 6/30/42. Reports: Quarterly – 1941: 3rd Quarter Reports: Monthly – 1941: Feb., July, August, Sept., Oct. Correspondence: M. Jarblum, H. Katzki, J.J. Schwartz, M.C. Troper.

In March 1942, the Vichy Gov’t decreed that the UGIF should become the sole representative Jewish body in the field of philanthropy. Albert Levy, President of the CAR, served as the UGIF Pres. until he escaped to Switzerland in Nov. 1942 following the Nazi occupation of the Unoccupied Zone. The Consistoire deplored the alleged role played by Levy and by R.R. Lambert (Secy-Gen. of CAR) in the establishment of the UGIF, and feelings ran high for a time. Gradually, the controversy subsided at the realization that matters would have gotten far worse had Levy and Lambert followed any other course. Correspondence: H. Katzki, J.J. Schwartz

Following the fall of France, three Jewish organizations provided child care in the Unoccupied Zone: Union OSE France (the major agency in this field), CAR, and FSJF. All three were JDC beneficiaries over the years. In addition, the ARC and the AFSC (Quakers), conducted child care activities on behalf of the JDC at a number of concentration camps and detention centers. Moreover, the U.S. Committee for the Care of European Children aided in the emigration of refugee children to the U.S. from western and central Europe, and in the major undertakings the JDC shouldered a substantial share of the costs. For additional materials, see: Files 343-345. Union OSE France: 2/29/40, 9/30/40, 10/31/40, Fin. Statement for 1941. Summary of Activities Oct. 1940, Dec. 1941 and Jan. 1942, 5/1/42(2), 5/4/42, 7/28/42, 8/26/42 Schwartz to Leavitt, 8/28/42. For additional materials on Union OSE France, see: Files 326-329 and SM Archives, File 35a. CAR: 1/16/41, 2/20/41, 4/20/41. AFSC: 11/4/41, 2/20/42. U.S. Comm: 4/13/42 attachment to 4/15/42, 9/4/42, 9/8/42, 9/15/42 Hyman to Warren, 9/21/42(2), 9/22/42 Leavitt to Schwartz, 9/23/42(2), 9/26/42(2). Correspondence: P. Baerwald, S. Hayes, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, H. Katzki, M.A. Leavitt, J.N. Rosenberg, Guy de Rothschild, J.J. Schwartz, A.M. Warren, G.L. Warren.

Following the fall of France, three Jewish organizations provided child care in the Unoccupied Zone: Union OSE France (the major agency in this field), CAR, and FSJF. All three were JDC beneficiaries over the years. In addition, the ARC and the AFSC (Quakers), conducted child care activities on behalf of the JDC at a number of concentration camps and detention centers. Moreover, the U.S. Committee for the Care of European Children aided in the emigration of refugee children to the U.S. from western and central Europe, and in the major undertakings the JDC shouldered a substantial share of the costs. For additional materials, see: Files 343-345. The U.S. Gov’t agreed to admit 5,000 refugee children from France under the sponsorship of the U.S. Committee The JDC undertook to cover up to 45% of the costs ($2,000,000), and the U.S. Committee was to cover the rest, 10/9/42, 10/14/42, 10/15/42, 10/16/42 Leavitt to Baerwald, 10/22/42, 10/23/42, 10/26/42 Schwartz to Leavitt. The Vichy Gov’t authorized exit visas for only 500 children and delayed additional ones indefinitely, 10/29/42, 10/30/42(4), 11/4/42 memo, 11/12/42 and 11/13/42 Schwartz to Leavitt, 12/14/42 Leavitt to Schulman, 1/14/43 Schwartz to N.Y., 3/10/43, 5/25/43, 8/6/43, 12/30/43, 5/18/44, 12/7/44. Offers to admit children from France made by various Govts. in 1942, 3/7/44. Correspondence: F.R. Adlerstein, M. Brener, P. Dreyfus, S. Hayes, J.C. Hyman, M.A. Leavitt, D.A. Lowrie, J.J. Schwartz, J.B. Wise, L.Wulman.

Following the fall of France, three Jewish organizations provided child care in the Unoccupied Zone: Union OSE France (the major agency in this field), CAR, and FSJF. All three were JDC beneficiaries over the years. In addition, the ARC and the AFSC (Quakers), conducted child care activities on behalf of the JDC at a number of concentration camps and detention centers. Moreover, the U.S. Committee for the Care of European Children aided in the emigration of refugee children to the U.S. from western and central Europe, and in the major undertakings the JDC shouldered a substantial share of the costs. For additional materials, see: Files 343-345. Letters written in 1941 by refugee children and teenagers in France.

Also see: File 601, Association des Israelites Pratiquants, and Consistoire Central des Israelites de France. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, H.K. Buchman, S.M. Cohen, J.J. Schwartz.

On the deportations from France: 8/10/42, 8/11/42(4), 8/18/42, 8/19/42 Wells to Baerwald, 8/27/42 (2), 9/6/42 attachment to 9/24/42 Schwartz to JDC N.Y., 9/9/42 Schwartz to JDC N.Y., 9/14/42 (2), 9/19/42 attachment to 11/21/42, 9/26/42 attachment to 10/15/42, 10/1/42, 10/21/42, 10/25/42, 10/26/42, 10/11/43, 11/5/43, 3/12/45. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, J.C. Hyman, H. Katzki, M.A. Leavitt, D.A. Lowrie, R. McClelland, J.J. Schwartz, G.L. Warren, Sumner Wells.

Lists of deportees to unknown destinations from camps and detention centers in the Unoccupied Zone-Agde, Gurs, Camp des Milles, Recebedou, Rivesaltes.

On the status of emigration from France: 8/14/40, 9/17/40, 10/21/40, 12/18/40, 2/21/41 Troper to Perlman, 2/21/41 cable, 2/28/41, 4/3/41, 4/19/41, 5/27/41, 5/30/41, 6/6/41; on the SS Alsina and the followup, see: Files 370-372, 6/9/41 and attachments, 6/27/41 HICEM Activities April/May 1941, 6/30/41 Schwartz to Warren, 8/5/41, 8/11/42 Schwartz to JDC, 8/13/42, 8/19/42, 8/21/42, 8/28/42 (2), 9/25/42 (2), 9/25/42, 12/21/42. Correspondence: J.C. Hyman, H. Katzki, R. Pilpel, J.J. Schwartz, M. Siegel, M.C. Troper.

In Sept. 1939, the French Gov’t set up detention camps for the internment of aliens, and notably enemy aliens. The latter were virtually all Jewish refugees from Germany. Following the fall of France, the Nazis proceeded to deport thousands of Jews from southwest Germany to Unoccupied France, and the Vichy Gov’t promptly clapped them into Gurs and other detention centers. Disease, pollution, bad sanitation and hunger were widespread, and conditions worsened with time. In the summer of 1942, many thousands were deported eastward from the camps. In Nov., the Nazis abolished the Unoccupied Zone and assumed full jurisdiction over the camps. For additional materials, see: Files 604, 605, 607, 608 and 601, Central Commission of Social Organizations. On the status of refugees in France: 8/8/33 attachment to 8/24/33, 10/16/33 Hyman to Wineman, 10/25/33, 3/8/34, Oct. 1934, 2/15/35, 5/8/36, 7/15/36, 8/1/36, June 1937 undated, 9/23/38(2), 2/28/39, Aug. 1939 undated, 10/9/39, Nov. 1939 undated, 12/18/39, 1/12/40, 1/16/40, 1/29/40, 2/8/40, 2/14/40, 3/15/40, 4/16/40, 4/27/40, 5/31/40. Also see: Germany, File 628, 11/14/34 attachment to 11/21/34 pp. 31-41. For additional data 1938, 1939, see: EUREXCO, Files 188-191. Individual Camps – Vernet: Feb. 1940, attachment to 3/15/40, 5/17/40 Publication “Friday”. Correspondence: J.L. Cohen, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, G. Kahn, H. Katzki, P. Kurgass, C.J. Liebman, J.G. McDonald, E.M. Morrissey, M.C. Troper.

In Sept. 1939, the French Gov’t set up detention camps for the internment of aliens, and notably enemy aliens. The latter were virtually all Jewish refugees from Germany. Following the fall of France, the Nazis proceeded to deport thousands of Jews from southwest Germany to Unoccupied France, and the Vichy Gov’t promptly clapped them into Gurs and other detention centers. Disease, pollution, bad sanitation and hunger were widespread, and conditions worsened with time. In the summer of 1942, many thousands were deported eastward from the camps. In Nov., the Nazis abolished the Unoccupied Zone and assumed full jurisdiction over the camps. For additional materials, see: Files 604, 605, 607, 608 and 601, Central Commission of Social Organizations. On the status of refugees in France: 7/13/40, 7/19/40, 7/22/40(3), Report on Situation in France by H. Katzki 7/23/40 attachment to 8/31/40, 8/14/40, 8/15/40, 8/16/40 Leavitt to Kochmann, 8/30/40(2), Report on Jewish Refugees from Belgium in France 9/8/40 attachment to 10/7/40, 10/27/40 attachment to 11/18/40 Troper to JDC, 11/5/40 Hyman to Pickett, 11/8/40, 11/9/40, 11/26/40, 12/6/40, Report by W. Baum 12/10/40, 12/13/40, 12/20/40. Individual Camps – St. Cyprien: 9/8/40, 9/16/40, 9/17/40, 9/26/40, 9/30/40 memo, 12/14/40 Schwartz to JDC. Gurs: 10/27/40 attachment to 11/18/40 Troper to JDC, 11/4/40, 11/8/40, 11/15/40 Katzki to JDC, 11/27/40, 12/9/40 Schwartz to Leavitt, 12/10/40, 12/20/40, 12/28/40. Correspondence: W. Baum, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, H. Katzki, M.A. Leavitt, J.J. Schwartz, M.C. Troper.

In Sept. 1939, the French Gov’t set up detention camps for the internment of aliens, and notably enemy aliens. The latter were virtually all Jewish refugees from Germany. Following the fall of France, the Nazis proceeded to deport thousands of Jews from southwest Germany to Unoccupied France, and the Vichy Gov’t promptly clapped them into Gurs and other detention centers. Disease, pollution, bad sanitation and hunger were widespread, and conditions worsened with time. In the summer of 1942, many thousands were deported eastward from the camps. In Nov., the Nazis abolished the Unoccupied Zone and assumed full jurisdiction over the camps. For additional materials, see: Files 604, 605, 607, 608 and 601, Central Commission of Social Organizations. On the status of refugees in France: 1/8/41, 2/16/41, 2/24/41, 2/28/41, 3/3/41, 3/21/41, 3/22/41, 4/5/41 – 4/8/41, April 1941, 5/5/41, 5/7/41, 6/12/41(2). Individual Camps – Gurs: 12/9/40, 12/28/40 attachment to 1/30/41, 1/7/41 attachment to 3/14/41, 1/15/41 attachment to 2/12/41, 2/18/41, 2/19/41 Report, 3/4/41, Report Feb. 1941 attachment to 3/6/41, 3/20/41, 4/3/41, 4/4/41 N.Y. Times, 4/28/41, 5/9/41(2), 5/28/41, 6/11/41 attachment to 6/12/41. Vernet: March 1941, 4/25/41 attachment to 3/14/41, March 1941. Rieucross: March 1941 attachment to 4/2/41. Rivesaltes: March 1941 attachment to 4/2/41, 6/11/41 attachment to 6/12/41. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, R.C. Dexter, G. Kahn, C. Hirsch, J.C. Hyman, H. Katzki, M.A. Leavitt, A. Levy, H. Mueller, R. Pilpel, J.J. Schwartz, M.M. Warburg.

In Sept. 1939, the French Gov’t set up detention camps for the internment of aliens, and notably enemy aliens. The latter were virtually all Jewish refugees from Germany. Following the fall of France, the Nazis proceeded to deport thousands of Jews from southwest Germany to Unoccupied France, and the Vichy Gov’t promptly clapped them into Gurs and other detention centers. Disease, pollution, bad sanitation and hunger were widespread, and conditions worsened with time. In the summer of 1942, many thousands were deported eastward from the camps. In Nov., the Nazis abolished the Unoccupied Zone and assumed full jurisdiction over the camps. For additional materials, see: Files 604, 605, 607, 608 and 601, Central Commission of Social Organizations. On the status of refugees in France: 7/4/41, List of Camps 7/20/41, 7/21/41, 8/12/41 attachment to 9/18/41, 9/3/41, 9/30/41 and attachment, 10/9/41 Katzki statement, 10/9/41 Jefroykin to JDC, 10/21/41, 10/23/41, 10/31/41, 11/5/41 Report, 12/1/41 – 12/3/41, Reports Dec. 1941(2). Individual Camps – Drancy: 10/10/41, 11/6/41, 11/9/41, 11/10/41. Gurs: 2/25/41 attachment to 9/18/41, Aug. 1941, Oct. 1941, 11/7/41. Camp des Milles: 10/9/41 Fullerton to Hull, List of literary men at des Milles, undated, 12/16/41. Recebedou: Dec. 1941 attachment to 12/26/41. Rivesaltes: July 1941, 10/8/41 attachment to 12/23/41, 11/5/41 Report, 11/15/41, 12/3/41. Vernet: Dec. 1941. Correspondence: B. Gourevitch, J.C. Hyman, G. Kahn, H. Katzki, J. Rosenheim, J.J. Schwartz.

In Sept. 1939, the French Gov’t set up detention camps for the internment of aliens, and notably enemy aliens. The latter were virtually all Jewish refugees from Germany. Following the fall of France, the Nazis proceeded to deport thousands of Jews from southwest Germany to Unoccupied France, and the Vichy Gov’t promptly clapped them into Gurs and other detention centers. Disease, pollution, bad sanitation and hunger were widespread, and conditions worsened with time. In the summer of 1942, many thousands were deported eastward from the camps. In Nov., the Nazis abolished the Unoccupied Zone and assumed full jurisdiction over the camps. For additional materials, see: Files 604, 605, 607, 608 and 601, Central Commission of Social Organizations. On the status of refugees in France: 1/8/42(2), 2/4/42, 3/17/42 Marvel to Katzki and attachment, 3/31/42 and attachments, March 1942, 4/15/42, 5/20/42, 6/5/42, 7/15/42, 7/27/42 – 8/13/42, 8/24/42, 9/28/42, 9/29/42, 10/25/42, 10/29/42, 11/16/42, 10/11/43, 11/4/43, 7/28/43, 10/11/43, 11/4/43. Individual Camps – Drancy: Feb. 1943 (?) undated, 11/4/43. Gurs: 4/20/42, 5/15/42. Recebedou: 4/20/42. For lists of deportees from camps and detention centers Aug./Sept. 1943, see: File 615. Correspondence: J.C. Hyman, J. Jefroykin, B. Kahn, H. Katzki, M.A. Leavitt, D.A. Lowrie, L. Meiss, R. Pilpel, M.C. Troper, J.J. Schwartz, B. Weil.

In Sept. 1939, the French Gov’t set up detention camps for the internment of aliens, and notably enemy aliens. The latter were virtually all Jewish refugees from Germany. Following the fall of France, the Nazis proceeded to deport thousands of Jews from southwest Germany to Unoccupied France, and the Vichy Gov’t promptly clapped them into Gurs and other detention centers. Disease, pollution, bad sanitation and hunger were widespread, and conditions worsened with time. In the summer of 1942, many thousands were deported eastward from the camps. In Nov., the Nazis abolished the Unoccupied Zone and assumed full jurisdiction over the camps. For additional materials, see: Files 604, 605, 607, 608 and 601, Central Commission of Social Organizations. Statements by individual local committees affiliated with the CAR.

In Sept. 1939, the French Gov’t set up detention camps for the internment of aliens, and notably enemy aliens. The latter were virtually all Jewish refugees from Germany. Following the fall of France, the Nazis proceeded to deport thousands of Jews from southwest Germany to Unoccupied France, and the Vichy Gov’t promptly clapped them into Gurs and other detention centers. Disease, pollution, bad sanitation and hunger were widespread, and conditions worsened with time. In the summer of 1942, many thousands were deported eastward from the camps. In Nov., the Nazis abolished the Unoccupied Zone and assumed full jurisdiction over the camps. For additional materials, see: Files 604, 605, 607, 608 and 601, Central Commission of Social Organizations. Report: 7/1/42, by the Commission d’Hygiene du Comite de Coordination pour L’Assistance dans les Camps.

In Sept. 1939, the French Gov’t set up detention camps for the internment of aliens, and notably enemy aliens. The latter were virtually all Jewish refugees from Germany. Following the fall of France, the Nazis proceeded to deport thousands of Jews from southwest Germany to Unoccupied France, and the Vichy Gov’t promptly clapped them into Gurs and other detention centers. Disease, pollution, bad sanitation and hunger were widespread, and conditions worsened with time. In the summer of 1942, many thousands were deported eastward from the camps. In Nov., the Nazis abolished the Unoccupied Zone and assumed full jurisdiction over the camps. For additional materials, see: Files 604, 605, 607, 608 and 601, Central Commission of Social Organizations. Correspondence: J.C. Hyman, M.A. Leavitt, M.S. Perlaman, L. Rapkine.

On the situation of the Jews in Germany, reports and memos: 9/29/33 (B.Kahn), 9/30/33 German Emergency Funds and Summary Fin. Report, 10/18/33 (D.J. Schweitzer), 11/7/33 Statistical Material on the Jewish Question, 12/12/33 (J.C. Hyman). JDC discussions with English and French leaders in London on aid to German refugees, 8/8/33, 8/10/33 – 8/14/33 B. Kahn to JDC. The JDC earmarked $200,000 for relief and recon. within Germany and $100,000 for refugee emigration aid outside of Germany, 11/16/33, 11/17/33, 11/28/33. Correspondence: J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, E.M. Morrissey, D.J. Schweitzer, W.J. Senator, M.C. Troper.

On the situation of the Jews in Germany, reports and memos: 1/4/34 (J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, M. Troper), 3/5/34 (D.J. Schweitzer), 3/28/34 (B. Kahn), 8/22/34 (B. Kahn), 9/26/34 (J.B. Lightman). JDC aid to Jews in Germany and German refugees: Memo, 1/17/34; JDC appropriations 1st half of 1934, 3/28/34; for the periods 12/1/33 – 4/1/34 (4/17/34, 4/24/34), April-Sept. 1934 (10/23/34 attachment to 10/26/34), April-Oct. 1934 (11/14/34 attachment to 11/21/34); Memo for the Secretary’s report to the JDC Exec. Committee meeting, 12/6/34. Statement on a Proposed JDC policy bearing on the German-Jewish Situation, 4/18/34, 4/20/34. Statements on the Zentralausschuss and its activities, 6/1/34, 10/2/34, 10/3/34, 10/19/34. Statistical Material on the Jewish Question, 11/7/34. For additional materials, see below: Files 645-646. Correspondence: J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, M. Kreutzberger, J.B. Lightman, E.M. Morrissey, D.J. Schweitzer.

On the situation of the Jews in Germany: Reports and memos by B. Kahn – 1/7/35, 2/15/35, 5/11/35, 11/10/35, 11/29/35 attachment to 12/24/35. On JDC fiscal policy in German aid, 2/23/35 Kahn to Morrissey. JDC Paris Monthly Bulletins: Jan. and Feb., 3/6/35, March and April, 6/3/35. JDC expenditures in Germany and for Jewish refugees from Germany, 11/21/35. Summary of JDC Activities – Jewish Problems in Germany and Eastern Europe since 1933, 11/25/35. Correspondence: J.C. Hyman. B. Khan, J.B. Lightman, D.J. Schweitzer.

On the situation of the Jews in Germany: 2/5/36 (Anon), 2/15/36 (F. Borchardt), 3/12/36 (A.J. Committee), 3/31/36 (O. Brodnitz), 10/20/36, 12/1/36, 5/11/37 (B. Kahn). On the Work and Organization of the JDC Especially as it Refers to the German Situation, 1/15/36. The Zentralausschuss views on schools, professional and vocational retraining and Hachsharah abroad, 2/25/36. The JDC and its relations with other major Jewish organizations in the aid of German Jews, 3/3/36. JDC Report and Bulletin 1936 #2, April 1936. F. Borchardt defended record of German Jews in Jewish fund-raising, 6/8/37. For a visit to the U.S. (1936: Jan.-Feb.) by Anglo-Jewish delegation (Bearsted, Marks, Samuel), see: England, File 571. For Jewish Winterhilfe 1934 – 1937, see below: File 639.5. For an attack on the JDC by Prof. Namier and the JDC rebuttal, see: England, File 574, 6/3/37 – 6/10/37. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, F. Borchardt, Sherwood Eddy, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, M.S. Lazaron, E.M. Morrissey.

On the situation of the Jews in Germany: 8/25/38 attached to 9/18/38, 12/2/38 (G. Rooby), 11/30/38 attachment to 12/24/38 (M.C. Troper), 3/17/39 (J.C. Hyman), March 1939 (Mark Wischnitzer), 9/20/39 and 10/18/39 (G.v. Tijn), 9/24/40, 11/22/40, 5/11/41, 6/18/41, 11/30/43 attachment to 12/6/43, Oct. 1945. Report of M.C. Troper’s visit to London 12/8/38 – 12/12/38 to attend a meeting of Council for German Jewry, 12/26/38 attachment to 12/28/38, 1/17/39. Statements on JDC aid for Jews of central Europe and refugees from these countries: 12/8/38, 12/16/39, 2/5/40. Discussions of aid between H. Katzki and P. Meyerheim (Reichsvereinigung) in Brussels, 5/21/40. The JDC closed its Berlin office 6/7/41, 6/10/41, 9/5/41, and disposed of the records, 7/21/41, 8/6/41. For materials on the Kristalnacht, 1938 – 1939, see the following file. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, H. Katzki, M.A. Leavitt, J.J. Schwartz, G.v. Tijn, M.C. Troper, M. Wischnitzer.

Reports: The Excesses of Nov. 10, 1938 and their Consequences, attachment to 2/24/39. On Trip to Germany by George Rooby, attachment to 12/2/38. The Events in Nuremberg on 11/10/38, attachment to 12/2/38. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, G. Rooby, M.C. Troper. Winterhilfe, Jewish, See: File 639.5.

JDC aid reached German Jews by means of financial clearance arrangements whereby the funds themselves were never sent into Germany. Reichsmarks in various categories were paid to the Z.A. and the RJD to cover the costs of their communal programs, while the JDC provided dollar equivalents for expenditures in other countries. Several kinds of clearance arrangements were used over the years. The most important were: Emigration, see below: Files 633-635. Student Clearances, see below: File 636. Transmissions via Intria, see below: File 635. Hachscharah, see below: File 684. Status and Changes, Transfer of Funds: 1/5/34, 11/7/34, 3/18/35, 4/11/35, 4/12/35, 4/26/35, 5/10/35, 7/8/35, 9/24/35, 10/1/35, 10/17/35, 10/23/35 Schweitzer to Morrissey, 5/12/36, 12/15/36. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, J.B. Lightman, E.M. Morrissey, D.J. Schweitzer, F.M. Warburg.

JDC aid reached German Jews by means of financial clearance arrangements whereby the funds themselves were never sent into Germany. Reichsmarks in various categories were paid to the Z.A. and the RJD to cover the costs of their communal programs, while the JDC provided dollar equivalents for expenditures in other countries. Several kinds of clearance arrangements were used over the years. The most important were: Emigration, see below: Files 633-635. Student Clearances, see below: File 636. Transmissions via Intria, see below: File 635. Hachscharah, see below: File 684. Status and Change, Transfer of Funds: 3/3/37(2), 6/16/37(2), 10/26/37(2), 2/17/38, 6/8/38, 12/19/38, 1/6/39 Hyman to Blaustein, 2/27/39, 3/30/39, 6/2/39, 6/20/39, 7/11/39, 9/20/39, 10/18/40, 2/28/41, 4/8/41, 10/28/41. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, F.W. Borchardt, I.E. Goldwasser, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, E.M. Morrissey, I. Rosen, D.J. Schweitzer.

The Haavara Transfer Agreement concluded in 1933 permitted German Jews who wished to emigrate to Palestine under the capitalist category to take along up to $5,000. In March 1936, the International Trade and Investment Agency (Intria), was established in London in an attempt to stimulate the emigration of German Jews to Palestine and to enlarge the transfer possibilities. The Zentral Auschuss played an active role in the undertaking. In May 1938, the Transfer Agreement was extended to permit the sending of benevolent remittances to Germany and Austria at a favorable rate. The arrangement remained in effect until mid-1941. Status and Changes, Haavara Arrangements: 4/10/36, 4/14/36, 7/1/36, Sept. 1936, 10/7/36 Hyman to Renard, 10/13/36, 11/6/36, 11/10/36, 2/17/37, 3/3/37, 4/15/37, 6/16/37, 7/17/37-7/22/37, 9/29/37, 1/16/37, 11/29/37, 12/27/37, 2/16/38, 2/17/38, 3/11/38, May 1938, 7/12/38, 9/13/38, 2/27/39, 12/15/39, 1/4/40, 4/1/40, 5/31/40 Rosen to Morrissey, 3/20/41, 7/17/41. Also see below: File 678, brochure, “Five Years Immigration from Germany and the Haavara Transfer”, Dr. Werner Feilchenfeld. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, H.K. Buchman, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, H. Katzki, E.M. Morrissey, R. Pilpel, I. Rosen, M. Schlesinger, D.J. Schweitzer.

Status and Changes, Students Clearances: 7/27/36, 3/18/40, 9/10/40, 11/27/40, 11/28/40, 8/22/41. Also see: Switzerland, Files 1,028-1,032. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, C.S. Bertheim, P. Meyerheim, E.M. Morrissey.

1. Floersheimische Stiftung, Frankfurt a/Main, 1940-1942, Correspondence: N. Aronovici, R. Pilpel, O. Rocca S., L. Zelwer. 2. Gesellschaft zur Foerderung Wirtschftlicher Interessen von in Deutschland Wohnhaften oder Wohnhft Gewesenen Juden, Berlin, 1936-1937 (Society for the Promotion of Economic Interests of the Jewish Residents or Former Residents in German). 3. Israelitische Gartenbauschule, Ahlem, 1933-1934. For earlier materials, see: Archives 1921-1932, File 205, Correspondence: J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, M. Kreutzberger. 4. Juedische Gemeinde, Berlin, 1934, 1937. 5. Lehranstalt fuer die Wissenschaft des Judentums, Berlin, 1934-1941, Correspondence: C. Adler, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn.

1. Samson Raphael Hirsch Schule, Frankfurt a/Main, 1933. 2. Thora-Lehranstalt Jeschiwah, Frankfurt a/Main, 1936-1939, Correspondence: C. Adler, P. Baerwald, M. Hackenbroch, J.C. Hyman, L. Jung, B. Kahn. 3. Union of Russian Jews in Berlin, 1934-1935. For earlier materials, see: Archives, 1921-1932, File 208. 4. Verein der Israelitische Realschule, Fuerth, 1933-1937. For earlier materials, see: Archives, 1921-1932, File 205, Correspondence: C. Adler, P. Baerwald, H.K. Buchman, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn. 5. Zentralwohlfahrtsstelle bei der Reichsvertretung der Juden in Deutschland, Berlin, 1934-1937. (Deals mainly with Juedische Winterhilfe)

(Relief Organization of Jews in Germany) The Hilfsverein played a major role in international Jewish relief from the turn of the century until the close of W.W. I. In the Nazi era it focused on extending migration aid to German Jews going to countries other than Palestine. It was officially dissolved in 1939, but its activities continued until 1941 as an emigration section of the RdJD. On emigration assisted by the Hilfsverein: 5/25/36, 7/22/36, 9/30/36, 12/31/37, 9/6/38, 3/17/39.

(Relief Organization of Jews in Germany) The Hilfsverein played a major role in international Jewish relief from the turn of the century until the close of W.W. I. In the Nazi era it focused on extending migration aid to German Jews going to countries other than Palestine. It was officially dissolved in 1939, but its activities continued until 1941 as an emigration section of the RdJD. Korrespondenzblatt ueber Auswanderungs und Siedlungswesen, 1933-1935. Juedische Auswanderung, 1936, 1938.

Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland (RdJD) (National Union of Jews in Germany) Reichsvertretung der deutschen Juden (RdJ) (National Representation of German Jews) Reichsvertretung der Juden in Deutschland (RJD) (National Representation of Jews in Germany). The RdJ was organized early in 1933. It became the RJD following a reorganization in April 1935, and the RdJD early in 1939. The Jewish communities (Berlin excepted) and the leading Jewish organizations in welfare, economic, education and emigration aid affiliated themselves with it. In Nov. 1936 they numbered twenty. The Zentral Auschuss became its leading arm in those fields, while the Jewish communities retained autonomy only in religious matters. The RJD closed briefly in Nov. 1938, but reopened soon after by order of the Gestapo. Early in 1939, it was reorganized by gov’t decree and became the RdJD. Sole responsibility was vested in it for Jewish emigration, education and welfare aid. Until Pearl Harbor, the JDC was the chief source of the funds that came to it from abroad. The RdJD was finally dissolved in June 1943 when but a few thousand Jews were left in Germany. Dr. Leo Baeck was president of the RdJ, the RJD and the RdJD, from first to last. Organizations comprising the RJD, 10/8/36. Fin. Statements-Receipts and Expenditures: Jan.-Aug. 1940, 12/1/40; Jan.-Sept. 1940, 11/15/40; Jan.-Oct. 1941, 11/20/41; Annual 1941, 11/6/42. “The Origin of the RJD and its Activities”, Yivo Colloquium 12/2/67-12/3/67. For additional materials, see below: Files 643-644. Correspondence: L. Baeck, P. Baerwald, C.S. Berliner, P. Epstein, J.C. Hyman, O. Hirsch, P. Meyerheim, M.C. Troper.

Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland (RdJD) (National Union of Jews in Germany) Reichsvertretung der deutschen Juden (RdJ) (National Representation of German Jews) Reichsvertretung der Juden in Deutschland (RJD) (National Representation of Jews in Germany) The RdJ was organized early in 1933. It became the RJD following a reorganization in April 1935, and the RdJD early in 1939. The Jewish communities (Berlin excepted) and the leading Jewish organizations in welfare, economic, education and emigration aid affiliated themselves with it. In Nov. 1936 they numbered twenty. The Zentral Auschuss became its leading arm in those fields, while the Jewish communities retained autonomy only in religious matters. The RJD closed briefly in Nov. 1938, but reopened soon after by order of the Gestapo. Early in 1939, it was reorganized by gov’t decree and became the RdJD. Sole responsibility was vested in it for Jewish emigration, education and welfare aid. Until Pearl Harbor, the JDC was the chief source of the funds that came to it from abroad. The RdJD was finally dissolved in June 1943 when but a few thousand Jews were left in Germany. Dr. Leo Baeck was president of the RdJ, the RJD and the RdJD, from first to last. The Information Bulletins were published every few weeks, starting in May 1933. Until March 1935, they were prepared by the Zentralwohlfahrtsstelle der Juden in Deutschland (ZJD) and issued by the Z.A., and thereafter by the RJD. Some of the bulletins are accompanied by English translations or summaries of contents. The file also contains five bulletins (1933, May-June)issued by the Statistical Section of the ZJD, each with a brief summary of contents, in English. 1933: #1-16 (including a duplicate set); 1934: #1-9 and Index for 1933-1934; 1935: #1-11 and Index for 1935; 1936: #1-12.

Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland (RdJD) (National Union of Jews in Germany) Reichsvertretung der deutschen Juden (RdJ) (National Representation of German Jews) Reichsvertretung der Juden in Deutschland (RJD) (National Representation of Jews in Germany) The RdJ was organized early in 1933. It became the RJD following a reorganization in April 1935, and the RdJD early in 1939. The Jewish communities (Berlin excepted) and the leading Jewish organizations in welfare, economic, education and emigration aid affiliated themselves with it. In Nov. 1936 they numbered twenty. The Zentral Auschuss became its leading arm in those fields, while the Jewish communities retained autonomy only in religious matters. The RJD closed briefly in Nov. 1938, but reopened soon after by order of the Gestapo. Early in 1939, it was reorganized by gov’t decree and became the RdJD. Sole responsibility was vested in it for Jewish emigration, education and welfare aid. Until Pearl Harbor, the JDC was the chief source of the funds that came to it from abroad. The RdJD was finally dissolved in June 1943 when but a few thousand Jews were left in Germany. Dr. Leo Baeck was president of the RdJ, the RJD and the RdJD, from first to last. (Note: Reports with duplicate copies bear an asterisk.) 1937: Annual, in German and English; 1938: Annual, in German*; 1939: Annual, in German, and English*;

Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland (RdJD) (National Union of Jews in Germany) Reichsvertretung der deutschen Juden (RdJ) (National Representation of German Jews) Reichsvertretung der Juden in Deutschland (RJD) (National Representation of Jews in Germany) The RdJ was organized early in 1933. It became the RJD following a reorganization in April 1935, and the RdJD early in 1939. The Jewish communities (Berlin excepted) and the leading Jewish organizations in welfare, economic, education and emigration aid affiliated themselves with it. In Nov. 1936 they numbered twenty. The Zentral Auschuss became its leading arm in those fields, while the Jewish communities retained autonomy only in religious matters. The RJD closed briefly in Nov. 1938, but reopened soon after by order of the Gestapo. Early in 1939, it was reorganized by gov’t decree and became the RdJD. Sole responsibility was vested in it for Jewish emigration, education and welfare aid. Until Pearl Harbor, the JDC was the chief source of the funds that came to it from abroad. The RdJD was finally dissolved in June 1943 when but a few thousand Jews were left in Germany. Dr. Leo Baeck was president of the RdJ, the RJD and the RdJD, from first to last. Reports and Information Bulletins, duplicate copies.

Short Z.A. reports, in German with English translations or summaries: #1, 5/22/33. #2, 5/23/33. #3, 5/30/33. #4, July 1933. Z.A. Budget Proposals for 1934 first half, 12/14/33. Report on visit to the Z.A. by J.L. Cohen, 9/24/33. Also see: File 647, 4/1/33-12/31/33; File 648, 1/1/34-6/30/34. Correspondence: D.M. Bressler, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, M. Kreutzberger. Zentral Ausschuss der deutschen Juden fuer Hilfe und Aufbau (Z.A.) (Central Committee of the German Jews for Help and Reconstruction) The Z.A. was organized in April 1933 as an umbrella organization that coordinated the activities of established agencies in the fields of social welfare aid, economic assistance, emigration, education and professional and vocational training and retraining. It had many local branches and was strictly non-partisan. Dr. Leo Baeck served as Chairman. Ludwig Tietz was the first Executive Secretary, and following his untimely death he was succeeded by Max Kreutzberger (1934-1935), and Friedrich Borchardt (1935-1936). Between 1933-1937, the Z.A. received allocations from the JDC, the ICA, the Central British Fund, (CBF), and the Council for German Jewry (CGJ), in addition to funds raised locally in Germany. In those years, over one-half of the funds from abroad, $1,670,000, came from the JDC. The rest stemmed from the ICA, $686,000, the CBF, $468,000 and the CGJ, $376,000. In Nov. 1938, the Z.A. was closed along with every other Jewish organization. It never reopened, although selected affiliated organizations, e.g., the Hilfsverein der Juden in Deutschland, did reopen subsequently. They received a new affiliation, with the Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland.

On the aims and activities of the Z.A.: 9/30/34, 10/2/34, 10/19/34, 12/13/34, 3/20/35, 2/15/36, 3/26/37. English summaries of Z.A. Annual or Semi-Annual Reports: 1934, 2/25/35 CBF minutes; 1935: Fin. Report only 3/2/36; 1936: March 1937; 1937: 1/1/37-6/30/37, June 1937; for the full reports see below: Files 647-651. JDC allocations to the Z.A. for 1935: 1st half-$155,000 (6/13/35 draft memo), 2nd half-$180,000 (7/26/35). Correspondence: L. Baeck, F. Borchardt, M. Brodnitz, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, H. Katzki, M. Kreutzberger, E.M. Morrissey, M.C. Troper. Zentral Ausschuss der deutschen Juden fuer Hilfe und Aufbau (Z.A.) (Central Committee of the German Jews for Help and Reconstruction) The Z.A. was organized in April 1933 as an umbrella organization that coordinated the activities of established agencies in the fields of social welfare aid, economic assistance, emigration, education and professional and vocational training and retraining. It had many local branches and was strictly non-partisan. Dr. Leo Baeck served as Chairman. Ludwig Tietz was the first Executive Secretary, and following his untimely death he was succeeded by Max Kreutzberger (1934-1935), and Friedrich Borchardt (1935-1936). Between 1933-1937, the Z.A. received allocations from the JDC, the ICA, the Central British Fund, (CBF), and the Council for German Jewry (CGJ), in addition to funds raised locally in Germany. In those years, over one-half of the funds from abroad, $1,670,000, came from the JDC. The rest stemmed from the ICA, $686,000, the CBF, $468,000 and the CGJ, $376,000. In Nov. 1938, the Z.A. was closed along with every other Jewish organization. It never reopened, although selected affiliated organizations, e.g., the Hilfsverein der Juden in Deutschland, did reopen subsequently. They received a new affiliation, with the Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland.

Reports: 4/1/33-12/31/33, in German and English Zentral Ausschuss der deutschen Juden fuer Hilfe und Aufbau (Z.A.) (Central Committee of the German Jews for Help and Reconstruction) The Z.A. was organized in April 1933 as an umbrella organization that coordinated the activities of established agencies in the fields of social welfare aid, economic assistance, emigration, education and professional and vocational training and retraining. It had many local branches and was strictly non-partisan. Dr. Leo Baeck served as Chairman. Ludwig Tietz was the first Executive Secretary, and following his untimely death he was succeeded by Max Kreutzberger (1934-1935), and Friedrich Borchardt (1935-1936). Between 1933-1937, the Z.A. received allocations from the JDC, the ICA, the Central British Fund, (CBF), and the Council for German Jewry (CGJ), in addition to funds raised locally in Germany. In those years, over one-half of the funds from abroad, $1,670,000, came from the JDC. The rest stemmed from the ICA, $686,000, the CBF, $468,000 and the CGJ, $376,000. In Nov. 1938, the Z.A. was closed along with every other Jewish organization. It never reopened, although selected affiliated organizations, e.g., the Hilfsverein der Juden in Deutschland, did reopen subsequently. They received a new affiliation, with the Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland.

Semi-Annual: 1/1/34-6/30/34, in German* and English* Semi-Annual: 7/1/34-12/31/34, in German and English* Zentral Ausschuss der deutschen Juden fuer Hilfe und Aufbau (Z.A.) (Central Committee of the German Jews for Help and Reconstruction) The Z.A. was organized in April 1933 as an umbrella organization that coordinated the activities of established agencies in the fields of social welfare aid, economic assistance, emigration, education and professional and vocational training and retraining. It had many local branches and was strictly non-partisan. Dr. Leo Baeck served as Chairman. Ludwig Tietz was the first Executive Secretary, and following his untimely death he was succeeded by Max Kreutzberger (1934-1935), and Friedrich Borchardt (1935-1936). Between 1933-1937, the Z.A. received allocations from the JDC, the ICA, the Central British Fund, (CBF), and the Council for German Jewry (CGJ), in addition to funds raised locally in Germany. In those years, over one-half of the funds from abroad, $1,670,000, came from the JDC. The rest stemmed from the ICA, $686,000, the CBF, $468,000 and the CGJ, $376,000. In Nov. 1938, the Z.A. was closed along with every other Jewish organization. It never reopened, although selected affiliated organizations, e.g., the Hilfsverein der Juden in Deutschland, did reopen subsequently. They received a new affiliation, with the Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland.

Duplicate copies, German and English Zentral Ausschuss der deutschen Juden fuer Hilfe und Aufbau (Z.A.) (Central Committee of the German Jews for Help and Reconstruction) The Z.A. was organized in April 1933 as an umbrella organization that coordinated the activities of established agencies in the fields of social welfare aid, economic assistance, emigration, education and professional and vocational training and retraining. It had many local branches and was strictly non-partisan. Dr. Leo Baeck served as Chairman. Ludwig Tietz was the first Executive Secretary, and following his untimely death he was succeeded by Max Kreutzberger (1934-1935), and Friedrich Borchardt (1935-1936). Between 1933-1937, the Z.A. received allocations from the JDC, the ICA, the Central British Fund, (CBF), and the Council for German Jewry (CGJ), in addition to funds raised locally in Germany. In those years, over one-half of the funds from abroad, $1,670,000, came from the JDC. The rest stemmed from the ICA, $686,000, the CBF, $468,000 and the CGJ, $376,000. In Nov. 1938, the Z.A. was closed along with every other Jewish organization. It never reopened, although selected affiliated organizations, e.g., the Hilfsverein der Juden in Deutschland, did reopen subsequently. They received a new affiliation, with the Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland.

Annual: in German* and English* Supplement, in German, on the organization structure of the Z.A. Zentral Ausschuss der deutschen Juden fuer Hilfe und Aufbau (Z.A.) (Central Committee of the German Jews for Help and Reconstruction) The Z.A. was organized in April 1933 as an umbrella organization that coordinated the activities of established agencies in the fields of social welfare aid, economic assistance, emigration, education and professional and vocational training and retraining. It had many local branches and was strictly non-partisan. Dr. Leo Baeck served as Chairman. Ludwig Tietz was the first Executive Secretary, and following his untimely death he was succeeded by Max Kreutzberger (1934-1935), and Friedrich Borchardt (1935-1936). Between 1933-1937, the Z.A. received allocations from the JDC, the ICA, the Central British Fund, (CBF), and the Council for German Jewry (CGJ), in addition to funds raised locally in Germany. In those years, over one-half of the funds from abroad, $1,670,000, came from the JDC. The rest stemmed from the ICA, $686,000, the CBF, $468,000 and the CGJ, $376,000. In Nov. 1938, the Z.A. was closed along with every other Jewish organization. It never reopened, although selected affiliated organizations, e.g., the Hilfsverein der Juden in Deutschland, did reopen subsequently. They received a new affiliation, with the Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland.

Annual: in German and English Zentral Ausschuss der deutschen Juden fuer Hilfe und Aufbau (Z.A.) (Central Committee of the German Jews for Help and Reconstruction) The Z.A. was organized in April 1933 as an umbrella organization that coordinated the activities of established agencies in the fields of social welfare aid, economic assistance, emigration, education and professional and vocational training and retraining. It had many local branches and was strictly non-partisan. Dr. Leo Baeck served as Chairman. Ludwig Tietz was the first Executive Secretary, and following his untimely death he was succeeded by Max Kreutzberger (1934-1935), and Friedrich Borchardt (1935-1936). Between 1933-1937, the Z.A. received allocations from the JDC, the ICA, the Central British Fund, (CBF), and the Council for German Jewry (CGJ), in addition to funds raised locally in Germany. In those years, over one-half of the funds from abroad, $1,670,000, came from the JDC. The rest stemmed from the ICA, $686,000, the CBF, $468,000 and the CGJ, $376,000. In Nov. 1938, the Z.A. was closed along with every other Jewish organization. It never reopened, although selected affiliated organizations, e.g., the Hilfsverein der Juden in Deutschland, did reopen subsequently. They received a new affiliation, with the Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland.

Semi-Annual: 1/1/37 – 6/30/37, in English* Zentral Ausschuss der deutschen Juden fuer Hilfe und Aufbau (Z.A.) (Central Committee of the German Jews for Help and Reconstruction) The Z.A. was organized in April 1933 as an umbrella organization that coordinated the activities of established agencies in the fields of social welfare aid, economic assistance, emigration, education and professional and vocational training and retraining. It had many local branches and was strictly non-partisan. Dr. Leo Baeck served as Chairman. Ludwig Tietz was the first Executive Secretary, and following his untimely death he was succeeded by Max Kreutzberger (1934-1935), and Friedrich Borchardt (1935-1936). Between 1933-1937, the Z.A. received allocations from the JDC, the ICA, the Central British Fund, (CBF), and the Council for German Jewry (CGJ), in addition to funds raised locally in Germany. In those years, over one-half of the funds from abroad, $1,670,000, came from the JDC. The rest stemmed from the ICA, $686,000, the CBF, $468,000 and the CGJ, $376,000. In Nov. 1938, the Z.A. was closed along with every other Jewish organization. It never reopened, although selected affiliated organizations, e.g., the Hilfsverein der Juden in Deutschland, did reopen subsequently. They received a new affiliation, with the Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland.

Jewish child care in Germany, in the traditional sense, was provided by the Z.A. and subsequently by the Reichsvertretung. For materials, see: Z.A., File 647-650, Reichsvertretung, File 644. The materials in this file deal mainly with emigration problems of children and youth in moving to other countries. Reports and Memos: Emigration of Jewish Youth from Germany to Palestine by Dr. Leo Baeck, 4/1/35 attachment to 4/23/35. Jews in Germany and Austria by age, 12/2/38. Emigration of Jewish Children 4/1/33 – 7/31/39 attachment to 10/12/39. Correspondence: L. Baeck, I.S. Heller, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, M.J. Kohler, S. Lowenstein, E. Mittwoch.

Report on the treatment of repatriates in a concentration camp near Hamburg, 5/10/36. Report on Bergen-Belsen by Israel Taubes 1944, attached to 3/15/45. Note: An extensive correspondence on German concentration camps was conducted with JDC’s European Headquarters first at Paris and subsequently at Lisbon. The Paris and Lisbon Archives have not survived.

Brief Reports on Jewish Schools: 8/27/34, 2/25/36, 3/9/36 attachment. Jewish schools aided by the Reichsvertretung, 1/16/34 attachment to 2/23/34, 4/22/37. Jewish institutions of higher learning and their enrollments, 3/12/34. Notes on Jewish schools, 1940 (?). Also see below: Frankfurter Yeshiva (Rabbi Breuer): File 639. Lehranstalt fuer das Wissenschaft des Judentums: File 638. Samson Raphael Hirsch Schule, Frankfurt/Main: File 639. Verein der Israelitische Realschule, Fuerth: File 639. Zentral Ausschuss, Annual Reports 1933 – 1936: Files 647-650. Reichsvertretung, Annual Reports 1937 – 1939: File 644. Correspondence: C. Adler, P. Baerwald, F. Borchard, H.K. Buchman, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, M.A. Leavitt, E.M. Morrisse, J. Rosenheim, E.M. Warburg.

In 1935, the Nazi Gov’t prohibited Schechitah in Germany, but limited quantities, at high prices, could be imported under existing trade agreements until the end of that year. Early in 1936, the JDC and the Central British Fund for German Jewry allocated $7,500 each, as matching grants, for importing kosher meats to Germany for Jewish hospitals, homes for the aged and children’s homes which were orthodox. Subsequently, the JDC contributed $10,000 more via the Jewish Friends Food Fund, London, which was organized to conduct the activity. See Below: 8/31/37, 11/9/38. Correspondence: C. Adler, P. Baerwald, J. Hoffman, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, H. Katzki, E. Munk, J. Rosenheim, E. Silver.

On the status of emigration from Germany: 9/30/34, 12/12/34, 12/31/34, 11/19/35, 3/18/36, 4/2/36, 4/20/36, 5/25/36, 6/7/36, 9/30/36, 12/15/36, 2/26/37, 3/10/37, 10/28/37, 12/31/37(2). Informal discussions on emigration between J.C. Hyman and James McDonald, 11/13/33. Estimates of the number of non-Jewish emigrants from Germany, 4/30/37. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, D.M. Bressler, O.E. d’Avigdor Goldsmid, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, N. Katz, H. Katzki, C. Razovsky, M. Warburg.

On the status of emigration from Germany: 9/6/38, 12/2/38, 5/15/39, 6/21/39, 7/3/39, 10/14/39. Reports on German emigration: “The Emigration of German Jews Since 1933”, Kurt Zielenziger, 3/5/38; “A Survey of Overseas Countries into which Jews Have Immigrated During the Last Five Years”, JDC June 1938; “Statistics of Jewish Emigration from Greater Germany April 1933 – 7/1/39”, 8/1/39; Register of Names of German Emigrants 1933 – 1938, 8/9/39. Correspondence: W.L. Bein, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, H. Katzki, G.V. Tijn, M.C. Troper

On the status of emigration from Germany (other than via Siberia: 1/3/40, 1/11/40, 1/18/40, 1/30/40, 4/13/40, 5/10/40, 5/31/40, 6/6/40(2), 6/7/40. Emigration via Trans-Siberian Route: 5/2/40, 6/3/40, 6/4/40, 6/6/40(2), 6/7/40, 6/12/40(3), 6/20/40(2), 6/21/40 RJD, 6/25/40 Leavitt to Haber, 7/1/40, 7/5/40(2), 7/18/40 Leavitt to Greenleigh. Also see below: Sailings, Files 667-673. Correspondence: J.C. Hyman, E.M. Morrissey, J.J. Schwartz, S. Trone, M.C. Troper.

Emigration via Trans-Siberian Route: 8/2/40, 8/4/40, 8/5/40, 8/8/40, 8/9/40, 8/14/40 Rosen to Greenleigh and Mund to the RJD, 7/24/40 attachment to 8/15/40, 7/17/40 attachment to 8/16/40, 8/19/40, 8/30/40, 9/5/40, 9/11/40, 9/12/40, 9/21/40, 9/28/40, 9/30/40 Hyman to Lebau. Also see below: Sailings, Individual ships. Correspondence: E. Baerwald, J.C. Hyman, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel.

On the status of emigration from Germany (other than via Siberia): 10/25/40, 11/6/40 memo, 11/12/40, 11/23/40 memo. Emigration via Trans-Siberian Route: 10/9/40, 10/11/40 JDC to Vienna, 10/25/40 N.Y. to Yokohama, 11/6/40 memo, 11/6/40 cable Berlin to N.Y., 11/13/40 Rosen to Zien, 11/20/40 Rosen to Quito, 11/23/40 memo, 11/25/40 Steinfeld to JDC, 11/26/40 Rosen to Greenleigh, 12/12/40. Correspondence: J.C. Hyman, R. Pilpel, I. Rosen, R. Sundel.

On the status of emigration from Germany (other than via Siberia): 1/7/41, 2/18/41, 3/6/41 Leavitt to Strull, 3/6/41 Schwartz – Leavitt, 3/15/41, 3/24/41. Emigration via Trans-Siberian Route: 1/23/41 cable Berlin to N.Y., 1/24/41 cable Kobe to N.Y., 2/10/41 Pilpel to Weinstein, 2/18/41, 2/19/41 Yokohama to JDC, 3/6/41 Leavitt to Shanghai, 3/14/41, 3/24/41, 3/25/41 letter Osaka Line. Correspondence: M.A. Leavitt, E.M. Morrissey, R. Pilpel, I. Rosen, S. Tarashanski.

On the status of emigration from Germany (other than via Siberia): 4/4/41, 4/8/41, 4/25/41, 6/3/41 Berliner to Borchardt, 6/4/41, 6/12/41, 6/16/41, 6/18/41(3), 7/3/41 Pilpel to Frieder, 7/15/41. Emigration via Trans-Siberian Route: 4/25/41, 5/5/41, 5/15/41. Correspondence: C. Berliner, J.C. Hyman, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel, M.C. Troper.

On the status of emigration from Germany: 8/1/41, 8/8/41, 8/25/41, 11/3/41, 11/4/41, 11/5/41, 11/11/41 11/24/41, 12/1/41, 2/27/42, 5/24/43, 6/7/43. Table of Jewish Emigration 1933 – 1941, 11/19/42. Correspondence: C. Berliner, H. Katski, M.A. Leavitt, J.J. Schwartz, M. Siegel.

On numerous occasions, the baggage of refugees who were migrating overseas was delayed en route and reached the port of embarkation after the owners had sailed. Severe financial problems often followed in the attempt to reunite refugees and their baggage. Also see: Sailings, SS St. Louis, File 382. Correspondence: A.D. Greenleigh, A.J. Lindo, R. Pilpel, P. Schoenholz, S. Treguboff.

Reports and Memos: SS Imperial, 1/12/39. “Bound for Nowhere, Disorganized Panic Migration”, by Cecilia Razovsky, 3/9/39. SS Conte Grande, 3/15/39 Hirsch to Hyman, 4/14/39. Verbatim extract from JDC officers meeting, 3/15/39 attachment to 3/23/39. Panic Migration, 3/30/39 (List and itineraries of boats). SS St. Louis, 6/21/39(3), 6/23/39, July 1939 (JDC Bulletin); for additional materials, see: SS St. Louis, Files 378-386. Notes on Status of Jewish Refugees from Germany in Various European Countries, by H. Katzki, 7/5/39. Also see: Illegal Emigration, Files 679-681. Correspondence: A. Hirsch. J.C. Hyman, H. Katzki, R. Pilpel, C. Razovsky, J.N. Rosenberg.

The General file contains only lists of refugees who sailed to the Western hemisphere from Japanese ports on the ships named. The files on individual sailings that are cited below contain correspondence as well. In addition, the general file contains a few lists of overland travelers to Shanghai, via the Trans-Siberian R.R. President Lines (U.S.): President Cleveland, 9/9/40, 10/7/40, April 1941; City of Los Angeles, 9/22/40; President Pierce, 10/21/40. Japanese Lines: Tatuta Maru, 6/28/40; Kamakura Maru, 7/13/40, 9/15/40, June 1941; Argentina Maru, 7/15/40; Hikawa Maru, 7/22/40, 9/7/40, 6/5/41; Nitta Maru, 7/29/40, 10/17/40; Heian Maru, 8/14/40, 10/16/40, 4/2/41; Asama Maru, 8/16/40, 10/4/40; Yawata Maru, 8/31/40, 10/24/40, April 1941; Brazil Maru, 9/15/40; Yasukuni Maru, 10/28/40.

Sailings: 8/13/40, Yokohama – South America; 1/21/40, Yokohama – South America. Passenger lists: 8/13/40, 2/8-9-10/41, 6/24/41.

Sailings: 10/24/40, Yokohama – South America; April (?) 1941, Yokohama – South America. Passenger lists: 10/24/40, 5/13/41. On the 10/24/40 voyage, 16 refugees were denied landing permits in Panama on the ground that their transit visas for that country, en route to their destinations, were invalid. When the ship sailed from Panama on the way to South American ports, it carried the refugees with them. Shipment back to Japan and internment there faced them unless the JDC could find a sanctuary country. The JDC, acting through local refugee committees in various countries, launched wide-ranging efforts to find at least a temporary haven, by guaranteeing refugee maintenance costs ashore. Several countries had already denied landing permission when Ecuador granted a temporary landing permit at Salinas. From there, the refugees were able to make their way individually to the countries of their destination. Correspondence: S. Lubrainschik, A. Mayerson, R. Pilpel, L. Zelwer.

Sailings: 10/1/40, Yokohama – South America; 2/13/41, Yokohama – South America; 6/29/41, Yokohama – South America. Passenger lists: 10/1/40, 3/4/41, 7/18/41. On the voyage of 10/1/40, all but 2 of the 105 refugees aboard reached the countries of their destination. Those two carried Chilean visas which the Chilean Gov’t disavowed. JDC attempts to find them a temporary haven all failed, and their return to Japan and internment became inevitable. Help arrived at the 12th hour, when the ship touched at Los Angeles, on the return trip to Yokohama. Arrangements were completed there to permit the refugees to land in the Philippines. Correspondence: A. Fishzohn, M. Glikovsky, S. Lubrainschik, R. Pilpel, O. Rocca S., S. Treguboff, L. Zelwer.

Sailings: 9/26/40, Yokohama to South America; Nov. 1940, Kobe to South America. Passenger lists: 9/26/40, 12/10/40 attachment. On the Nov. 1940 voyage, 32 refugees were denied landing permits in Panama, and had to continue with this ship to South America. In the next few weeks, the JDC and its local refugees found sanctuary for 14 refugees, but the other 18 lacked prospects. After wide-ranging efforts, temporary landing permits in Ecuador were finally obtained, when the JDC agreed to cover all maintenance costs ashore. From Ecuador, the refugees were able subsequently to make their way individually to the countries of their destination. Correspondence: S. Lubrainschik, R. Pilpel, O. Rocca S., L. Zelwer.

Sailing: 11/21/40, Kobe – South America. There were 120 refugees aboard, but when the vessel reached Panama the Panamanian Gov’t disavowed the transit visas held by 14 passengers, on the ground that their visas were based on Haitian visas which that gov’t had previously revoked. When the M.M. neared Montevideo, the Uruguan Gov’t granted permission for a temporary landing, but revoked it at the last moment. Finally, the Argentine Gov’t permitted the 14 refugees to land. They were interned at Buenos Aires for over 10 months and then proceeded to Montevideo, when the Uruguyan Gov’t reversed course a second time and granted them temporary visas. Correspondence: M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel, P. Zander.

Sailings: 8/4/40, Yokohama – South America; Jan. 1941, Yokohama – South America; 2/8/41, Kobe – South America; June 1940, Yokohama, South America. Passenger lists: 8/4/40, 1/28/41, 2/8/41, 6/23/41. On the 8/4/40 sailing, 8 refugees were denied admission to Chile although they bore valid Chilean visas. They were headed back to Japan and internment when the Ecuador Gov’t granted landing permission. At the last moment, that gov’t revoked it, but ultimately, the refugees landed informally in Mexico, with the aid of the JDC. Correspondence: F.W. Borchardt, M.A. Leavitt, S. Lubrainschik, P. Lisker, R. Pilpel, O. Rocca S., L. Zelwer.

Reports: Activities in Favour of German Refugees March 1933 – 3/31/34, undated; March 1933 – Oct. 1934, undated. Statistical tables of Emigration: 1/1/34 – 12/31/34, 5/15/33 – 9/30/35, 1/1/33 – 8/31/36, 1/1/36 – 9/30/36, 1/1/37 – 10/31/37, 1933 – 1937, April 1933 – 7/1/39, 8/1/39. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, N. Bentwich, J. Bernstein, O.E. d’Avigdor Goldsmid, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, O. Schiff, M. Stephany. The HICEM was established by the HIAS and the ICA to aid in preparing refugees for emigration and in helping them to settle in other lands. It was an operating agency with no funds of its own. Its seat was in Paris. Between 1933 – 1940, the ICA, the HIAS, the British Council for German Jewry, and the JDC covered all the transportation costs and landing fees expended by the HICEM on behalf of German refugees from Europe, while the HIAS and the ICA covered the costs of administration. During W.W. II, the JDC shouldered the transportation costs in overwhelming degree, while the HIAS contributed to those costs and shouldered the administration costs in full. When W.W. II broke out, HICEM, as a French agency, was unable to transmit funds out of that country and, as a temporary measure, the Amsterdam Committee for Jewish Refugees took over its activities for Germany. Early in 1940, HICEM resumed its services out of Brussels and conducted activities until the Nazi invasion of Belgium in May. For additional materials on the HICEM, see below: EUREXCO Reports, Files 188-191. HIAS, Files 244-248. ICA, File 260. Emigration, Introduction, File 363. England, Anglo-HICEM, File 586.

Reports: HICEM activities, 1/3/40, 2/14/40. HICEM budgetary forecast for 1940, 1/5/40. Tables of emigration: 1939, 6/6/40, Tables of emigration: 1939, 6/6/40, 1/1/40 – 3/31/40, 4/15/40. HICEM overseas committees, attachment to 2/18/40. Correspondence: J. Bernstein, M.C. Goldsmith, S. Hochschild, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, R. Pilpel, I. Rosen, J.J. Schwartz, G.v. Tijn, M.C. Troper. The HICEM was established by the HIAS and the ICA to aid in preparing refugees for emigration and in helping them to settle in other lands. It was an operating agency with no funds of its own. Its seat was in Paris. Between 1933 – 1940, the ICA, the HIAS, the British Council for German Jewry, and the JDC covered all the transportation costs and landing fees expended by the HICEM on behalf of German refugees from Europe, while the HIAS and the ICA covered the costs of administration. During W.W. II, the JDC shouldered the transportation costs in overwhelming degree, while the HIAS contributed to those costs and shouldered the administration costs in full. When W.W. II broke out, HICEM, as a French agency, was unable to transmit funds out of that country and, as a temporary measure, the Amsterdam Committee for Jewish Refugees took over its activities for Germany. Early in 1940, HICEM resumed its services out of Brussels and conducted activities until the Nazi invasion of Belgium in May. For additional materials on the HICEM, see below: EUREXCO Reports, Files 188-191. HIAS, Files 244-248. ICA, File 260. Emigration, Introduction, File 363. England, Anglo-HICEM, File 586.

Reports: Extract from the HICEM budget estimate for 1/1/42 – 6/30/42, 11/10/41. Activities of HICEM Marseille 9/1/41 – 12/31/41, 3/26/42. HICEM activities in Europe 1/1/42 – 3/26/42. Analysis of HICEM Steamship Sailings as of 4/30/42, 7/22/42. Correspondence: J.C. Hyman, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel, J.J. Schwartz. The HICEM was established by the HIAS and the ICA to aid in preparing refugees for emigration and in helping them to settle in other lands. It was an operating agency with no funds of its own. Its seat was in Paris. Between 1933 – 1940, the ICA, the HIAS, the British Council for German Jewry, and the JDC covered all the transportation costs and landing fees expended by the HICEM on behalf of German refugees from Europe, while the HIAS and the ICA covered the costs of administration. During W.W. II, the JDC shouldered the transportation costs in overwhelming degree, while the HIAS contributed to those costs and shouldered the administration costs in full. When W.W. II broke out, HICEM, as a French agency, was unable to transmit funds out of that country and, as a temporary measure, the Amsterdam Committee for Jewish Refugees took over its activities for Germany. Early in 1940, HICEM resumed its services out of Brussels and conducted activities until the Nazi invasion of Belgium in May. For additional materials on the HICEM, see below: EUREXCO Reports, Files 188-191. HIAS, Files 244-248. ICA, File 260. Emigration, Introduction, File 363. England, Anglo-HICEM, File 586.

General Status: 8/9/33, 10/13/34(2), 10/16/34, 10/27/34, 10/29/34, 11/3/34(2), 11/7/34, 1/18/35 – 3/4/35 Rosenberg to Baerwald, 3/8/35 – 3/15/35 Adler to Hyman, 3/19/35, 3/21/35, 5/11/35 – 12/6/35, 3/17/36, 3/20/36 – 4/6/36, 5/21/36, 6/26/36 Statistics: Jan. 1933 – June 1934, 7/15/34; 1925 – 1934 (Oct.), 11/22/34; Comparative figures for 1933 and 1934, 12/31/34; 1933 – 1934, 3/15/35; Jan. 1933 – Sept. 1935, 1/13/36; 1/1/33 – 12/31/35, Feb. 1935 and 3/27/36 attachment to 4/10/36; 5/19/36; 1/1/33 – 6/30/36, August 1936. Reports: Summary of “Report on Jewish Immigration from Germany to Palestine in 1933 and 1934”, W. Senator, 4/4/35. “The Emigration of German-Jewish Children and Youth to Palestine”, Leo Baeck, 4/1/35 attachment to 4/23/35. Report #3, “Youth Emigration from Germany to Palestine”, March 1935. “The Immigration of German Jews into Palestine”, 3/11/36 attachment to 3/16/36. Also see: Z.A., Files 647-650. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, S. Brodetsky, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, M. Kreutzberger, G. Landauer, J.B. Lightman, E.M. Morrissey, M. Rosenblueth, Herbert Samuel, F. Warburg, W. Senator.

General Status: 12/2/38, 6/15/39, 6/23/39, 9/27/39, 10/9/39, 11/4/39, 1/30/40, 1/15/41. Statistics: 1/1/37 – 11/30/37, 1/7/38. 1933 – 1937, Feb. 1938, 4/12/38. 1933 – 1939, 11/29/39, 3/30/40(2). 1933 – 1940, 1/16/41, Feb. 1941. Reports: Five Years Jewish Emigration from Germany and the Haavara Transfer 1933 – 1938, W. Feilchenfeld. The German Aliyah 1939, in German and Hebrew; English summary, 8/8/39. Palestine and Jewish Emigration from Germany, 1939. Also see: Reichsvertretung, File 644. Correspondence: O.E. d’Avigdor Goldsmid, J.C. Hyman, H. Katzki, B. Kahn, M.A. Leavitt, M.C. Troper, C. Weizmann, S.S. Wise.

Reports and memos on illegal immigration: 6/15/39, 7/24/39, 8/22/39, 10/9/39(2), 1/25/40, 1/30/40(2), 2/8/40, 2/14/40, 2/19/40(2), 2/26/40, 2/27/40 attachment, 5/7/40, 8/30/40. JDC aid for refugees on stranded or shipwrecked vessels: $10,000 for refugees stranded on the Isle of Rhodes, 8/22/39. $10,000 for ships stranded in Rumania, 1/5/40. $55,000 for Kladovo refugees, 5/7/40. For additional materials, see: SS Rim: Italy, File 721; Kladovo: SM Archives, File 31. Correspondence: E. Ben-Horin, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, I. Millstein, J.J. Schwartz, S. Spitzer, B. Storfer, M.C. Troper, M. Ussoskin. Illegal immigration to Palestine, in groups and through private initiative, began in 1936 on the momentum of the Arab attacks on Jewish settlements. It accelerated after the Anschluss and the breakup of Czechoslovakia. During W.W. II it had its up and downs as the fortunes of war shifted. In great part, particularly in the war years, the vessels employed were ancient and decrepit tubs that were lamentably unseaworthy. Gross overcrowding was frequent, and sanctuary and cooking facilities were conspicuous for their scarcity. As a point of policy, the JDC granted no funds for illegal immigration and refused to participate in the planning, 8/11/39, 9/11/39, 10/9/39, 1/23/40 Hyman to Troper, 1/23/40 Hyman to Montor. However, when disaster struck vessels en route to Palestine which were engaged in the traffic, the JDC did provide sizeable allocations for relief aid, in many instances. The major episodes described in these files pertain to: the SS Rim and the Isle of Rhodes 1939 and following, the Kladovo affair 1939 – 1941, the SS Milo, the SS Atlantic and the SS Pacific 1940, the SS Pencho 1940, the SS Salvador 1940, and the internees on the Island of Mauritius 1941 – 1945. The latter group were on the SS Atlantic. The ship was intercepted by the British authorities when it sought to land in Palestine in Nov. 1941. The refugees were interned on the Island of Mauritius and remained there for the duration of the war in harsh circumstances. For materials on the SS Struma 1941, see: File 389. For the SS Rim and the SS Pencho, see: Italy, File 721; for the Kladovo affair; also see: SM Archives, File 31.

Reports and memos on illegal immigration: 10/16/40, 10/25/40 and attachment 9/24/40, 10/27/40 attachment to 10/31/40, 11/6/40 and attachments, 11/23/40 – 11/26/40, 12/3/40, 12/4/40(2) Morrissey to Troper, 12/14/40 – 12/16/40, 1/16/41(2), 1/17/41, 1/20/41, 2/6/41 – 2/13/41, 2/18/41 – 2/20/41, 3/25/41, 4/7/41, 4/17/41, 5/13/41. Correspondence: E. Ben-Horin, J. Blum, N. Goldmann, S.B. Jacobson, B. Kahn, M.A. Leavitt, J.J. Schwartz, M.C. Troper. Illegal immigration to Palestine, in groups and through private initiative, began in 1936 on the momentum of the Arab attacks on Jewish settlements. It accelerated after the Anschluss and the breakup of Czechoslovakia. During W.W. II it had its up and downs as the fortunes of war shifted. In great part, particularly in the war years, the vessels employed were ancient and decrepit tubs that were lamentably unseaworthy. Gross overcrowding was frequent, and sanctuary and cooking facilities were conspicuous for their scarcity. As a point of policy, the JDC granted no funds for illegal immigration and refused to participate in the planning, 8/11/39, 9/11/39, 10/9/39, 1/23/40 Hyman to Troper, 1/23/40 Hyman to Montor. However, when disaster struck vessels en route to Palestine which were engaged in the traffic, the JDC did provide sizeable allocations for relief aid, in many instances. The major episodes described in these files pertain to: the SS Rim and the Isle of Rhodes 1939 and following, the Kladovo affair 1939 – 1941, the SS Milo, the SS Atlantic and the SS Pacific 1940, the SS Pencho 1940, the SS Salvador 1940, and the internees on the Island of Mauritius 1941 – 1945. The latter group were on the SS Atlantic. The ship was intercepted by the British authorities when it sought to land in Palestine in Nov. 1941. The refugees were interned on the Island of Mauritius and remained there for the duration of the war in harsh circumstances. For materials on the SS Struma 1941, see: File 389. For the SS Rim and the SS Pencho, see: Italy, File 721; for the Kladovo affair; also see: SM Archives, File 31.

Correspondence and memo on illegal immigrants interned on Island of Mauritius: 7/10/41, 9/18/41 and attachments, 10/15/41 and attachments, Interim Report 12/26/40 – 9/30/41, 4/16/42, 6/11/43, 2/5/44, 2/28/44, 3/14/44, 3/17/44, 4/3/44 – 4/19/44, 5/11/44 and attachments, 5/30/44 – 8/22/44, 9/6/44 – 9/15/44, Interim Report 10/1/43 – 9/30/44, 10/12/44, 10/17/44 – 11/27/44. Reports and memos on other illegal immigrants: 8/1/41, 9/10/41, 12/18/42. Correspondence: H.K. Buchman, M.A. Leavitt, J. Meyer, J.J. Schwartz, M. Stephany. Illegal immigration to Palestine, in groups and through private initiative, began in 1936 on the momentum of the Arab attacks on Jewish settlements. It accelerated after the Anschluss and the breakup of Czechoslovakia. During W.W. II it had its up and downs as the fortunes of war shifted. In great part, particularly in the war years, the vessels employed were ancient and decrepit tubs that were lamentably unseaworthy. Gross overcrowding was frequent, and sanctuary and cooking facilities were conspicuous for their scarcity. As a point of policy, the JDC granted no funds for illegal immigration and refused to participate in the planning, 8/11/39, 9/11/39, 10/9/39, 1/23/40 Hyman to Troper, 1/23/40 Hyman to Montor. However, when disaster struck vessels en route to Palestine which were engaged in the traffic, the JDC did provide sizeable allocations for relief aid, in many instances. The major episodes described in these files pertain to: the SS Rim and the Isle of Rhodes 1939 and following, the Kladovo affair 1939 – 1941, the SS Milo, the SS Atlantic and the SS Pacific 1940, the SS Pencho 1940, the SS Salvador 1940, and the internees on the Island of Mauritius 1941 – 1945. The latter group were on the SS Atlantic. The ship was intercepted by the British authorities when it sought to land in Palestine in Nov. 1941. The refugees were interned on the Island of Mauritius and remained there for the duration of the war in harsh circumstances. For materials on the SS Struma 1941, see: File 389. For the SS Rim and the SS Pencho, see: Italy, File 721; for the Kladovo affair; also see: SM Archives, File 31.

General status: 3/16/36, 3/19/36, 2/27/37, 4/20/38 – 5/5/38, 6/17/38, 6/20/38, 9/16/38, 1/4/39, 1/17/39, 10/2/39, 1/9/40. Reports: Work of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft fuer Kinder und Jugend Aliyah, Dr. Leo Baeck, undated attachment to 4/23/35. Excerpt from report by B. Kahn on the Jews in Germany, 11/6/35. Publications: Youth Emigration from Germany to Palestine, Report #3, March 1935. Zur eroeffnung der Ludwig Tietz Lehrwerkstaette in Jager, 1937 (July). For other materials 1939 – 1944, see: Palestine, File 770. 1941 – 1945, SM Archives, Files 24-25. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, Leo Baeck, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, J.B. Wise.

Between 1933 – 1941, the JDC granted annual allocations to the Reichsvertretung der deutschen Juden and its successor organizations and to the HICEM to aid in the emigration of German Jews from Europe; see above: Z.A., Files 645-651, RJD and RdJD, Files 642-644 and HICEM, Files 674-676. To aid German refugees in the U.S., between 1934 – 1944, the JDC made annual allocations to the NCC, Files 275-293, and to the NRS, Files 300-314. 1933 – 1944: Minutes of Committee on German-Jewish Immigration Policy, 1/26/34, 2/1/34, 3/20/34, 4/4/34, 1/7/36. Tables of annual immigration to the U.S. of German-born Jews 7/1/31 – 6/30/40, attachment (Page 5) to 7/15/41. Tables of annual immigration to the U.S. of Jews (without a country breakdown) 7/1/38-6/30/42, attachment (Page 5) to 12/11/42; 7/1/42 – 6/30/43, 8/24/43. Correspondence: J.C. Hyman, M.J. Kohler, M.A. Leavitt, W. Rosenwald, H. Schocken.

Hachscharah was the training or retraining of perspective young emigrants for settlement in Palestine, in the main. The Zentralausschuss conducted such training programs within Germany (Inlands-Hachscharah) and in other countries (Auslands-Hachscharah). In the wake of the Kristalnacht outbreaks, the management of the program was transferred to London and entrusted to S. Adler-Rudel, at the request of the Reichsvereinigung, see: 4/29/41. Also see: Files 630, 644, 647-50. For materials on Hachscharah programs in individual countries see reports cited above as well as in individual country files. Reports: Hachscharah Outside of Germany, 2/14/36 Training and Retraining Within and Outside of Germany, July 1936. The Year 1939, attachment to 6/27/40 Adler-Rudel to Kahn. Hachscharah Training, 1/16/42. Publications: The Plight of German Jewry and the Great Urge for Readjustment, May 1936. Hilfe und Aufbau, October 1933. Ein Jahr Hilfe und Aufbau, September 1934. 5 Jahre Hilfe u. Aufbau, Nov. 1937. Correspondence: S. Adler-Rudel, B. Kahn, E.M. Morrissey, D.J. Schweitzer, B. Slor, M. Stephany, M.C. Troper.

The status of the medical practice in Germany of Jewish doctors and dentists, 1936 – 1939.

Loan Kassas: Correspondence, reports, memos, addenda. The Central Office of the Jewish Loan Kassas in Germany (Zentralstelle fuer juedische Darlehnskassen) was established on 1/12/33 and it granted loans to individuals for constructive purposes. Local offices ranged from 40-65 in number and the funds stemmed from the JDC Recon. Corp., on a matching basis. The loan kassas went into liquidation at the end of 1938, by gov’t fiat, see below: 11/25/38 – 6/8/39. Also see below: Z.A. Annual Reports, Files 647-650 and Reichsvertretung, Annual Reports, File 644. Reports: Economic Structure of the Clientele of the Loan Kassas, Sept.-Oct. 1934 (German). Two Year Activity of Jewish Loan Kassas in Germany 1933 – 1934 (German) and a brief summary in English 2/27/35. Perspective of the General Development of Jewish Loan Kassas in Germany in 1936, Oct. 1936 (German). Reorganization Plan for the Jewish Loan Kassas in Germany, March 1937 (German). Annual Report for 1937 by the Central Office, undated (German). Correspondence: L. Batzner, B. Kahn, M. Kreutzberger, L. Oungre.

The data below pertains to German refugees in a number of countries. For German refugees in any single country see the appropriate country listings. For status of Polish refugees from Germany at Zbanczyn, see: Poland, Files 878-879. Status of German refugees: 10/25/33, 11/28/33, 12/1/33, 2/7/34, April (?) 1934 (undated), 5/9/34, 7/27/34, 8/22/34, 10/16/34, 5/11/35, 6/15/35, 12/31/35, Feb. (?) 1936 (undated), 5/11/36, 6/3/36, 1/24/37, 1/28/37(2), 3/3/37, 3/14/37, 4/30/37, 1/13/38. Reports: Jewish Refugees from Germany, Report on the Activities of the AJDC, 11/21/35. Survey of Overseas Countries into which Jews from Germany have Immigrated during the Last Five Years, June 1938. Also see above: File 628 and a report by B. Kahn, 11/14/34 attachment to 11/21/34. Publications: The Wandering Jew Whither Goes He, B. Kahn, 1/5/35. Aid to Refugees from Germany, JDC Annual Report 1935, Oct. 1936. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, N. Bentwich, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, M. Kreutzberger, A.A. Landesco, E.M. Morrissey, M. Warburg.

The data below pertains to German refugees in a number of countries. For German refugees in any single country see the appropriate country listings. For status of Polish refugees from Germany at Zbanczyn, see: Poland, Files 878-879. Status of German refugees: 3/31/39, 5/17/39, 6/8/39, 7/5/39, 9/21/39, 3/1/40. Statistical data: 4/25/39, 5/31/39 attachment to 6/12/39, 10/11/39, 10/30/39, 12/31/39, 4/1/40, 4/13/40, 5/7/42. Correspondence: N. Bentwich, J.C. Hyman, H. Katzki, J.J. Schwartz, G.V. Tijn, M.C. Troper.

Inspection trip to Haiti by Manuel Segal: 5/20/41-5/27/41(2), 6/5/41-6/11/41 Siegel – Pilpel, 6/14/41-6/24/41, 6/29/41(2), 6/30/41, 7/3/41. Other materials on the status of refugees in Haiti: 5/2/41, 6/4/41, 7/23/41, 8/9/41, 8/16/41, 12/6/41, 1/8/42, 2/25/42, 3/24/42, 4/24/42, 6/19/42, 7/27/42. Report on the JRC by M. Siegel, 6/10/41, 6/15/41. Fin. and Statistical Reports: Monthly, May 1941-Nov. 1942. Loeb and Troper Field Audits: 1939-1941, 1942. Correspondence: J. Goldstein, M.A. Leavitt, H. Lewinnek, R. Pilpel, M. Siegel.

On the status of refugees in Haiti: 1/26/43, 2/23/43, 4/14/43, 4/22/43, 6/7/43, 4/15/44, 11/21/44. Fin. and Statistical Reports: Monthly, Jan. 1943-Dec. 1944 (April, June 1943 missing). Correspondence: H.D. Biele, J. Goldstein, C.H. Jordan, H. Lewinnek, J.A. Lowenstein, R. Pilpel, C. Pincherle, N. Reich, L.H. Sobel.

Report on Jews in the Economic Life of Holland and in the Liberal Professions according to the census of 12/31/30, Nov. 1940. Status report on Jewish Life in Holland by G. van Tijn, 5/6/41. Statistical Survey for 1939-1940 prepared by the Comite, 4/15/41. correspondence on the transfer of funds, 10/31/40-7/7/41. Statement by the Dutch Prime Minister on the Nazi Persecution of the Dutch Jews, 9/15/42. Some 285 Dutch and German refugees released from concentration camps in exchange for German nationals were interned in the Middle East, 9/17/43, 11/13/43, 3/28/44, 7/11/44, 7/13/44, 7/27/44; also see: File 697. Report, Contribution towards the History of the Jews in Holland 5/10/40 – June 1944 by G. van Tijn, 11/23/44, pp. 116-117. Statements on the Persecution of Dutch Jewry by G. van Tijn, 8/12/44 attachment to 10/7/44, 8/31/44. Statement by David Cohen of his activities in Holland during and after W.W. II, 12/27/53 attachment to 12/30/53. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, H. van Boeyen, D. Cohen, J.C. Hyman, H. Katzki, M.A. Leavitt, J.J. Schwartz, G. van Tijn, M.C. Troper, A. Wiener.

1. Report on the Conditions of Jewish Social Work in Holland, June 1936. 2. Die Stellung der Juden in hollandischen Wirtschaftsleben und in der freien Berufen, by Eric Rosenberg (undated) Nov. 1940. 3. Contribution towards The History of the Jews in Holland 5/10/40-June 1944, by G. van Tijn, 11/23/44.

Memoirs, August 1959, pp. 1-193 Supplementary Data to the Memoirs, undated Personal Chronical in Abbreviated Form, 5/5/68

1938 (Jan.-Dec.) 1939 (Mar.-Dec.) 1940 (Jan.-Feb.)

1. International Jewish Colonization Society, The Hague, 1938-1939, Correspondence: J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, M.J. Karpf, M. Waldman. 2. Jewish Central Information Office, 1934, The Information Office, headed by Dr. Alfred Wiener, was transferred to London in 1939 where it became the nucleus of the Wiener Library. For materials on the Wiener Library, see: 9/20/34, 12/31/34.

The Dutch Jews, as Dutch citizens, were legally eligible to emigrate to any Dutch possession. Those possessions were all in the tropics. German refugees seeking admission to those territories were subject to the restrictions imposed on all foreigners, and after the war broke out, they were treated as enemy aliens. The materials in the folder below pertain to Dutch Jews in overwhelming degree, and treat of three areas of emigration: Dutch East Indies, Jamaica (as a way station to Surinam) and Surinam (Dutch Guiana). The JDC contributed $80,800 for the maintenance in Surinam of Dutch Jews, and some $60,000 for German and Polish refugees. a. Dutch East Indies, 1940-1941: The JDC contributed $10,000, to enable some 90 Dutch refugees to settle in the Dutch East Indies and to the transportation costs of 34 others, 11/29/40, 2/21/41(3), 3/21/41, 8/18/41. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, H.F. Linder, J.J. Schwartz, A. Wiener. b. Jamaica, 1942-1943: Lists of refugee arrivals in Jamaica, 12/6/42, 3/1/43. Status of refugees in Jamaica: 2/12/43, 2/26/43, 1/3/44 and attachments, 2/22/44. Correspondence: C.H. Jordan, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel, B.H. Sajet, D.L. Speiser. c. Surinam, 1940-1949; 1956-1957: Emigration to Surinam: 4/28/42, 5/6/42, 5/21/42, 8/19/42, 9/16/42(2), 10/29/42, 11/25/42, 12/24/42, 12/30/42, 1/25/43, 1/26/43(3), 2/6/43, 2/10/43-2/25/43(2), 3/5/43-3/10/43, 3/26/43, 4/6/43, 4/21/43, 6/10/43, 9/7/43-11/24/43, 12/28/43, 3/24/44, 12/15/44, 1/3/57, 2/6/57. Visit to Surinam 12/26/43-12/28/43 by L.H. Sobel, 12/28/43. Correspondence: S. Dijier, Baron van Harinxma thoe Slooten, J.C. Hyman, F. Kohn, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel, J.W. Prins, B.H. Sajet, J.J. Schwartz, L.H. Sobel, H. Trobe.

Fin. and Statistical Reports, Monthly: July 1942-Nov. 1944 (missing: April 1943). Correspondence: H. Goldmann, R. Pilpel, S.S. Schacher.

JDC allocations for refugee aid: 2/17/41, 7/23/41. Reports on the Situation of the Jews: 6/13/44 by Josef Blum, 9/29/44 by Raoul Wallenberg, 10/18/44 on Jewish children, Nov. 1944 attachment to 12/15/44 digest of various IRC reports. Correspondence: J. Blum, A. Eppler, J.W. Pehle, J.J. Schwartz, R. Wallenberg.

a. Emigration, General, 1939-1944: Emigration of Hungarian refugees Jan. 1939-Feb. 1942, by months, undated. Aliyah of 270 refugee children from Hungary and Rumania, 9/2/42 – 10/27/42. Correspondence: H.K. Buchman, J.C. Hyman, J.J. Schwartz, J.J. Smertenko, M.C. Troper. b. Loan Funds, 1933 – 1944: The JDC Foundation granted funds over the years in aid of the Hungarian loan kassas. Reports and Memos: 6/12/39, 1/26/40(2), 10/11/40. Correspondence: B. Kahn, M. Ussoskin.

Harry Viteles report of his Visit to Teheran 11/11/42 – 12/2/42, plus three duplicate copies.

Reports on the Situation of Jews in Italy. P.M. Malin: 2/24/44; M.S. Perlman: 8/18/44; A. Greenleigh: 8/20/44, 9/1/44, 9/22/44 Greenleigh to JDC, 9/25/44, 10/21/44, 11/9/44, 11/11/44; S. Sorani: 7/11/44 attachment to 1/25/62 as Supplement to Hist. of Delasem after 9/8/43 – for that report, see, SM Archives, File 47. Other data on Jews in Italy: 6/7/43, 4/18/44, 6/1/44, 9/1/44(3), 12/13/44. Also see: SM Archives, Files 47-48. Correspondence: H.D. Biele, Albert Einstein, A.D. Greenleigh, J.C. Hyman, M.A. Leavitt, P.M. Malin, Robert D. Murphy, M.S. Perlman, R.B. Resnik, J.J. Schwartz, L.H. Sobel, S. Sorani, H.H. Tittman, A. Treves.

Delasem, Fin. Statements 1941 – 1944 (July): 9/5/44, 9/25/44. Communities, Fin. and Statistical Reports, 1944. Ancona: Oct. 1944 – Jan. 1945. Bari: July, 8/18/44 attachment to 9/15/44, Aug., Sept., attachment to 11/27/44, Oct. attachment to 3/9/45, Nov., 12/13/44 attachment to 3/6/45, Dec. Naples: Sept., Oct. attachment to 12/18/44, Nov. Perugia: Aug., Sept., Oct. Rome: Aug., Sept., Oct.

Situation of refugees in Italy: 6/12/40, 7/4/40 attachment to 7/22/40 Schwartz to N.Y., 3/31/41 and attachments, 8/21/40, 4/9/42. Reports on Refugees: A.R. Alter, 3/26/40 attachment to 4/9/40; L.V. Valobra, attachment to 9/27/40; report summary on Jewish refugees from Poland in Italy, 4/17/40. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, H. Katski, B. Long, J.J. Schwartz, G. Treves, L.V. Valobra.

Situation of refugees in Italy: 6/7/43, 9/11/43, 2/18/44, 5/5/44, 6/1/44, 6/12/44, 6/29/44, 7/18/44, 7/25/44, 8/1/44, 8/18/44, 9/12/44, 12/13/44. Lists of concentration camps in liberated and Nazi occupied Italy, 2/28/45. Ferramonte Camp: 10/31/43 attachment to 11/18/43, 11/30/43 attachment to 3/10/44, 12/18/43, 12/28/43, 1/30/44 attachment to 2/8/44, 2/14/44, 4/20/44, 8/18/44, 10/12/44, 10/20/44 attachment to 10/30/44, 12/13/44. Correspondence: G. Cantoni, A.D. Greenleigh, C.E. Heathcote-Smith, J.C. Hyman, M.A. Leavitt, P.M. Malin, M.S. Perlman, J.J. Schwartz.

The materials below pertain to 3 groups of Jews; Inhabitants of the Isle of Rhodes. Rhodes belonged to Turkey until 1923, when it passed under Italian rule. Many natives were Turkish nationals and the Italian Gov’t decreed their expulsion as foreign Jews when it enacted its racial legislation in 1938. See above: File 718, 11/20/38 – 6/14/39. SS Rim. The SS Rim, a small unseaworthy vessel carrying some 770 German refugees, was en route to Palestine on an illegal voyage when it burnt and sank in the harbor of Rhodes. The survivors were interned for weeks in a detention camp on Rhodes, where they received JDC aid, and were then re-embarked on another vessel bound for Palestine. See above: 7/11/39 attachment to 7/21/39 memo, 8/8/39(3), 8/22/39(2). SS Pencho. On 5/16/40, the SS Pencho, a 79 ton coastal tug-boat, sailed from Bratislava, bearing 508 refugees, on an illegal voyage to Palestine. Four months later, the SS Pencho passed thru the Black Sea and into the Aegean Sea. Food, water and fuel were all but exhausted, and the vessel was shipwrecked in a heavy gale, on a rocky uninhabited island. After a week, an Italian naval vessel spotted them and brought them to Rhodes where they were interned. In the spring of 1942, the Italian authorities transferred them to the mainland and interned them at the camp of Ferramonte/Tarsia, where they remained until they were liberated by Allied troops in late 1943. See below: 10/28/40, 10/29/40 Leavitt to Ben Horin, 11/26/40, 12/3/40, 1/22/41, 1/27/41 attachment to 3/17/41, 3/15/41, 4/8/41, 5/6/41, 5/22/41, 6/2/41 attachment to 6/23/41, 7/1/41, 8/8/41, 10/15/41, 10/29/41, 6/12/42, 4/28/44. Correspondence: J.C. Hyman, H. Katzki, L. Lasker, M.A. Leavitt, D. de Sola Pool.

On the situation of the refugees: 4/4/41 memo, 4/7/41 Leavitt to E. Baerwald, 4/9/41 Buchman to Hayes, 4/24/41 Kahn to Tartakower, 4/25/41 Zyngol to JDC, 5/2/41 Leavitt to E. Baerwald, 5/5/41 Baerwald to JDC, 5/18/41, 5/23/41 Kobe to JDC, 6/9/41 Baerwald to Leavitt. Fin. and Statistical reports by the Kobe Community: 1941 – April, May, June; also see tables: 5/5/41, 6/6/41. Correspondence: E. Baerwald, N.W. Beckelman, B. Kahn, M.A. Leavitt, K. Zyngol.

On the situation of the refugees: 7/28/41, 8/12/41 Meibergen to JDC, 8/25/41 Leavitt to Mayerson, 8/27/41 Leavitt to Veret, 10/24/41, 11/3/41 Zien to Hayes. Statements on refugee arrivals and departures: July 1941, 8/1/41; 9/19/41 Tabatchnik to Rosner. Correspondence: W.L. Brand, H.K. Buchman, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel, L. Schupakewitch, Z. Wahrhaftig.

Lists #1-16 of refugee arrivals in Japan, Nov. 1940 – 5/5/41. Lists of refugee departures from Japan, April – July 1941.

Summary of Meeting at JDC N.Y. to consider the situation of 450 rabbinical students and rabbis in Japan, 8/29/41, Also see: Lithuania, Files 738 – 739. Correspondence: M.W. Beckelman, H.K. Buchman, M.A. Leavitt.