Reports on refugees in various towns, 4/14/40 attachment to 6/2/40, 5/6-7/40 attachment to 6/26/40. The JDC supported some 11,000 refugees per month, 7/7/40. The JDC Foundation authorized the use of its reconstruction funds in Lithuania for refugee aid, 7/11/40. The U.S. froze fin. holdings in the U.S. of citizens of Baltic states, and Lithuania retaliated on U.S. holdings, 7/19/40, 7/24/40. Beckelman informed the JDC that his usefulness in Lithuania was nearing the end, and that he was ready to leave for the U.S.; the JDC advised him to remain as long as possible but left the ultimate decision to him, 7/31/40(2). Beckelman agreed to remain until further notice, 8/8/40 cable Beckelman to JDC. Memo on the status of JDC remittances to Lithuania, 8/22/40. Beckelman informed the JDC that to stay was useless if it failed to transmit funds to him while non-Jewish welfare agencies were receiving them via Switzerland, 8/26/40(4). The JDC asked Beckelman to stay and to wind up its affairs, 9/18/40 cable JDC to Schwartz. Correspondence: M.W. Beckelman, G. Bider, M.A. Leavitt, J.J. Schwartz, M.C. Troper.

Status of refugee emigration from Vilna, 11/9/40, 11/29/40, 12/3/40; also see below: Files 738-739, Committee on Lithuanian Yeshivoth. Statements on the situation in Lithuania, by G. Bider, 11/27/40(2), 12/23/40. Beckelman informed the JDC that his position was untenable and the time to leave has come, 12/9/40 – 12/13/40. The Lithuanian Gov’t ordered the JDC office to close as of 12/31/40, 1/3/41, 1/9/41. Memo on the JDC obligation to the Lithuanian Gov’t, M.W. Beckelman, 5/27/41. Report: Rescue Operations through Vilna, Yehuda Bauer, 1973. For additional materials on Beckelman, see: File 123b. Correspondence: M.W. Beckelman, G. Bider, J.C. Hyman, M.A. Leavitt, I. Rosen, J.J. Schwartz, M.C. Troper.

Audit Oct. – Dec. 1939. Monthly Statements of Cash Receipts and Expenditures of JDC Vilna, Feb. – Dec. 1940 (Nov. missing). Statement of Isaac claims, 7/17/40. Note: Most of the Statements are accompanied by cover letters of explanation by M.W. Beckelman.

Analyses of aid granted to Lithuanian and Polish refugee yeshivoth 11/15/39 – 4/12/40, 5/23/40. Report on Jewish elementary schools in the city and province of Vilna, 4/19/40 attachment to 5/24/40. Fin. Reports of the Central Educational Committee Vilna Jan. – May 1940, attachment to 7/8/40. Statistics of yeshiva students in Vilna, 12/4/39. Correspondence: M.W. Beckelman, H.K. Buchman, M.M. Fagen, M.A. Leavitt.

Javneh, Kaunas, 1937 – 1939. Jewish Commerz Gymnasium, Kaunas, 1935 – 1939: This was a Jewish commercial secondary school, and the language of instruction was Yiddish. JDC allocations came to $965 all told, between 1935 – 1939. Ten Year Report of Activities, 1926 – 1936 attachment to 2/21/38. Jewish Culture League, Kovno, 1933 – 1939 and Society of Lovers of Knowledge, Kovno, 1939 – 1940: The League conducted elementary schools and nurseries in Kaunas and in rural regions of Lithuania. Yiddish was the language of instruction. Between 1933 – 1940, the JDC granted $1,608 in all. Tarbuth, 1933 – 1940: The Tarbuth institutions were in the front rank of Jewish schools in Lithuania. Between 1933 – 1940, JDC aid came to $4,300 all told.

1. Ponevetz, 1936 – 1940: Between 1933 – 1939, JDC allocations reached $2,738 in all. For a thumbnail account of the yeshiva, see: 6/6/40. 2. Slabodka, 1939 – 1941: Between 1934 – 1938, JDC aid came to $985 in all. 3. Talmudical Academy Kollel, Kovno, 1939 – 1941: Between 1936 – 1939, JDC aid reached $2,000 all told. 4. Telsiai, 1935 – 1944: Between 1933 – 1940, JDC aid amounted to $7,089. The greatest part came between 1937 – 1939 when it included allocations for relief aid to German refugee students enrolled at the yeshiva. The Telsiai yeshiva was renowned throughout the Jewish world. Numbers of teachers and students at the yeshiva succeeded in emigrating to the U.S. in 1940 – 1941, in considerable part with JDC aid. On 10/28/41 they opened in Cleveland a transplanted yeshiva, the Rabbinical College of Telshe. The yeshiva has remained in active service down to the present day. For accounts of the yeshiva, see: 12/5/33 attachment to 12/8/33, Information on European Yeshivoth March 1939, Bulletin of the Rabbinical College of Telshe January 1944.

Committee meetings dealing with the emigration of the yeshiva groups: 8/8/40, 9/9/40, 10/10/40, 10/21/40, 11/7/40, 12/26/40, 1/6/41, 1/15/41. Other data on the emigration of those groups: 12/16/40, 12/18/40, 12/20/40, 1/9/41 JDC Lisbon to N.Y., 1/16/41, 1/17/41 Memo, 1/27/41, 1/29/41. Memo on Fin. Problems in re Lithuanian Emigration, 1/8/41. Correspondence: J.L. Bernstein, M. Bisgyer, H.K. Buchman, I. Hershfield, B. Kahn, M.A. Leavitt, H. Monsky, A. Teitelbaum, Stephen Wise.

On the emigration of the yeshiva groups: 2/14/41, 2/19/41 Leavitt to Hayes, 3/7/41, 3/14/41, 3/21/41 Buchman to Veret, 3/28/41, 4/7/41 Memo, 4/14/41(2), 6/10/41, 8/27/41, 9/2/41, 9/29/41, 1/22/42 Kahn to Wasserman, 6/18/42, 2/4/44. Correspondence: H.K. Buchman, W. Gold, S. Hayes, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, M.A. Leavitt, El. Silver.

Loan Kassas: A network of Jewish loan kassas (Volksbanken) was created in the 1920’s with JDC aid. They were united in the Verband juedischer Volksbanken (Verband). The loan kassas suffered heavy losses during the depression years, and in 1937 – 1938 they were reorganized with the aid of allocations by the JDC Recon. Foundation. All were nationalized on 8/31/40, following the Russian demarche upon Lithuania. Foundation representative N. Aronovici recommended the reorganization of the loan kassas, 2/15/37. Minutes of the meeting between directors of the Foundation and the Verband, 3/12 – 3/13/37. Verband report for 1937 (Yiddish) and Resolutions adopted by it, 5/22 – 5/23/37 attachment to 5/31/38. Fin. reports on inspections of individual loan kassas, Jan. – April 1940. Fin. statements and explanations by various kassas, May 1940. Balance sheet of the Verband for 1939, which listed kassas in 93 cities and towns for which they were the clearing bank, 5/28/40. Balance sheet in Lithuania of the JDC Foundation as of 9/1/40, attachment to 9/8/40. Correspondence: N. Aronovici, M. Beckelman, B. Kahn, M. Katz, L. Oungre, D.J. Schweitzer.

Note: Materials on the activities of refugee organizations in Vilna are contained in this file. For all other materials on refugees in Lithuania, see above: Files 730-732. For materials on the yeshiva and rabbinical groups, see: Files 738-739. Organizations: 1. Association of Jewish Writers and Journalists, Vilna: Report on expenditure of JDC funds, 1/30/40(2). 2. Central Jewish Refugee Committee, Kaunas Ezra Refugee Committee, Kaunas: Report of audit of Ezra Refugee Committee for the year 1939, undated. Fin. and statistical reports, monthly, June – Sept. 1940. Also see below: Kehillah Refugee Committee, Vilna, 5/15/40 – 5/20/40. 3. Kehilla Refugee Committee, Vilna: Report of audit for the year 1939, undated. Kehilla Narrative Reports: Nov./Dec. 1939, 1/5/40; Jan. 1940 undated, and summary attachment to 5/9/40; Feb./March 1940 attachment to 5/24/40. Organizations and groups receiving Passover aid 1940, April 1940. Memos on the Kehillah by M.W. Beckelman, 4/9/40, 5/20/40 and attachment, 5/24/40. Kehillah Fin. Reports: Oct. 1939 – May 1940 attachment to 6/21/40; monthly reports 1940: March attachment to 5/28/40, April attachment to 5/30/40, July.

Reports and memos on visits to the Comite Central: M. Beckelman, 6/1/42 attachment to 6/8/42, 6/12/42, 6/21/42(2), 6/22/42; N. Weisman, 10/15/42; B. Gebiner, 11/28/43, 12/23/43. The JDC agreed in principle to guarantee maintenance for the duration of the war of up to 500 refugees who would be granted asylum in Mexico, 11/5/42, 11/6/42, 2/17/43, 3/12/43, 3/19/43, 3/31/43, 5/19/43, 7/2/43, 9/17/43, 1/2/44. Fin. Statements by Comite Central: 1942 – Feb., May, July, 10/1/42 – 9/30/43, Oct. 1943; 10/1/42 – 12/24/43, 2/21/44. Correspondence: S. Arons, M.W. Beckelman, L. Behar, H.D. Biele, J. Ciechanowski, B. Gebiner, M. Glikowsky, B. Kahn, H. Katzki, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel, S. Sulkes, M.C. Troper, N. Weisman.

On JDC aid to Palestine: 1/15/40 Kahn to Nagnes, 1/22/40, 2/20/40, 3/17/40, 4/1/40, 4/11/40, 5/8/40, 10/23/40, 1/15/41, 6/25/41, 8/31/42; the JDC granted $200,000 for aid to families of soldiers, 7/21/42 – 7/29/42, 8/4/42 – 8/18/42, 8/31/42, 9/10/42, 9/19/42, 10/20/42. Reports: “Jewish Colonization in Palestine”, by W.C. Lowdermilk attachment to 11/20/40. Also see above: File 99. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, D. Ben-Gurion, E.M. Friedman, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, M.A. Leavitt, S. Lowenstein, J.L. Magnes, I. Rosen, J.J. Schwartz, J. Simon, P. Warburg, E.M.M. Warburg.

On JDC aid to Palestine: The JDC granted $50,000 to the Histadruth for social welfare and refugee retraining activities in Palestine, 11/10/43, 12/4/43. The JDC granted $80,000 per month to the Jewish Agency between Dec. 1943 – Oct. 31, 1944 for special relief needs in Palestine, 12/7/43, 1/14/44, 3/28/44, 4/5/44, 4/25/44, 5/23/44, 5/27/44, 7/28/44, 9/9/44 Leavitt to Pilpel, 9/25/44, 9/29/44, 10/18/44. Magnes proposed the appointment of a JDC representative for the Middle East, 4/13/43, 4/15/43, 4/22/43, 9/7/43, 9/30/43, 10/4/43, 10/10/43, 12/15/43, 1/20/44, 1/21/44, 3/28/45. Magnes proposed the formation of a JDC Advisory Committee in Palestine for the consideration of JDC activities in that country, 5/14/43, 6/10/43, 6/25/43, 7/13/43, 9/30/43 – 10/6/43, 10/12/43, 10/14/43(2), 10/20/43 Cable #236, 11/4/43, 3/21/44, 8/21/44, 9/7/44, 12/19/44, 2/7/45. Meetings of the Advisory Comm: 11/1/43, 11/29/43, 1/3/44, 1/5/44, 1/19/44, 1/25/44, 2/6/44, 2/9/44, 3/6/44, 3/27/44, 4/18/44, 5/8/44, 5/19/44, 5/21/44, 5/22/44, 7/23/44 7/24/44, 8/7/44. Report: Report of Activities Feb. 1944 – 3/21/44, by R.B. Reznik. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, J.C. Hyman, M.A. Leavitt, J.L. Magnes, R. Pilpel, Wm. Rosenwald, J.J. Schwartz, H. Viteles.

In July 1937, a British Royal Commission (Peel Commission) proposed the partition of Palestine into three segments: a Jewish State, an Arab State and a British Zone under a permanent mandate. Early in August 1937, Felix M. Warburg led a delegation of non-Zionists to a meeting of the Council of the Jewish Agency in Zurich, Switzerland, in an effort to seek a peaceful solution to the Palestine problem and to avert partition if possible. Discussions between Jewish bodies and the British authorities stretched over a considerable span, but ultimately the partition scheme fell through. Correspondence: C. Adler, J.C. Hyman, M.J. Karpf, H. Katzki, J.L. Magnes, J.N. Rosenberg, S.M. Strook.

Fin. Statements of JDC Funds Administered by Dr. Magnes; monthly and cumulative, with many omissions, 1942 – 1944.

Vaad Leumi (General Council of the Jewish Community of Palestine), 1936 – 1940: For materials see: 4/2/37, 6/18/37, 4/8/38, 5/4/38, 11/25/38, 11/1/39, 4/2/40 Weingarten Orphanage, see: General Israel Orphan Home for Girls

Women’s International Zionist Organization, (WIZO), Tel Aviv, 1940 – 1941; 1943: For materials see: 6/24/40, 8/1/41 Yemenite Organization in Palestine, Tel Aviv, see: Files 758.g, 752, Report Sept. 1938

Lists of cult. organizations in Palestine aided by the JDC – 1938: 11/2/39; 1939: 2/14/40; 1941: 4/15/42. Bulletin by the CJFWF on Palestine yeshivot and welfare institutions, 10/18/40 attachment to 10/23/40. Restrictions on JDC cultural allocations owing to the shortage of funds, 10/23/39. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, H.K. Buchman, I. Herzog, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, M.A. Leavitt, J.L. Magnes, I. Rosen, A. Teitelbaum.

Lists of cult. organizations in Palestine aided by the JDC – 1942: 12/19/44; 1943: 12/31/43; 1944 (1st 9 months): 12/19/44. Report on the Palestine yeshivot affiliated with the Vaad Hayeshivot, by Prof. I.J. Kligler, 2/6/44. The JDC allocated $50,000 to all the yeshivot for food and clothing subsidies, 3/30/44. Progress report on nutrition in the yeshivot aided by the JDC, 12/14/44. Correspondence: H.K. Buchman, I. Herzog, A. Horowitz, J.C. Hyman, L. Jung, I.J. Kligler, M.A. Leavitt, J.L. Magnes, I. Norman, J.J. Schwartz, L.H. Sobel.

The JDC Cult. Committee granted annual allocations to the Agudath organizations listed below, in the years cited. For materials in earlier years, see: Archives 1921 – 1932, File 270. a. Central Agudath Israel of Eretz Israel, Jerusalem, 1933 – 1944: Lists of Agudath schools in Palestine, attachments to: 11/29/35, 11/30/36, 12/20/37, 10/16/41, 10/14/43, 3/14/44, 10/11/44. Correspondence: M. Blau, H.K. Buchman, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, J. Rosenheim b. Central Beth Jacob Board of Trustees for Palestine, Jerusalem, 1940 – 1944: Report on the Beth Jacob schools by the Vaad Leumi, April 1942. Annual reviews of Beth Jacob activities for the years: 5702 (1941/42), 1/25/43; 5703 (1942/43), 11/15/43. Summary Review of Beth Jacob Movement in Palestine at the beginning of 5705 (Sept. 1944), undated. c. Junior Agudist Organization Palestine, Tel Aviv, 1943 – 1944: Brief Report of Activities, attachment to 3/15/44.

a. Doresh Zion School, Jerusalem, 1939 – 1943: Allocations were granted between 1939 – 1941. b. Gymnasium “ATID”, Tel Aviv, 1939 – 1945: Allocations were granted between 1940 – 1945. Statistical Reports: 1941-42, 3/25/42; 1942-43, 5/26/43; Statistical and Fin. Reports, 9/43-8/44. c. General Federation of Jewish Labor in Palestine, Tel Aviv, 1933 -1941: JDC Allocations: 1933: $280; 1934: 280; 1935: 340; 1936: 514; 1937: 550; 1938: 900; 1939: $1,875; 1940: 2,750; 1941: 3,000; 1942: 8,000; 1943: 10,700; 1944: 24,631; Total: $53,820. Between 1940 – 1944, the major share of the grants stemmed from the allotments of the People’s Relief Committee (PRC), and those funds in turn stemmed from JDC cultural funds. Correspondence: H.K. Buchman, J.C. Hyman, I. Mereminski, Goldie Myerson. d. Hebrew Technical Institute (at the Haifa Institute of Technology), Haifa, 1933; 1936; 1939 – 1940: Correspondence: P. Baerwald, D.M. Bressler, H.K. Buchman, Albert Einstein, J.C. Hyman, S. Kaplansky, F. Warburg. e. Mercaz Chinuch Ha-Torah Be-Eretz Israel, Tel Aviv, 1937; 1940 – 1946: Token allocations were granted in 1940, 1944. f. United Talmud Torahs “Beney Zion”, Jerusalem, 1939 – 1944: Allocations were granted between 1940 – 1944. Statistical and Fin. Reports, 8/15/43 – 2/15/44. g. Yemenite Organizations in Palestine, Tel Aviv, 1939 – 1944: Allocations for Yemenite schools were granted in 1933 and 1939 – 1944. For other materials on the Yemenites, see: Files 767-769, Reports on Yemenite schools, 4/9/41, 6/7/43. Correspondence: H.K. Buchman, S. Gridi, I. Mereminski

Minutes of the H.U.’s Board of Governors Meeting at Lucerne, Switz. 9/8/35 – 9/9/35, attachment to 12/9/35. Notes on the same meeting by J.C. Hyman, 9/20/35. CJFWF Bulletins on the American Friends: Nov. 1936, March 1939. Also see below: File 779.a Correspondence: P. Baerwald, S.B. Finkel, J.C. Hyman, H. Katzki, Wm. Rosenwald, S. Schocken, J.J. Schwartz, R.W. Straus, F.M. Warburg.

CJFWF Bulletins on the American Friends: July 1940, May 1944. Correspondence: N. Bentwich, S.B. Finkel, J.C. Hyman, M.A. Leavitt, J.L. Magnes, A.S.M. Rosenbach, D.W. Senator, E.M.M. Warburg.

Allocations were granted in 1940. For earlier materials, see: Archives 1921 – 1932, File 272. Correspondence: H.K. Buchman, J.L. Magnes, D. Yellin.

1. General: Also see: File 752, Palestine Yeshivoth and Charitable Agencies, Nov. 1938 a. HaRoel Hamizrachi, Tel Aviv b. Koheleth Trust, Jerusalem, (K.T.) 1938 – 1941 The K.T. was a foundation established for the grant of stipends to selected students at the Palestine yeshivot. The JDC cultural Committee allocated funds over a number of years. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, M. Berlin, H.K. Buchman. c. Merkaz Chinuch Hatorah B’Eretz Yisroel Correspondence: C. Adler, H.K. Buchman, J.C. Hyman, E.M. Morrissey, D.R. Travis. 2. Individual: a. Alumah, Jerusalem, 1940 b. Beth Joseph Zvi, Jerusalem, 1939 – 1944 c. Chatam Sofer-Ketab Sofer, Jerusalem, 1939 – 1943 d. Rabbinical College Qol Thora, Jerusalem, 1939 – 1944 (Agudas Yisroel)

Distribution of Jewish immigration to Palestine: 1933 – Oct. 1934, 11/4/34; 1934 – 1938, 3/28/39; 1939 – 1940, 1/14/41 – 1/17/41, 2/25/41, 4/4/41, 5/8/41, 8/1/41, UPA 1941 Yearbook: 1941 – 1943, 1/28/42, 9/30/42, 10/9/42, 3/5/43, 4/8/43, 4/15/43. Refugee absorption in Palestine, memo 6/23/39, 10/9/39, 11/4/39, 1/30/40, 4/19/43. Memos and statements on aspects of immigration: 11/15/35, 10/6/36, 5/18/37, 3/18/38, 7/7/38, 1/6/39, 3/31/43, 5/21/43. JDC expenditures in preparation for and transportation to Palestine: May 1940, 2/15/41, Feb. 1941, 2/27/41, 4/15/43, 1/3/44, 1/12/44, 1/19/44, 1/25/44, 1/27/44, 2/4/44. Proposal to evacuate 4,000 – 5,000 children from the Balkans to Palestine, 9/3/43, 10/26/43, 12/23/43. Lists of immigrants to Palestine from Yugoslavia (Kladovo): 6/6/41, 8/6/41; N. Africa: 2/3/44. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, Ch. Barlas, H.K. Buchman, M.B. Hexter, D.B. Hurwitz, J.C. Hyman, W. Israel, B. Kahn, H. Katzki, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel, M. Rosenblueth, J.J. Schwartz, Ch. Weizmann.

Distribution of Jewish immigration to Palestine:1/1/44 – 6/2/44, 6/30/44, 10/26/44 Hyman to Bauling, summary report on immigration activities of the Jewish Agency (9/1/39 – 8/31/43) by J.N. Behar, attachment to 11/14/44. JDC expenditures for transportation to Palestine: 6/25/44, 7/25/44, 7/27/44, 8/11/44, 9/5/44, 9/6/44, 9/21/44, 9/28/44, 9/29/44, 10/5/44, 10/11/44, 11/4/44 Schwartz to Magnes, 11/16/44, 11/25/44, 12/7/44, 12/19/44 Leavitt to Lisbon, 12/20/44. Proposal to evacuate refugee children from the Balkans to Palestine: 3/20/44. Lists of immigrants to Palestine from: Rumania: 5/2/44; Southern Italy: May 1944 attachment to 7/31/44; 8/1/44. Exchanges (for German Nationals), 6/8/44 attachment to 7/6/44, 7/27/44, 9/14/44, SS Guine Lisbon to Haifa, 10/23/44. Correspondence: Ch. Barlas, J.N. Behar, J.C. Hyman, El. Kaplan, M.A. Leavitt, J.L. Magnes, R. Pilpel, M. Rosenblueth, J.J. Schwartz.

Reports, Narrative: Oct.-Dec. 1933, 1/25/34; Oct. 1933 – March 1934, 3/31/34; Oct. 1933 -April 1934, attachment to 5/31/34; Oct. 1933 – June 1934, 7/15/34. Reports, Statistical: 1933 – 1934, 12/12/34, 3/15/35, 4/4/35; Jan. 1933 – Sept. 1935, Nov. 1935, 1/23/36; Jan. 1933 – Dec. 1935, 3/27/36. Correspondence: F.M. Warburg, Chaim Weizmann. The immigration of German Jews to Palestine was aided by the Central Bureau for the Settlement of German Jews in Palestine, of the Jewish Agency for Palestine (Central Bureau), Jerusalem, Chairman: Chaim Weizmann. For other materials on the immigration of German Jews, see: Germany: Files 657-664, 666, 674-676, 677-682, 684; HIAS: Files 244-248; ICA: Files 259-262; Jewish Agency for Palestine: Files 257-258.

Memos by the Central Bureau on German immigration and settlements: attachments to 10/14/36, 3/1/37, 10/30/41. Reports: “Jewish Immigration into Palestine from Germany 1933 – 1938”, Feb. 1939. “Die Umschichtung der Juedischen Einwanderer aus Deutschland zu staedtischen Berufen in Palaestina”, Ina Britschgi-Schimmer, 1936. Correspondence: B. Kahn, N. Katz, G. Landauer, M. Rosenblueth, M. Stephany. The immigration of German Jews to Palestine was aided by the Central Bureau for the Settlement of German Jews in Palestine, of the Jewish Agency for Palestine (Central Bureau), Jerusalem, Chairman: Chaim Weizmann. For other materials on the immigration of German Jews, see: Germany: Files 657-664, 666, 674-676, 677-682, 684; HIAS: Files 244-248; ICA: Files 259-262; Jewish Agency for Palestine: Files 257-258.

The ERC allocated $750 for needy Yemenite Jews in Aden, 6/29/34, 7/6/34(3), 10/3/34 – 11/6/34, 3/1/35, 12/4/36, 12/18/36. Report: “Jewish Refugees from Yemen in and near Aden” by Werner Senator, 1/25/37, 3/29/37. The ERC allocated $600 for Yemenite refugees in Aden, 3/4/38, 4/5/38, 4/12/38, 5/10/38. CJFWF preliminary report on the American Committee for the Relief of Yemenite Jews, attachment to 3/7/39. The JDC Palestine Committee discussed aid for Yemenite Jews, 1/22/40, 1/25/40, 5/29/40. Also see: File 752, Vaad Leumi, Report Nov. 1938. Correspondence: D.M. Bressler, H.K. Buchman, M.B. Hexter, J.C. Hyman, El. Kaplan, H. Katzki, I. Rosen, W. Senator. During most of the 1930’s, numbers of Jewish refugees from Yemen reached the British Protectorate of Aden, where they subsisted under difficult conditions, for the most part. Appeals for aid reached the JDC from 1933 onward, and it obtained small grants on their behalf in 1934, 1938 and 1944 from the Emergency Committee on Jewish Refugees, (File 116). The JDC had been a large contributor to that Committee in the 1920’s. In addition, the JDC Cult. Committee granted allotments in aid of Yemenite schools in Palestine, see: File 758.g The Yemenite exodus to Aden accelerated in 1943 – 1944 on the momentum of famine, cholera and dysentery outbreaks in Yemen, and substantial JDC allocations followed for emergency relief in Aden and for transportation to Israel. They reached $66,900 in 1943 Transportation $54,240, Emergency Relief $11,460 and Yemenite schools in Palestine $1,200, and some $133,000 in 1944 Emergency Relief $24,000, Maintenance $60,000, Immigration $40,000 and Hostels and Equipment $8,280. The best overview of the Yemenite exodus and the sojourn in Aden will be found in the reports listed in Files 767-768. For later materials on the Yemenite exodus to Palestine and on Operation Magic Carpet in 1949/50, see:

JDC contributions 1942 – 1944: $1,000 towards the transportation of 51 Yemenites from Port Sudan to Palestine, 7/30/42, 8/31/42, 10/5/42; $25,000 towards the transportation of 600 Yemenites from Aden to Palestine, 2/10/43 – 4/12/43; $42,000 towards transportation and relief, 9/17/43; $60,000 for emergency relief of 1,600 Yemenites in Aden and $40,000 to cover one-half of the transportation costs to Palestine, 2/23/44. Summary of allocations 1943 – 1944, 3/3/44. Reports: “On Visit to Aden to Investigate the Position of Jewish Refugees 12/9/43 – 12/17/43” by Harry Viteles, attachment to 1/16/44, and July 1944 For a copy of the complete report, see: the next file. “Report on My Visit to Aden” by J.N. Behar, attachment to 5/16/43 and 11/1/43. “Report on Visit to Aden 2/19/44 – 3/3/44” by Israel J. Kligler, 3/14/44. “On the Yemenite Refugee Camp in Aden” by Th. D. Ullmann, 10/26/44 attachment to 11/14/44. Correspondence: J.N. Behar, M.B. Hexter, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, I.J. Kligler, M.A. Leavitt, J.L. Magnes, R. Pilpel, J.J. Schwartz, H. Viteles. During most of the 1930’s, numbers of Jewish refugees from Yemen reached the British Protectorate of Aden, where they subsisted under difficult conditions, for the most part. Appeals for aid reached the JDC from 1933 onward, and it obtained small grants on their behalf in 1934, 1938 and 1944 from the Emergency Committee on Jewish Refugees, (File 116). The JDC had been a large contributor to that Committee in the 1920’s. In addition, the JDC Cult. Committee granted allotments in aid of Yemenite schools in Palestine, see: File 758.g The Yemenite exodus to Aden accelerated in 1943 – 1944 on the momentum of famine, cholera and dysentery outbreaks in Yemen, and substantial JDC allocations followed for emergency relief in Aden and for transportation to Israel. They reached $66,900 in 1943 Transportation $54,240, Emergency Relief $11,460 and Yemenite schools in Palestine $1,200, and some $133,000 in 1944 Emergency Relief $24,000, Maintenance $60,000, Immigration $40,000 and Hostels and Equipment $8,280. The best overview of the Yemenite exodus and the sojourn in Aden will be found in the reports listed in Files 767-768. For later materials on the Yemenite exodus to Palestine and on Operation Magic Carpet in 1949/50, see:

Report: Of Visit to Aden to Investigate the Position of Jewish Refugees in Aden 12/9/43 – 12/17/43, by Harry Viteles. Complete report. During most of the 1930’s, numbers of Jewish refugees from Yemen reached the British Protectorate of Aden, where they subsisted under difficult conditions, for the most part. Appeals for aid reached the JDC from 1933 onward, and it obtained small grants on their behalf in 1934, 1938 and 1944 from the Emergency Committee on Jewish Refugees, (File 116). The JDC had been a large contributor to that Committee in the 1920’s. In addition, the JDC Cult. Committee granted allotments in aid of Yemenite schools in Palestine, see: File 758.g The Yemenite exodus to Aden accelerated in 1943 – 1944 on the momentum of famine, cholera and dysentery outbreaks in Yemen, and substantial JDC allocations followed for emergency relief in Aden and for transportation to Israel. They reached $66,900 in 1943 Transportation $54,240, Emergency Relief $11,460 and Yemenite schools in Palestine $1,200, and some $133,000 in 1944 Emergency Relief $24,000, Maintenance $60,000, Immigration $40,000 and Hostels and Equipment $8,280. The best overview of the Yemenite exodus and the sojourn in Aden will be found in the reports listed in Files 767-768. For later materials on the Yemenite exodus to Palestine and on Operation Magic Carpet in 1949/50, see:

The youth aliyah got its start in Germany in 1933, with the aim of preparing teenagers for emigration to Palestine and settling in agricultural pursuits. In 1935, and thereafter the Hadassah shouldered responsibility for the care, upkeep and education in Palestine of aliyah candidates, for a two-year stretch following their arrival. The guarantee was needed to obtain the necessary immigration certificates from the British Mandate. The JDC provided most of the funds needed to cover the transportation costs to Palestine as well as for support, maintenance and training in Europe prior to the departure for Palestine. For materials on youth Aliyah in Germany, see: Germany, File 682. In the war years, several thousand youth aliyah candidates reached Palestine with JDC aid, but the largest single project to bring over 4,000 – 5,000 children from Bulgaria and other Balkan lands, materialized on but a small scale owing to difficulties in securing exit permits. Correspondence: Ch. Barlas, H.K. Buchman, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, M.A. Leavitt, J.L. Magnes, M.C. Troper, J.B. Wise.

Prospectus “$1,500,000 Common Stock of the PEC” 4/22/35. JDC Sub-Committee appointed to consider proposals for the capital readjustment of the PEC, and the status of the JDC interest in the organization, 6/4/36; for the activities of the sub-Committee, see: File 97.b. Memo on the Proposed Recapitalization of the PEC and the JDC interest therein, 11/10/37. Memo: the PEC and the JDC, by B. Kahn, undated (Jan. 1938?). Summary of PEC-JDC relationship over the years, 7/8/41 Flexner to Warburg and 8/20/41. B. Flexner requested to be relieved of his duties as Chairman, 11/1/44. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, A. Baroway, R.F. Colin, B. Flexner, B. Kahn, H. Katzki, M.A. Leavitt, E.M. Morrissey, J. Simon, H. Viteles, E.M.M. Warburg.

In 1940, the REC and the PEC agreed to advance matching sums for the creation of revolving loan funds-$90,000 for the construction of dwellings and of factory and warehouse facilities in Haifa, and $60,000 for dwellings in Tel Aviv and Jerusalem. Over the years, turnover in the loan funds was heavy and many of the later loans were made out of repayment proceeds by earlier borrowers. The PEC supervised the management of the loans.

In 1940, the REC and the PEC agreed to advance $50,000 each to construct and operate a new water co. to serve the recently established farm colonies of European refugees on the Sharon plain. The venture met a proven need over the years.

Reports (Annual), 1933 – 1944 (1943 missing)

a. Shareholder’s Meeting, 10/31/34. b. Report of Activities Presented to the Palestine Royal Commission, 1936. c. Brief Outline of Ten Years of Activities of the PEC (1926 – 1935), 1936.

Annual Report for 1939, 12/31/39, 3/28/40. Also see: File 772, PEC Annual Reports. Correspondence: D.M. Bressler, B. Kahn, A.A. Landesco, P. Singer, H. Viteles. The Central Bank was established in 1922 by the JDC, the ICA, and the Palestine Development Council (PDC) for the development of a cooperative movement in the country. The Bank granted loans to cooperative societies, which in turn made grants to their members. It was a subsidiary of the PEC and the great bulk of its share capital and long-term resources stemmed from the parent company. In 1935 – 1936, the JDC Recon. Found. extended it a credit of B6,000 ($24,000) for the grant of loans to refugees. By 1941, the Bank had repaid B4,000, but wartime conditions had seriously depleted its funds. In Aug. 1941, the JDC Found. agreed to refund the B4,000 in repayments for the duration of the war and to suspend the collection of further installments for the same interval.

Palestine Advisory Committee Minutes on Short and Intermediate Term Loans of the Central Bank, 5/17/39 – 4/30/40; 10/8/42. The Central Bank was established in 1922 by the JDC, the ICA, and the Palestine Development Council (PDC) for the development of a cooperative movement in the country. The Bank granted loans to cooperative societies, which in turn made grants to their members. It was a subsidiary of the PEC and the great bulk of its share capital and long-term resources stemmed from the parent company. In 1935 – 1936, the JDC Recon. Found. extended it a credit of B6,000 ($24,000) for the grant of loans to refugees. By 1941, the Bank had repaid B4,000, but wartime conditions had seriously depleted its funds. In Aug. 1941, the JDC Found. agreed to refund the B4,000 in repayments for the duration of the war and to suspend the collection of further installments for the same interval.

Memo: Immigrant Housing Fund for Palestine, H. Viteles, 3/13/44. The JDC agreed to contribute $400,000 to the Immigrants Housing Fund for Palestine provided the ICA also participated, 10/4/44, 10/25/44, 1/16/45, 3/16/45, 3/23/45. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, H.K. Buchman, B. Kahn, M.A. Leavitt, J. Magnes, J.J. Schwartz, H. Viteles.

The Kupath was created during W.W.I by the JDC for the grant of small productive loans to persons who were not credit-worthy at commercial banks. In 1924, it was reorganized on business principles, and in 1932 it was transferred to the PEC. 1936 – 1944: In 1935, the PEC decided to discontinue the grant of K.P. loans on the ground they had outlived their usefulness, 7/21/36, 8/6/36; also see: File 772, PEC Annual Reports 1935, 1936. Proposals for reopening the K.P. so as to aid newcomer refugees to become creditworthy, 1/10/40 – 10/7/43. For materials on the K.P. in earlier years, see: Archives 1921 – 1932, Files 297-300, 309-311. Correspondence: B. Kahn, G. Landauer, E.M. Morrissey.

In 1936 the REC/ECF contributed $7,491 to the costs of preparing a feasibility study on the drainage of the Huleh swamps. In 1937 the REC agreed to extend a loan of $250,000 towards the execution of the project, provided that the Palestine Gov’t contributed a large sum as well. For political reasons, the Palestine Gov’t dragged its feet in putting up the funds until the outbreak of W.W.II tied its hands financially. The REC was thereupon relieved of responsibility for putting up its share of the funds [Note: the Huleh drainage project was ultimately carried out in the 1950s by the Israeli Gov’t].

Refugee rabbis in Palestine stemmed from Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Poland and Russia in the main. Many who had come from Germany and Austria were in receipt of gov’t pensions, but their payments were cut off the moment war broke out. JDC allocations ran well beyond $150,000 all told by the time the war ended. They began in 1938, but the vast bulk was granted between 1940 – 1944, and took the following pattern: 1940: $16,500; 1941: 25,000; 1942: 25,000; 1943: $31,000; 1944: 50,000 (Est.); Total: $147,500 The fragmentation of Jewish religious life in Palestine has no better illustration anywhere than in the hassle which developed on the committee of rabbis in that country charged with the distribution of JDC funds to refugee rabbis. For details, see the correspondence below, 4/16/40 – 9/26/40. It was only after Dr. Magnes joined the committee as the JDC representative that peace was restored and working cooperation began. Correspondence: C. Adler, M. Berlin, M. Blau, H.K. Buchman, I. Herzog, A. Horowitz, J.C. Hyman, L. Jung, B. Kahn, M.A. Leavitt, J.L. Magnes, H. Pick, M.C. Troper.

a. Scholars, 1933 – 1939: In 1933, the JDC granted $12,500 to the Hebrew University to aid in the employment of refugee scholars from Germany. Matching allotments also came from the American Palestine Campaign of the Jewish Agency and the Central British Fund. In 1937, the JDC allocated $7,500 for the same purpose as a matching grant with the Council for German Jewry. Correspondence: D.M. Bressler, J.C. Hyman, E.M. Morrissey. b. Students (Hungarian), 1941-1944: In 1941, the Hungarian National Bank approved a clearing arrangement with the JDC for the maintenance of Hungarian students residing abroad. The funds were chargeable to the JDC budget for Hungary. In 1941, the JDC transmitted $7,598 for the maintenance of Hungarian students in Palestine schools, and in 1942 $5,000. Correspondence: J.L. Magnes, L. Rosner, A. Schneerson. c. Union of Former Teachers, Cantors and Community Officials from Germany Now in Palestine, Haifa, 1941-1944: The members of the Union were recipients of pensions from the German Gov’t, as retired officials. The German Gov’t had forwarded their pension payments to Israel, following aliyah, The payments ceased, once the war broke out, and the pensioners fell into dire need. In the course of the war years, JDC aid to the group ran as follows: 1940: $500; 1941: 1,450; 1942: 2,000; 1943: $7,250; 1944: 7,200; Total: $18,400. Correspondence: H.K. Buchman, Albert Einstein, A. Jacobus, M.A. Leavitt, J.L. Magnes, D. Mannheim.

On the status of the refugees at the Quarantine Station: /3/39, 8/4/39 Pilpel to Witkin, 8/15/39, 8/25/39, 9/1/39, 9/5/39(2), 9/12/39 Razovsky to Witkin, 9/20/39, 9/26/39, 10/11/39, 11/1/39, 11/17/39, 11/21/39, 11/27/39, 11/30/39, 12/7/39. M.D. Goldsmith, JDC representative in Cuba made a study trip to Panama, 9/20/39, 9/26/39, 10/6/39, 10/20/39. Reports, Narrative: Situation in Panama, by M.D. Goldsmith 10/20/39 and Summary; Fin. and Statistical: 1939 monthly: Aug., Sept., Nov., Dec. Correspondence: L. Arosemena, D.M. Bressler, B. Fidanque, M.D. Goldsmith, A. Lebowitz, A.J. Lindo, R. Pilpel, C. Razovsky, N. Witkin.

On the status of the refugees at the Quarantine Station: /15/40, 2/1/40, 2/16/40, 4/10/40, 4/22/40, 5/17/40, 7/9/40, 7/12/40(2), 7/23/40, 8/6/40, 8/22/40, 9/4/40, 9/11/40, 9/12/40, 9/17/40(3), 9/20/40, 9/23/40(5), 9/26/40(2). Reports: Fin. and Statistical, monthly, 1940: Jan.-Sept. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, A. Jaretzki Jr., A.J. Lindo, R. Pilpel, N. Witkin.

On the status of refugees passing thru Panama: 0/30/40, 11/2/40, 11/8/40, 12/20/40, 3/27/41, 9/11/41. On the status of refugees interned in the Canal Zone: 1/13/42, 1/15/42, 1/26/42. Reports: Fin and Statistical, monthly, 1940: Nov.; 1941: Jan., Aug.; Audit Report on Hebrew Benevolent Society, Panama City, 7/1/41. Correspondence: A.J. Lindo, L. Meyer, R. Pilpel, N. Witkin

Reports: Numbered letter to the JDC-M.W. Beckelman: #227, 5/17/42. “Peru” by M.D. Goldsmith, 3/1/42; “Peruvian-Jewish Life” by Isaac Wecselman (Yiddish), 12/19/41. Monthly Fin. and Statistical Reports, 1941, 1942: Jan.-Dec. Correspondence: M.W. Beckelman, F.W. Borchardt, M.D. Goldsmith, S. Lubrainschik, R. Pilpel, I. Wecselman, L. Weil.

Fundraising in Peru, 5/11/43, 5/12/43, 7/12/43(3), 7/27/43, 4/14/44, 8/8/44. Numbered letters to the JDC – L.H. Sobel: #27, 5/26/43; #28, 5/27/43; #42, 7/12/43; #50, 7/27/43; #51, 7/27/43; #66, 8/24/43. – J.B. Lightman: #200, 6/9/44; #339, 11/17/44. Monthly Fin. and Statistical Reports, 1943: Jan.-Dec., Oct. missing; 1944: Complete. Correspondence: H.D. Biele, J.B. Lightman, S. Lubrainschik, G.D. Pinsky, R. Pilpel, L.H. Sobel.

Fin. and Statistical Reports, Monthly – 1940: Jan.; 1941: Jan.-Oct. Fin. Statements – 1940: Jan. 31, Feb. 29, March 31; 1941; May 31, Oct. 31.

Mindanao Project, 1939-1942: On the progress of the Mindanao project: 2/9/39 – 8/18/39, 11/16/39, 1/5/40 – 6/21/40, 11/1/40(2), 11/8/40, 11/15/40, 9/10/41 – 11/28/41, 1/13/42, 1/15/42, 3/6/42. Report: “Mindanao Exploratory Commission”, attachment to 1/16/39. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, P.S. Frieder, P.E. Hoffman, J.C. Hyman, H. Katzki, M.A. Leavitt, C.J. Liebman, E.M. Morrissey, Manuel L. Quezon, R. Pilpel, J.N. Rosenberg.

JDC appropriations Jan.-June 1935 by major categories, 6/12/35, 7/9/35. Notes on B. Kahn’s Observations of Jewish Conditions in Poland, 7/1/35. Special Meeting of the JDC Exec. Committee, Verbatim Minutes 7/10/35. A Special JDC Committee on Poland was appointed (Chairman: Alexander Kahn), 7/11/35(2). Verbatim Minutes of the Special JDC Committee Meeting, 7/17/35. The JDC Foundation allocated $100,000 in aid of Jewish loan kassas in Poland, 7/25/35. Notes on an informal Conference on Poland held in Lucerne, Switzerland by JDC leaders, Sept. 1935. The Allocations Committee of the United British Appeal for Polish Jewry appropriated b 30,000 for aid to Polish Jewry, to be distributed by the JDC under the direction of B. Kahn, 11/6/35. Report on the Condition of the Jews in Poland and Eastern Europe by A. Kahn, 11/22/35, 12/5/35. Correspondence: C. Adler, P. Baerwald, D.A. Brown, J.C. Hyman, A. Kahn, B. Kahn, N. Laski, E.M. Morrissey, M.D. Waldman.

JDC expenditures in Poland 1915 – 1935, 3/5/36, 3/9/36, 3/13/36; expenditures in 1935, 3/6/36, 6/16/36; appropriations in 1936, 12/31/36. The Polish Gov’t granted a loan of 1 million zlotys for productive purposes in Jewish communities, 4/8/36 Kahn to Hyman. The United British Appeal for Polish Jewry distributed ? 15,750 via the JDC in aid of Polish Jews, 4/27/36. Reports – by B. Kahn: “Situation of the Jews in Poland”, 3/11/36; Report on Poland, 8/3/36. “Poland.” JDC Bulletins 1-2, April 1936. Relief aid for towns suffering from pogroms, terrorism and boycotts, attachment to 9/2/36. “Notes on a Recent Trip to Germany and Poland” by D.J. Schweitzer, Nov. 1936. Correspondence: P. B

A wave of anti-Jewish excesses and demonstrations throughout Poland drove many Jews from villages into cities, 6/9/37 and attachments, 7/21/37, 8/31/37. JDC allocations for the first quarter of 1937, 2/21/37, 2/23/37 memo by J.C. Hyman, 2/25/37. Reports: JDC Warsaw Monthly Report Nov. 1936, 1/5/37. Applications for Assignments and Assignments Made”, 3/10/37; “Review of JDC Work in Poland” by J.C. Hyman, 3/26/37; “Situation of the Jews in Poland” by Sholem Asch, 6/23/37; “A Year of JDC Work in Europe”, July 1937; Report on Poland by N. Aronovici, 8/7/37. Correspondence: N. Aronovici, S. Asch, P. Baerwald, H.K. Buchman, J.C. Hyman, A. Kahn, B. Kahn, N. Katz, N.J. Laski, D.J. Schweitzer.

Verbatim Minutes of the General Meeting of JDC Officers, 9/30/37. Minutes of the meeting in Warsaw of JDC officials, 11/1/37, 11/2/37. JDC allocations to Poland 1914 – 1937, 11/20/37, Dec. 1937; expenditures 1/1/37 – 9/30/37, attachment to 12/2/37; expenditures for the year 1937, 12/31/37. Reports: “On Poland” by Alexander Kahn, Oct. 1937 attachment to 11/16/37 and Summary, attachment to 12/29/37. “On the Activities of the JDC Office in Poland” Sept.-Oct. 1937, 10/31/37. “Activities and plans of the JDC in Poland” by the JDC Paris, 12/11/37. Local contributions in zloti to JDC programs and beneficiaries for 1937, 12/20/37. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, N. Gerstenfeld, J.C. Hyman, A. Kahn, B. Kahn, N. Katz, B.C. Vladeck.

Meetings of the Committee on Poland, Verbatim Minutes and Summary, 4/11/38. Memo on Poland and the Situation of the Jewish Population, 4/28/38. Situation of the Jews in Eastern Europe by JDC Paris, June, 1938. The Work of the JDC in Poland 1/1/38 – 6/30/38 by Mark Wischnitzer, 8/25/38. A digest of the JDC Warsaw Report Jan. thru July 1938, 8/26/38. Summary of Discussions of the JDC Work in Poland held at JDC N.Y. 9/30/38. Report on Poland by M.C. Troper, 11/30/38 attachment to 12/24/38. Situation of the Jews in Poland by Boris Smolar, attachment to 12/2/38 and Summary Memo 12/19/38. A General Survey of Political and Economic Conditions in Poland in 1938 by M. Wischnitzer, 12/13/38. Summaries of Monthly Reports by JDC Warsaw: July and August, 11/30/38; Sept. attachment to 12/22/38; Oct. 10/31/38; Nov. 11/30/58. For Zbaszyn refugees, see below: Files 878-879. Correspondence: H.K. Buchman, J. Giterman, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, N. Katz, D.J. Schweitzer, M.C. Troper.

Reports and statements to the JDC Exec. Committee by A. Kahn, 1/26/39, 2/23/39, 4/19/39. Minutes of the JDC Committee on Poland, 2/8/39, 4/11/39 and Summary, 5/10/39 and Summary, 5/15/39 Buchman to Troper. Minutes of the JDC Committee on Poland, 2/8/39, 4/11/39 and Summary, 5/10/39 and Summary, 5/15/39 Buchman to Troper. Minutes of the Joint Meeting, Committee on Poland and JDC Foundation 4/11/39. Report: “The Polish Gov’t and its ‘Jewish’ Policy”, 3/20/39. Summary reports of JDC activities in Poland and Eastern Europe, April 1939, 5/10/39. Proposals for the organization of a Polish Jewish Central Committee, 2/3/39, 4/11/39, 6/10/39, 6/22/77. Jewish Defense Loan for Poland, 6/9/39. For Zbaszyn refugees, see below: Files 878-879. Correspondence: H.K. Buchman, A. Kahn, D.L. Schweitzer, M.C. Troper.

Proposals for the organization of a Polish Jewish Central Committee and for changes in the JDC Administration for Poland, 7/1/39(2), 7/8/39, 7/22/39, 7/25/29, 7/31/39 Kahn to Troper, 8/28/39. Verbatim Minutes of the Committee on Poland and Summaries, 7/7/39, 7/25/39. Report on Poland to the JDC Exec. Committee by A. Kahn, 8/31/39. Statement by the JDC on its organization for the war emergency, 9/19/39. A Short Background of the Situation in Poland by B. Kahn, 9/30/39. Memo on American members of the JDC staff available for possible wartime service with American agencies, attachment to 9/25/39. Report of activities Sept.-Dec. 1939 by JDC Warsaw. Correspondence: H.K. Buchman, A. Kahn, B. Kahn, Robert D. Murphy, M.C. Troper.

Verbatim Minutes and Summary of the JDC Committee on Poland, 10/11/39, 10/12/39. On Happenings in Poland: 10/13/39 Memo by H.K. Buchman, 10/18/39 Long to Razovsky, 11/2/39 Memo by H.K. Buchman, 11/13/39 Memo, 11/13/39 Troper to JDC, 11/17/39, 11/19/39, 11/23/39, 11/24/39 Cable Vilna-Paris-N.Y., 12/4/39, 12/11/39, 12/18/39 Buchman to Engel, 12/22/39. M.W. Beckelman, JDC representative, enters Vilna with first Lithuanian detachment to that city, 10/26/39 JDC to Zadeikis and Baerwald to Pell, 10/30/39 Troper to JDC, 10/31/39 Memo M.W. Beckelman, Memos by M.W. Beckelman on activities in Vilna: 10/24/39 dated 11/3/39, 11/8/39(2), 11/11/39, 11/20/39. Short Statement by D. Guzik and L. Neustadt on their activities in Poland for the JDC Sept.-Oct. 1939, 11/12/39. Polish Relief Extended by ARC, Quakers, Pate Commission, et al: 10/16/39 Memo H. Katzki, 10/17/39 Baerwald to Davis, 11/2/39 Memo I. Rosen, 11/6/39, 11/8/39 Davis to Baerwald, 11/15/39 Statement by P. Baerwald, 11/19/39, 11/20/39, 11/25/39 Memo – 12/1/39, 12/8/39 Hyman to Davis, 12/27/39. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, M.W. Beckelman, H.K. Buchman, Norman H. Davis, D. Guzik, Herbert Hoover, J.C. Hyman, L. Neustadt, I. Rosen, J.J. Schwartz, M.C. Troper.

Verbatim Minutes and Summary of Meetings of the JDC Committee on Poland, 1/10/40, 1/11/40 Memo, 3/6/40. JDC Activities in Poland: 2/5/40, Summary of Activities of the JDC Warsaw 9/1/39 – 12/30/39, 2/19/40, 2/24/40, 3/26/40 Troper to JDC N.Y. Report by M.W. Beckelman, 1/30/40 attachment to 2/15/40. On Happenings in Poland: 1/10/40 Summary, 1/12/40 Troper to N.Y., 1/15/40(3), 1/24/40, 2/20/40 Baerwald – Troper phone conversation, 2/26/40 Hyman to Bronfman, 2/27/40 Hyman to Hayes, 2/28/40 Summary. Polish Relief Extended by the ARC, the Quakers, the Pate Commission, et al: 1/2/40(2), 1/19/40, attachment to 1/22/40, 1/26/40 Memo, 1/26/40 Hyman to Davis, 1/29/40 Troper to Baerwald, 1/31/40(2), 2/7/40, 2/14/40, 2/26/40, 3/20/40 Memo, 3/29/40. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, M.W. Beckelman, H.K. Buchman, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, L. Rajchman, J.J. Schwartz, L.L. Strauss, M.C. Troper.

Minutes of Meetings of the JDC Committee on Poland, 4/11/40, 6/5/40. Memo by M.W. Beckelman: 4/9/40. JDC Activities in Poland, 4/4/40 Summary of cables, 4/27/40, 7/5/40, 7/16/40. Polish Relief Extended by the ARC, the Quakers, the Pate Commission, et al: 4/4/40, 4/24/40 – 5/2/40, 5/22/40, 5/27/40, 5/31/40 – 6/3/40, 7/8/40. Correspondence: M.W. Beckelman, H.K. Buchman, J.C. Hyman, M.A. Leavitt, M. Pate, M.C. Troper.

JDC Activities in Poland: 9/4/40, 9/6/40, 9/10/40 cable, 9/11/40, 11/18/40, 11/22/40, 12/12/40, 12/13/40 Draft Memo. Report on German Occupied Poland, 10/25/40. Notes on the Report of JDC Activities 1/1/40 – 9/30/40 (Note: The report itself is not in the files). Fin. Reports: JDC Warsaw 1/1/40 – 12/31/40, JDC Cracow Dec. 1940, 4/7/41. Correspondence: J. Blum, S.B. Jacobson, A. Jaretzki, Jr., E.M. Morrissey, J.J.

JDC Activities in Poland: 1/3/41 (Communities receiving JDC aid), 6/24/41, 9/11/41, 9/28/41, 11/13/41, 1/12/42 Memo, 2/13/42 Addendum to Report, 4/1/42 Hyman to Sievers, 5/29/42, 6/4/42, 6/25/42, 7/23/42, 7/24/42. Reports: A. Kahn – “Binding a Nation’s Wounds”, 4/4/41 and “The Truth About Relief for Polish Jews”, 11/28/41 attachment to 12/3/41; Elders Council of Jewish Communities in East Upper Silesia – 2/24/41; M.C. Troper – 11/4/41. Fin. Reports – JDC Warsaw 1941; Jan., Feb, Sept. Correspondence: H.K. Buchman, A. Kahn, J.C. Hyman, M.B. Leavitt, J.J. Schwartz, S. Strakacz, M.C. Troper.

Schemes for shipping food packages to Poland Board of Deputies, London: 9/23/42, 11/13/42 attachment to 12/11/42, 5/18/43, 6/8/43, 9/2/43, 11/17/43. World Jewish Congress: 11/6/42, 11/13/42, 11/18/42, 11/20/42, 11/27/42, 10/6/43 Hyman to Long. JDC Portugal: 9/29/42, 11/4/42, 11/17/42(2), 12/7/42, 12/11/42, 12/13/42, 1/6/43, 2/1/43, 3/6/43, 3/8/43, 3/18/43, 3/23/43, 5/4/43, 6/4/43, 6/24/43, 7/9/43, 8/2/43, 8/3/43, 8/19/43, 9/10/43(2), 11/2/43; also see: SM Archives File 51(1). Correspondence: P. Baerwald, H.K. Buchman, J.C. Hyman, H. Katzki, M.A. Leavitt, I.M. Minkoff, L. Osborne, M.L. Perlzweig, J.J. Schwartz, S.S. Wise.

The U.S. Treasury authorized JDC remittances of $12,000 per month for food parcels from Portugal to individual recipients in Poland, 3/20/44 U.S. License – 3/29/44, 6/26/44, 7/19/44. The JDC extended aid to Jewish refugees in Poland via Dr. Emil Sommerstein of the Polish Committee of National Liberation, 5/24/44 attachment to 9/12/44, 7/5/44, 7/6/44, 8/16/44(2), 8/17/44(3), 8/21/44, 8/22/44, 8/31/44. JDC Weekly Digest – 9/8/44, 9/18/44, 10/10/44, 10/12/44, 10/14/44, 10/17/44(2), 10/19/44, 10/27/44 Weekly Review, 11/6/44 Hayes to Leavitt, 11/11/44 Cable to Winant, 11/28/44 Cable to U.S. Consulate Jerusalem, 11/30/44 Magnes to Leavitt, 12/15/44. The JDC requested Soviet permission to send a representative to liberated parts of Poland, 8/3/44, 8/9/44, 9/12/44 Cable, 9/14/44, 9/22/44 Gromyko to Baerwald, 10/2/44, 10/17/44 Leavitt to Parkridge, 11/16/44(2), 12/26/44. Report: “Review of Pre-War Poland, Polish Jewry and “JDC Activities” by N. Aronovici, 8/29/44 attachment to 9/5/44. Also see: SM Archives, File 51(1). Correspondence: P. Baerwald, H.K. Buchman, A. Gromyko, J.C. Hyman, M.A. Leavitt, C. Passman, K. Pilpel, L.H. Sobel, J.J. Schwartz, S. Strakacz.

Proposals for regional JDC aid to Galicia: 4/1/37, 4/12/37, 5/10/37, 10/14/37, 1/9/38, 9/14/38, 10/20/38, 2/2/39, 3/7/39, 4/16/39. Also see below: File 820, WUZET. Correspondence: H.K. Buchman, I. Giterman, J.C. Hyman, S. Low, L. Neustadt, M.C. Troper.

Following the Nazi invasion of Poland, Jewish communities and groups in a number of overseas countries launched fund-raising drives on behalf of the Jewish victims. The funds raised were forwarded to the JDC for transmission to Poland. The most successful in that group were: Argentina $18,000, Canada $50,000 Cuba $2,400, and Mexico $13,000. 1. Argentina, 1940 – 1941: Some $18,000 were raised by an ad hoc group, Organismo de Ayuda a Las Victimas Judias de la Guerra en Polonia Buenos Aires, 1/10/40 attachment to 1/31/40, 2/15/40, 2/23/40, 2/28/40(2), 3/5/40, 3/7/40, 3/8/40, 3/9/40, 3/13/40, 3/15/40, 3/19/40, 4/19/40, 4/25/40, 7/13/40, 10/29/40, 11/22/40, 2/14/41, 3/21/41 – 4/14/41, 6/20/41, 9/16/41. Correspondence: J. Hellmann, M.F. Helman, A. Hirsch, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, L. Lapaco, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel, J.J. Schwartz. 2. Australia, 1940. 3. Brazil, 1940 – 1941. 4. Canada, 1940: Correspondence S. Hayes, J.C. Hyman. 5. Cuba, 1940 – 1941: See: 2/16/40, 2/28/40, 3/21/41, 6/4/41. Correspondence: H. Chervony, R. Pilpel, J.J. Schwartz. 6. Mexico, 1933 – 1944: The Relief Committee for Jewish War Sufferers raised over $13,000 for Polish Relief. See: 2/6/40, 2/16/40, 3/2/40, 3/7/40, 3/8/40, 5/13/40, 5/22/40, 7/23/40 Rafalin to the JDC. Correspondence: J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel, D.S. Rafalin, M. Rubinstein, J.J. Schwartz.

a. Statement of Sums Appropriated in 1937, Schedules A-H. b. Economic Work, Proposed Budget for Poland, 1938. c. General Budget for 1938, L. Neustadt.

7/1/39 – 12/31/39

Fin. Statements, Schedules and Memos: March 1939, 7/1/39, 7/17/39, 7/31/39, 8/1/39, 8/25/39, 11/22/39, 1/12/40, 2/19/40, 4/9/40, 11/4/41.

On 8/30/39, on the very eve of hostilities, the Chase Bank acting for the JDC cabled $40,000 to the Warsaw Discount Bank. The funds were to be transmitted to the JDC Warsaw office, but it never reached there. The file records the unsuccessful efforts to recover the funds made by the JDC.

JDC Publicity Releases on Poland: 6/7/36, 1/21/37. Article: A Word to Poles — Brother Polish Citizen, by Sholem Asch. Correspondence: A. Horowitz, J.C. Hyman, A. Kalin, B. Kahn, H.J. Seligman.

JDC Publicity Releases on Poland: 8/30/37, 11/3/39, 2/3/40, 5/10/40 (Yiddish), 5/12/42, 5/29/42, 6/8/42. JDC Brochures: Lifeline, 2/16/41 (Report of JDC’s National Meeting in N.Y.); How the JDC Does It, by E.M.M. Warburg, Feb. 1941 (tells how the JDC aided Jews in occupied Europe without helping the German economy or breaking the British blockade). Other publicity materials: Jewish Daily Forward, 2/23/40 (rotogravure page on Poland); Berliner Illustrierte Zeitung, 12/5/40 (Picture Section on the Lublin Ghetto); L. Schupakevitch attack on the JDC and its rebuttal, 10/17/41 – 12/16/41; News from Poland (Unser Tsait), monthly publication of the American Representation of the General Jewish Workers Union of Poland, 1942: Feb.-Aug. (2). Correspondence: J.C. Hyman, N. Katz, M.A. Leavitt, L. Schupakevitch, M.C. Troper.

a. Bulletins on Poland, 2/1/39 – 8/1/39: #1-14 (#11 missing) The Bulletins were issued by the JDC Office in Poland for the information of the JDC N.Y. They were scheduled to appear at 10-day intervals, but sometimes skipped an interval or two under the pressure of events. They focused most heavily on refugee and reconstruction activities and on organizational events. b. Present Activities of the JDC, 10/1/39 – 12/2/40: #1-10 (#1, #7 missing) These Bulletins were issued by the JDC N.Y. They appeared originally at fortnightly intervals and then stretched out to monthly and finally to quarterly intervals. The sections dealing with individual countries were more general in character than the Bulletins on Poland. Most issues were multi-themed, but a few dealt with only a single theme, e.g. Poland and Refugees from Poland.

by L. Neustadt, June 1936. Yiddish

by Emanuel Pat, March 1941, English and Yiddish copies, with an English duplicate. The report was based on data published in the Krakau “Yiddischer Zeitung” and included information from the monthly reports that Kehillas and other Jewish institutions were required to submit to the Nazi authorities. The report covered the span from Sept. 1940 to Dec. 1941.

These reports were written by non-JDC personalities mostly, and covered a fairly wide range of topics. The reports include those written by S. Asch, T. Bienenstock. R. L. Buell, I. Cohen, M.R. Cohen, A.G. Duker, F.M. Isserman, J. Lishinski, S. Mendelsohn, B. Smolar and L. Spizman. Other reports were issued by various organizations but with no authorship attributed. During the war years, underground and eyewitness accounts predominated. Brief reports by JDC personalities will be found above in Poland, General.

These reports were written by non-JDC personalities mostly, and covered a fairly wide range of topics. The reports include those written by S. Asch, T. Bienenstock. R. L. Buell, I. Cohen, M.R. Cohen, A.G. Duker, F.M. Isserman, J. Lishinski, S. Mendelsohn, B. Smolar and L. Spizman. Other reports were issued by various organizations but with no authorship attributed. During the war years, underground and eyewitness accounts predominated. Brief reports by JDC personalities will be found above in Poland, General.

The Polish Bund represented the Jewish socialist labor movement in Poland. Until the outbreak of W.W. II it went its own way and refused to cooperate with Zionist or religious groups. During the Nazi occupation it played an active role in the Jewish resistance movement. Relations Between the JDC and the Bund: 6/10/39, 7/3/39, 7/7/39 – 8/7/39, 9/22/39, 10/16/39(2), 11/20/39, 12/28/39(2), 1/12/40, 2/1/40 – 3/22/40, 4/9/40, 4/16/40, 7/11/40, 9/5/40, 10/21/41, 11/12/41. Correspondence: M.W. Beckelman, H.K. Buchman, I. Giterman, J.C. Hyman, A. Kahn, B. Kahn, I. Minkoff, S. Mendelson, E. Novogrodski, J. Pat, J.J. Schwartz, M.C. Troper.

a. Ahawath Chesed, Lemberg, 1937 – 1938: A Gemiloth Chesed Kassa. JDC Allocations: 1938 – $500. Correspondence: H.K. Buchman, A. Kahn, B. Kahn. b. Bank dla Spoldzielni, Warsaw, 1938 – 1939: Correspondence: O.E. d’Avigdor Goldsmid, B. Kahn, L. Oungre, R. Szereszowski. c. Belgian Red Cross, Brussels, 1940. d. Beth Lechem Institutions, Warsaw (BLI), 1936 – 1941: The BLI Warsaw was a relief organization distributing bread, fuel and clothing in the main to needy persons. In the 1930’s, the JDC granted them over $3,000 in all, most of it for Passover supplies. Correspondence: N. Ben-Horin, H.K. Buchman, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, M.A. Leavitt, E.A. Swift. e. Central Refugees Committee, Warsaw, 1939: JDC Allocations as of 3/16/39 ZI 159,000. Report by the Committee including tables: refugees in individual cities and towns, contributions from abroad and sums remitted by local committees, 3/22/39. f. Fund for Jewish Refugee Writers, New York, 1940 – 1942, In 1940, the JDC granted $1,250 to the Fund to aid refugee writers and scholars in Eastern Europe who were in need. Correspondence: Sholem Asch, H.K. Buchman, W. Edlin, M.A. Leavitt. g. Jewish Colonization Committee in Poland (JCC), Warsaw, 1938 – 1939: In 1938, at the instance of the Polish Gov’t, the JCC was organized (Chairman: Prof. Moses Schorr) to aid in expediting Jewish emigration from Poland. Ambitious plans were put forward, but nothing came of them. Correspondence: C. Adler, P. Baerwald, H.K. Buchman, I. Giterman, M.C. Troper. h. Jewish Women’s Association of Wilno, 1937: JDC Allocations: 1934 – 1936, $1,545. i. ORT Poland, Warsaw, 1935 – 1940: Fin. Report ORT Poland 1936, 12/31/36. Fin. Report ORT Union, Paris (including Poland) 1936, 12/31/36. Correspondence: I. Giterman, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn.

a. Polish Women’s Relief Committee, New York, 1942 – 1944: The Committee was formed in 1940 to send relief parcels to Polish PW’s in Nazi captivity. The aid was distributed on a non-sectarian basis. JDC Allocations — 1942: $ 5,400; 1943: 3,000; 1944: 2,600; Total: $11,000. Fin. Statements by the Committee: 9/30/42, 2/9/43; Nov. 1939 – June 1943, July 1943 Publication White Eagle. Correspondence: J.C. Hyman, A. Strakacz, A. Znamiecki. b. South African Board of Deputies, Johannesburg (S.A.), 1936 – 1940; 1944, JDC Allocations: 1938, $12,500 to match the contribution of the S.A. B. of D. for Polish relief, 6/21/38; 1939/1940, $75,000 to match a comparable sum contributed by the S.A. B. of D. 12/13/39 – 2/14/40. For other materials on the S.A. B. of D., see: Union of South Africa, Files 1,053 – 1,054. Correspondence: M.W. Beckelman, A. Brotman, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, E. Saron. c. United British Appeal for Polish Jewry (UBA), London, 1935 – 1940: In 1935/1936, the UBA allocated $190,000 for Polish Jewry and the funds were distributed via the JDC and with the guidance of B. Kahn, 11/6/35(2), 2/3/36. In 1939, the JDC allocated L 12,500 in aid of Polish refugees to match an allotment by the UBA in the same sum, 1/9/40. Report: UBA L 5,000 Assignment for Gemiloth Chesed Kassas, Feb. 1937. Also see: Files 789-790. Correspondence: A. Horwitz, B. Kahn, N. Laski. d. WUZET, Lwow, 1938 – 1939: The WUZET is the association for vocational training in Galicia. The JDC allocations in 1938 – 1939 were matching sums to those granted by the United Galician Jews of America, New York. JDC Allocations — 1938: $7,500; 1939: $2,500; Total: $10,000. List of organizations in Galicia supported by the WUZET, 12/16/37. Correspondence: H.K. Buchman, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, L. Neustadt. e. Youth Theatre Project of Warsaw, 1938: JDC Allocation: $250.

The CENTOS was an association of the major Jewish child care organizations in Poland and its existence dated back to 1924. It supervised a wide range of activities, stretching from orphan care to summer camps, to vocational training, and until the latter 1930’s it was able to cover locally a large share of its budget. Reports: Organization for Child Protection and Aid for Orphans in Poland and tables of activities 1926 – 1934, 1/1/36. Tables of activities and fin. statements 1926 – 1935, 3/31/36. The Plight of the Jewish Children in Ostrog, Oct. 1937. CENTOS application for JDC allocation and fin. statements, 7/28/37. JDC Report, CENTOS Child Care Work in Poland, 1937 – 1938, August 1938. Fin. Statement 9/6/39 – 12/31/39, 1/21/40. Correspondence: H.K. Buchman, J.C. Hyman, S.B. Jacobson, B. Kahn.

JDC Reports: Summer Colonies Initiated and Supported by the AJDC, narrative and photos, 1936. The Summer Colonies in Poland 1937, by L. Neustadt.

JDC Report: The Summer Colonies in Poland, 1938, by L. Neustadt, Dec. 1938. Preliminary Statement on Summer Camp Activities in 1938, 1/26/39.

Auschwitz (Oswiecim) and Birkenau were two nearly adjoining concentration camps in Upper Silesia to which Jews from many countries, including Poland, were sent. When Auschwitz was opened following the Nazi invasion of Poland, it was initially billed as a place of resettlement for the Jews of Silesia and a “central emigration bureau” was established there. There were no recorded cases of emigration from Auschwitz in the accepted meaning of the word. Reports: The Mass Extermination of Jews in German Occupied Poland by the Gov’t of Poland, 12/10/42; Report on Auschwitz Crematorium, undated and without authorship, Jan. 1944 (?). List of Interned Persons at Birkenau, 4/27/44; German Extermination Camps – Auschwitz and Birkenau, Nov. 1944; Jewish Survivors Report – 18 months in the Oswiecim Extermination Camp, May 1945; Concentration Camp Auschwitz-Birkenau, Aug. 1945. Also see: SM Archives, Files 52-53.

JDC cultural activities in Poland: 5/22/35, 9/11/36(2), 9/28/36, 2/24/37 Adler to Kahn, 3/16/37, 4/5/37, 4/29/37, 6/10/37, 6/18/37, 6/25/37, 10/14/37, 12/14/37, 1/21/39, 11/21/39, 11/9/39, 12/13/39, 1/15/40, 3/11/40 Paris Cable-4/16/40, 5/1/40, 5/10/40, 10/18/40. United British Appeal for London allotted funds for distribution in Poland by the JDC: L 3,000, 3/13/36-4/27/36; L 2,500, 9/30/38. JDC subsidies for equipment and repair of schools: 1936, 8/13/36, 12/31/36; 1937, 12/31/37; 1938, 12/27/38 attachment to 1/20/39; 1939, 3/15/39-3/26/39, 4/3/39, 5/24/39, 6/13/39(3)-6/22/39(3), 7/18/39, 8/23/39. Reports: Educational and Cultural Institutions Subventioned by the JDC in 1936, 12/31/36; Structure of Jewish School Organizations in Poland, 4/22/37; Fin. Condition of the School Organizations in Poland, 1/14/39 attachment to 1/17/39; Proposal for a Survey of Cultural Institutions in Poland by M.W. Beckelman, 8/22/39 attachment to 8/27/39; Present Situation of Elementary and Other Schools in Vilna City and Province, 3/20/40 attachment to 4/19/40. Correspondence: C. Adler, M.W. Beckelman, H.K. Buchman, A. Horowitz, J.C. Hyman, Cordell Hull, L. Jung, B. Kahn, M.A. Leavitt, E.M. Morrissey, J.J. Schwartz, M.C. Troper.

Yiddish Schul-Wesen in Poilen 1934 – 1935, April 1936. Applications for Assignments and Assignments Made 3/10/37, see: File 791. Jewish Private Public Instruction in Poland by L. Neustadt, 5/12/37. Jewish Schools in Poland (JDC), August 1938. Survey of Activities of Jewish School Organizations in Poland by L. Neustadt, July 1939. The Bldg. and Equipment Campaign as Carried on by the Jewish School Organizations in Poland by L. Neustadt, 8/4/39.

a. Agudas Israel, 1935 (Religious): For materials on earlier years, see: Archives 1921 – 1932, File 346. Correspondence: C. Adler, J.C. Hyman. b. Central Jewish Education Committee, Vilna, 1934 – 1940 (Yiddish, Secular). JDC Allocations: 1934: $350; 1935: 60; 1936: 102; 1937: $170; 1938: 200; 1939: 300; Total: $1,182. Correspondence: H.K. Buchman, J.C. Hyman, A. Kahn. c. Central Jewish School Organ., Warsaw (CISCHO), 1938 – 1940 Yiddish, Secular). JDC Allocations: 1933: $1,440; 1934: 3,015; 1935: 5,350; 1936: 8,113; 1937: $10,300; 1938: 16,983; 1939: 18,400; Total: $63,601. For materials on earlier years, see: Archives, 1921 – 1932, File 351. Correspondence: D.M. Bressler, H.K. Buchman, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, S. Mendelson, E.M. Morrissey, J. Pat, B.C. Vladeck. d. Chorev Schools, 1937 – 1941 (Religious). JDC Allocations: 1936: $5,000; 1937: 5,000; 1938: $6,800; 1939: 10,150; Total: $26,150. Correspondence: M. Beckelman, H.K. Buchman, J.C. Hyman. e. Ohel Sara, 1938 – 1939 (Religious, Beth Jacob). JDC Allocations: 1938: $100; 1939; Total: $400. f. Szul-Kult, Warsaw, 1937 – 1939 (Secular). JDC Allocations: 1936: $1,000; 1937: 2,600; 1938: $3,300; 1939: 5,600; Total: $12,500. Correspondence: C. Adler, M.W. Beckelman, H.K. Buchman, S. Gourary, Ch. O. Grodzienski, A. Horowitz, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, E.M. Morrissey.

(Religious, Girls) JDC Allocations: 1933: $320; 1934: 420; 1935: 760; 1936: 5,966; 1937: $8,833; 1938: 8,125; 1939: 3,932; 1940: 250; Total: $28,606. Activities report by L. Deutschlaender, April 1935. List of Beth Jacob Schools in Poland, 4/24/37. A Holocaust Document, 8/11/42. Also see: File 828, Ohel Sara. For materials on earlier years, see: Archives 1921 – 1932, Files 347-347a. Correspondence: C. Adler, H.K. Buchman, L. Deutschlaender, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, L. Jung, L. Rosenbaum.

(Hebrew Language and Culture) JDC Allocations: 1933: 700; 1934: 1,050; 1935: 3,450; 1936: 3,950; 1937: $2,400; 1938: 15,150; 1939: 3,880; Total: $30,580. Tarbuth Publications (Hebrew): Tarbuth 1934: July, Dec,; Mesiloth 1935 – 1936. For materials on earlier years, see: Archives 1921 – 1932, Files 348-350. Correspondence: C. Adler, H.K. Buchman, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn.

(Mizrachi) JDC Allocations: 1934: $315; 1935: 3,450; 1936: 3,950; 1937: $3,990; 1938: 2,625; Total: $14,330. Yavneh Publication: Activities of the Association “Yavne”, 1937. Correspondence: C. Adler, H.K. Buchman, J.C. Hyman, S. Kahane, I. Rubenstein.

a. General, 1933 – 1940: JDC Allocations for Building Repairs (1938/39) and War Emergency Needs (1940): 1938: $4,000; 1939: 11,750; 1940: $10,000; Total: $25,750. Correspondence: C. Adler, M.W. Beckelman, H.K. Buchman, S. Gourary, Ch. O. Grodzienski, A. Horowitz, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, M.A. Leavitt, E.M. Morrissey. b. German Refugee Students at Polish Yeshivot, 1936 – 1939: Correspondence: C. Adler, H.A. Goodman, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, J. Rosenheim.

a. Baranowicz, Ohel Torah, 1936 – 1941: JDC Allocations: 1936: $250; 1937: 695; 1938: $480; Total: $1,425. b. Bialystok, Beth Meir, 1937 – 1938: JDC Allocations: 1937: $120; 1938: 120; Total: $240. c. Bobowa, Etz Chaim, 1936 – 1937; 1939: JDC Allocations: 1934: $30; 1935: 40; 1936: $500; 1937: 200; Total: $770. d. Brzesc (Brisk), Torath Chesed, 1937 – 1940: JDC Allocations: 1937: $500; 1938: 200; 1939: $70; Total: $770. e. Grodno, Shaar Hatora, 1936 – 1939, JDC Allocations: 1934: $160; 1935: 160; 1936: 160; 1937: $740; 1938: 480; Total: $1,700 f. Kamenitz-Litovsk, Kneseth Beth Isaac, 1937 – 1939, JDC Allocations: 1937: $1,340; 1938: 1,080; Total: $2,420. Publication: “History of the Grand Rabbinical College ‘Kneseth Beth Isaac’ of Kamenitz-Litovsk, Poland”. g. Kletzk, Etz Chaim, 1937 – 1942. h. Kobryn, Yeshivot Kobryn, 1939. i. Lomza, Rabbinical Yeshiva of Lomza, 1934 – 1943: JDC Allocations: 1937: $520; 1938: 520; Total: $1,040. Between 1921 – 1936 the JDC granted $37,395 to the Lomza Yeshiva, 10/23/36.

JDC Allocations: 1936: $1,562; 1937: 700; 1938: $500; Total: $2,762. Publications: Essays on the Lublin Yeshiva by Hillel Seidman, 1934. Fin. Statement 1938, 12/31/38. Correspondence: C. Adler, H.K. Buchman, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, E.M. Morrissey.

a. Lwow, Teachers’ Seminary, 1938 – JDC Allocations: 1938: $200. b. Nowogrodek, Nowogrodek Yeshivot “Beth Joseph”, 1937 – 1938 – JDC Allocations: Bialystok: $800; Luck (Lutzck): 358; Miedzyrzec: 720; Ostow-Maz: $340; Pinsk: 320; Warsaw: 640; Total: $3,178. c. Radun, Chofetz Chaim, 1934; 1939; 1941 – JDC Allocations: 1937: $480; 1938: 480; 1939: $100; Total: $1,060. d. Sokolow/Podl, Beth Israel, 1937 – JDC Allocations: 1937: $300. e. Stolin, Beth Israel, 1937 – 1938 – JDC Allocations: 1937: $237; 1938: 217; Total; $454. f. Warsaw Institute for Judaistic Sciences, 1937 – 1938 – JDC Allocations: 1936: $1,000; 1937: 1,000; 1938: $500; Total: $2,500. Correspondence: C. Adler, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, M.S. Lazaron, J. Morganstern, M. Schorr. g. Warsaw, Mechanchim Seminar, 1937 – 1939: Teacher training institute for religious schools. JDC Allocations: 1936: $200; 1937: 750; Total: $950. h. Warsaw, Yeshiva Umesifta, 1937 – 1938 – JDC Allocations: 1937: $1,075; 1938: 480; Total: $1,555. i. Warsaw, Torat Chaim, 1939; 1943; 1945 – JDC Allocations: 1937: $735; 1938: 545; Total: $1,280. j. Warsaw, Yeshivat Gavoha “Emek Halacha”, 1933 – 1944. k. Wilno (Vilna), Rameiles, 1937 – 1938 – JDC Allocations: 1937: $510; 1938: 320; Total: $830. l. Wilno (Vilna), Tachkemoni Seminary, 1933 – 1941: JDC Allocations: 1934: $105; 1935: 140; 1936: 140; 1937: $400; 1938: 400; Total: $1,185. m. Wolozin, Etz Chaim, 1933 – 1944: JDC Allocations: 1937: $240; 1938: 340; Total: $580.

JDC Allocations: 1921 – 1932 = $40,000. 1933: $185; 1934: 480; 1935: 2,240; 1936: 680; 1937: $4,215; 1938: 1,920; 1939: 2,450; Total: $12,170. Faculty and students flee to Lithuania from Poland, 2/14/40, 2/21/40. They prepared to move to Japan en route to the U.S. with JDC aid, 10/31/40, 11/4/40(2), 11/17/40, 1/8/41-1/21/41. Fin. statement by Rabbi Kalmanowitz on the transfer of the Mirrer Yeshiva from Lithuania to Japan, 4/30/41. The transfer from Japan to Shanghai, 8/21/41 – 10/18/41, 11/3/41 and attachments, 11/27/41, 1/1/42 – 3/25/42. For additional materials, see: Lithuania, Files 738-739. Japan, File 727. China, File 462, Aug.-Dec. 1941. Yeshivot, Files 356-362. Correspondence: C. Adler, P. Baerwald, M.W. Beckelman, H.K. Buchman, L.J. Finkel, A. Horowitz, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, A. Kalmanowitz, M.A. Leavitt, Ch. Schmuelowicz, P.J. Schoen.

JDC Allocations: 1937: $915; 1938: 1,005; 1939: $2,000; Total: $3,920. Faculty and students fled to Vilna from Poland and then prepared to move to Japan en route to the U.S., with JDC aid, 1/5/40, 1/6/40, 1/19/40, 1/29/40, 8/1/40-8/16/40, 1/14/41, 1/21/41, 1/29/41, 2/7/41, 2/19/41, 3/19/41, 3/26/41, 3/28/41, 8/13/41, 9/19/41, 10/5/41, 2/18/42, 2/25/42, 1/20/43. For additional materials, see: the same references as in File 836. Correspondence: C. Adler, H.K. Buchman, I. Coons, S. Gourary, S. Hayes, A. Horowitz, B. Kahn, M.A. Leavitt, Joseph Isaac Schneerson.

Between 1933 – 1940, the emigration of Polish refugees from Europe was administered by the HICEM and the JDC covered about one-third of the transportation costs. Between 1940 – 1944, the JDC shouldered the emigration costs of Polish refugees in full or in overwhelming degree. In Dec. 1938, the Polish Gov’t sought to expedite Jewish emigration by pressing leading Jews in Poland to serve on a Jewish Colonization Committee and to make delegation visits to the U.S., England, et al so as to drum up support and fiscal backing for the scheme. The scheme came to nothing when it ran into strong opposition abroad. For details, see below, as well as File 819.g. Palestine and the U.S. were the principal countries of emigration for Polish refugees. Emigration to Palestine was cut when Italy entered the war in May 1940 and for the next year or so it could be conducted only by an overland route via Vilna, Moscow and the Trans-Siberian R.R. to Vladivostok and thence overseas to Japan. By mid – 1941, emigration came to a standstill. For additional materials, see: Germany, Files 667-673. Lithuania, Files 738-739. Japan, Files 723-727 China, File 488. a. General, 1936 – 1941: HICEM Report on Jewish emigration from Poland, 12/11/37. Emigration from Poland 1937, 3/16/38. Minutes of Meeting JDC-AJC on emigration from Poland, 2/16/39(2). Correspondence: C. Adler, M. Bohrer, H.K. Buchman, J.C. Hyman, L. Oungre, M.C. Troper. b. Palestine, 1939 – 1942: Correspondence: M. Birman, H.K. Buchman, L.I. Margolis.

JDC Warsaw Report on the Feeding Campaign in 1936/37, Oct. 1937. Summary of Conference on Feeding in Poland, 10/30/37. Child Feeding at the Jewish School Centers, 9/24/36. Correspondence: H.K. Buchman, M.A. Leavitt, L. Neustadt.

Narrative Reports and Summaries of TOZ Activities: 1930 – 1933, 12/31/33; 1937, 5/26/38, Aug. 1938; 9/1/39 – 7/1/40(2); 5/27/40(2); 6/28/40; 8/4/40; 9/23/40; 11/6/41. Statistical Reports: Annual 1940, 12/31/40, 7/28/41; Monthly – 1940: Feb., March, May (2), June; 1941: Jan., March, April (2), May. Fin. Reports and Statements: 4/1/36 – 3/31/37; Sept.-Dec. 1939; 12/5/41; 12/9/41. JDC allocates funds for the purchase of medicaments in Switzerland for shipment to the TOZ, 2/3/41 – 2/15/41, 6/11/41 – 7/7/41, 10/8/41, 10/10/41, 12/15/41; for additional materials, see: SM Archives, File 27d. For materials on TOZ in earlier years, see: Archives 1921 – 1932, Files 369-373. Correspondence: H.K. Buchman, Norman H. Davis, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, M. Koenigstein, B. Tschlenoff, L. Wulman.

a. Juedisches Spital, Lublin, 1935 – 1940: In 1937, the hospital received Zl. 3,000 from the TOZ for repairs and renovations. b. Medem Sanitorium, Miedzeszyn/Warsaw, 1935 – 1942: The Medem was a children’s TB sanatorium and it received the following JDC allocations (Also see: File 805.g): 1934: $1,053; 1935: 6,306; 1936: 1,828; 1937: 8,168; 1938: $10,457; 1939: 11,518; Toatl: $39,330. Correspondence: H.K. Buchman, A. Held, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn. c. Nurses Training School (NTS) Warsaw, 1934; 1936 – 1940: The Nurses Training School was organized in 1923 with JDC aid, and it earned a name as a model institution of its kind, in Poland and abroad. JDC allocations between 1922 – 1939 came to $140,000 in all. For materials in earlier years, see: Archives 1921 – 1932, Files 364-368. NTS Activity Reports: 4/1/36 – 3/31/37, 4/1/37 – 3/31/38, 4/1/38 – 3/31/39. Correspondence: M.W. Beckelman, H.K. Buchman, N. Lubowska, M.C. Troper. d. Sanatorium “Jehudys”, Warsaw, 1939: On 1/1/39, the children’s sanatorium “Jehudys”, conducted under orthodox auspices, opened its doors. In 1939, the JDC granted it $3,095 in allocations.

1. Anti-Schechita Law, 1936 – 1937: Correspondence: C. Adler, Ch. O. Grodzienski, A. Horowitz, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn. 2. Jewish University Students, 1937 – 1938: Correspondence: B. Kahn, L. Neustadt, D.J. Schweitzer. Note: For data on boycotts and programs in Jewish communities, see: Localities, Individual communities, Files 890-895.

Reports and Memos: On repayments of reconstruction loans to credit institutions, 10/30/35 attachment to 11/1/35, 11/27/35, 12/12/35; Capital Investments Poland 1924-36, 12/2/36; Reconstruction in Poland by N. Aronovici, 8/7/37 attachment to 8/16/37; Situation of the Cooperative Banks in Poland by A. Kahn, 12/1/37; 12/2/37; Activities and Plans of the JDC in Poland, Dec. 1937; Assignments of Credit for Reconstructive Aid, attachment to 1/12/38; Problems for Consideration for the Committee on Poland, 3/28/38; JDC Economic Aid in Poland, 4/11/38; 7/18/39. Correspondence: N. Aronovici, D.M. Bressler, O.E. d’Avigdor Goldsmid, J.C. Hyman, A. Kahn, B. Kahn, A.A. Landesco, L. Oungre, D. Schweitzer.

Between 1935 – 1939, JDC leaders, personalities and committees came to grips with a wide range of proposals for the improvement of economic opportunities for Jews in Poland. The proposals focused on the creation of new businesses for the manufacture of goods suitable for the export trade. Many proposals were submitted, a few were chosen and an agreement to undertake the first was reached at long, long last on August 30, 1939. On Sept. 1, the Nazi armies marched into Poland and launched W.W. II. But even in the best of cases, effective large scale aid of this character would have been in work of decades and not of single years. Polish trade and commerce were more at home in the 18th or the 19th centuries than in the 20th. Moreover, anti-Jewish political, economic and social discrimination in Poland were widespread, and dimmed the prospects for achieving Jewish economic progress. A loan of 1,500,000 zlotys for the economic rehabilitation of Jews in need was extended in equal parts by the Polish Gov’t, the JDC and other Jewish agencies and by Polish Jewry, March 1935, 4/22/36, 6/7/36. Proposals for a constructive program of aid: Minutes of the JDC Exec. Committee, 3/8/37; by N. Katz, 3/9/37; by Norman Gerstenfeld, 10/8/37, 10/20/37 attachment to 10/31/27, 4/4/38; Proposal to manufacture new products in Poland by bringing in skilled refugee artisans from Vienna, 1/21/38, 4/27/38, 6/13/38 attachment to 7/15/38; Proposals for constructive help by Jacob Lestschinsky, 11/16/37, 4/11/38 attachment to 4/14/38; Shipment of samples of articles manufactured in Poland considered suitable for the American market, 4/29/38, 6/18/38, 8/9/38, 12/19/38. Proposal for the promotion of Polish-American exports with the aid of JDC credits, 12/22/38, 12/23/38, 1/10/39, 1/19/39, 5/15/39-8/30/39. Summary of the session of the Central Negotiating Commission of the Jewish Economic Committee on Poland, June 1939. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, H.K. Buchman, N. Gerstenfeld, I.E. Goldwasser, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, N. Katz, E.I. Kaufman, E.A. Norman, J.N. Rosenberg, B.C. Vladeck.

The kassas affiliated with the credit cooperatives granted short and long-term loans that were interest-bearing. Interest rates were low by prevailing Polish standards, but high by prevailing American standards. The most important kassas were affiliated with the Union of Cooperative Kassas in Poland (Verband), and raised their funds in part locally and in part from credits granted mainly by the JDC Foundation. In the harsh economic climate of the depression 1930’s, many kassas were in need of reorganization or had fallen into inactivity. The JDC Foundation launched a reorganization program in 1937. List of kassas affiliated with the Verband where misappropriations of funds occurred between 1929 – 1933, 5/24/33. Capital Investments in Credit Cooperatives by the JDC Foundation 1924 – 1936, 12/2/36. Statistical statements on the activities of the Jewish Credit Cooperatives 1/1/37-3/31/37, 3/31/37. Reports and Memos: Situation of Cooperative Banks in Poland by Alexander Kahn, 12/1/37; Remarks on Poland by N. Aronovici, 1/27/39; Discussions on Poland held in Paris 4/26/39-4/27/39. Fin. Statements 1939, May: 6/8/39; June: 7/28/39. Other data on the credit kassas: 4/28/37, 6/25/37, 12/31/38, 2/13/39, March 1939, 5/5/39, 6/30/39. For a Summary Statement of the Fin. Transactions of the JDC Foundation with Poland 1924 – 1935, see: File 846, 12/31/35. For a list of loan kassas in contact with the JDC Foundation, see: File 846, 6/30/36. Correspondence: G. Bider, M. Flaum, O.E. d’Avigdor Goldsmid, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, L. Oungre, D.J. Schweitzer, M.C. Troper.

The Pol. Gov’t granted a subvention of Zl. 100,000 for G.C. Kassas, 4/22/34, 9/7/34. On the activities of the G.C. Kassas: 5/8/34, May 1934, 11/27/34, 1/5/35, April 1935, 10/2/35, 10/30/35(2), 11/27/35, 11/27/36, 2/15/37, 4/28/37, 7/21/37. Summaries of Fin. Transactions with Poland by the JDC Foundation: 1924 – 1935, 12/31/35; Jan. 1936, 4/22/36; 12/2/36. Lists of loan kassas in Poland: 6/30/36, 12/19/36, 6/30/37. Reports: Expenditures for G.C. Kassas by the United British Appeal for Polish Jewry via the JDC (L 5,000), Feb. 1937; Activities of the G.C. Kassas June 1936-June 1937, 6/30/37; Report on my Trip July/August 1936, by N. Aronovici, Publication: Volks Hilf, published by the Gemiloth Chesed Kassas in Poland (Yiddish). Correspondence: N. Aronovici, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, L. Oungre, D.J. Schweitzer.

On the activities of the G.C. Kassas: 10/1/37-10/17/37, 3/19/38, 4/11/38, 4/27/38, 9/1/38. Summaries of Fin. Transactions with Poland by the JDC Foundation: 9/30/37. Lists of loan kassas in Poland: 9/23/37, 12/31/37. Reports-N. Aronovici: 8/7/37(2), 1/27/39. On Economic Aid to Poland, 4/11/38. Correspondence: N. Aronovici, P. Baerwald, H.K. Buchman, I. Giterman, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, L. Oungre, D.J. Schweitzer, S. Tarschansky, M.C. Troper.

Most of the G.C. Kassas in Poland were affiliated with the CKB, and the Polish Gov’t recognized it as the official representative of those kassas. It also acted as a clearing house for allocations to the kassas granted by the JDC Foundation. In March 1939, the JDC agreed to grant the CKB full control over the distribution of those allocations and the transfer was scheduled for completion by Sept. 1939. But Hitler intervened. For materials, see: 12/13/38, 2/23/39, 3/17/39 and Schweitzer report attached thereto, 3/31/39. Correspondence: H.K. Buchman, I. Giterman, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, D.J. Schweitzer.

Nearly every city, town and locality in Poland boasting a perceptible Jewish population supported one or more interest-free loan kassas and they played a significant role in Jewish economic life. Over the years, the JDC Recon. Found. granted these kassas very sizeable allocations, and yet the enormous needs outpaced the funds available. In a bid to stimulate fund-raising, the JDC offered to match any contributions in their favor stemming from landsmannschaften in the U.S. The offer remained in effect from Jan. 1937 until the Nazi invasion of Poland. Files 849-873 contain materials on some 370 loan kassas, arranged by localities. Nearly all were aided by individual landsmannschaften together with matching JDC grants. Nonetheless, these loan kassas formed but a fraction of those in actual operation. Note: For an interesting account of the economic difficulties besetting Jewish life in a small town and the role played by the local loan kassas, see below: File 872, Memo on Wengrow. A: Andrzejewo (d. Bial.); Antopol (d. Bial.); Ba – Bi: Baranowicze (d. Polesie); Bedzin (d. Kielce); Belzyce (d. Lubel.); Belchatow (d. Lodz); Beresteczko (d. Wolyn); Bereza-Kartuska (d. Polesie); Berezne (d. Wolyn); Bereznica (d. Lwow); Biala Rawska (d. Warsaw); also see: Bledow; Bialy Kamien (d. Tarnopol); Bialystok (d. Bial.); Bielsk Podlaski (d. Bial.); Bilgoraj (d. Lublin); Bircza (d. Lvov);

Nearly every city, town and locality in Poland boasting a perceptible Jewish population supported one or more interest-free loan kassas and they played a significant role in Jewish economic life. Over the years, the JDC Recon. Found. granted these kassas very sizeable allocations, and yet the enormous needs outpaced the funds available. In a bid to stimulate fund-raising, the JDC offered to match any contributions in their favor stemming from landsmannschaften in the U.S. The offer remained in effect from Jan. 1937 until the Nazi invasion of Poland. Files 849-873 contain materials on some 370 loan kassas, arranged by localities. Nearly all were aided by individual landsmannschaften together with matching JDC grants. Nonetheless, these loan kassas formed but a fraction of those in actual operation. Note: For an interesting account of the economic difficulties besetting Jewish life in a small town and the role played by the local loan kassas, see below: File 872, Memo on Wengrow. Bl – By: Blazowa (d. Lwow); Bledow (d. Warsaw); Blonie (d. Warsaw); Bocki (d. Bial.); Bodzetyn (d. Kielce); Bohorodczany (d. Stan.); Bolimow (d. Warsaw); Boremel (d. Wolyn); Borszczow (d. Tarnopol); Bransk (d. Bial.); Brody (d. Tarn.); Brok n/B (d. Bial.); Brzesc Kujawski (d. Warsaw); Brzesko (d. Cracow); Brzezany (d. Tarn.); Buczacz (d. Tarn.); Budzanow (d. Tarn.); Busk (d. Tarn.); Byten (d. Nowogr.);

Nearly every city, town and locality in Poland boasting a perceptible Jewish population supported one or more interest-free loan kassas and they played a significant role in Jewish economic life. Over the years, the JDC Recon. Found. granted these kassas very sizeable allocations, and yet the enormous needs outpaced the funds available. In a bid to stimulate fund-raising, the JDC offered to match any contributions in their favor stemming from landsmannschaften in the U.S. The offer remained in effect from Jan. 1937 until the Nazi invasion of Poland. Files 849-873 contain materials on some 370 loan kassas, arranged by localities. Nearly all were aided by individual landsmannschaften together with matching JDC grants. Nonetheless, these loan kassas formed but a fraction of those in actual operation. Note: For an interesting account of the economic difficulties besetting Jewish life in a small town and the role played by the local loan kassas, see below: File 872, Memo on Wengrow. C: Checiny (d. Kielce); Chelm (d. Lublin); Chmielnik (d. Kielce); Chodorow (d. Lwow); Chomsk (d. Polesie); Chorostkow (d. Tarnop.); Chyrow (d. Lwow); Ciechanow (d. Warsaw); Ciechanowiec (d. Bial.) also see; local. Wysokie Mazowieckie; Czeladz (d. Kielce); Czernawczyce (d. Polesie); Czarnelica (d. Stanisl.); Czernichow (d. Cracow); Czortkow (d. Tarn.); Czyzewo (d. Bial.);

Nearly every city, town and locality in Poland boasting a perceptible Jewish population supported one or more interest-free loan kassas and they played a significant role in Jewish economic life. Over the years, the JDC Recon. Found. granted these kassas very sizeable allocations, and yet the enormous needs outpaced the funds available. In a bid to stimulate fund-raising, the JDC offered to match any contributions in their favor stemming from landsmannschaften in the U.S. The offer remained in effect from Jan. 1937 until the Nazi invasion of Poland. Files 849-873 contain materials on some 370 loan kassas, arranged by localities. Nearly all were aided by individual landsmannschaften together with matching JDC grants. Nonetheless, these loan kassas formed but a fraction of those in actual operation. Note: For an interesting account of the economic difficulties besetting Jewish life in a small town and the role played by the local loan kassas, see below: File 872, Memo on Wengrow. D: Dabrowa (near Tarnow, d. Cracow); Dabrowa Gornicza (d. Kielce); Dabrowica (d. Kielce); Daugieliszki (d. Vilna); Dawidgrodeck (d. Polesie); Deblin-Irena (d. Lublin); Delatyn (d. Stanis lawow); Dereczyn (Nowogr. d.); Dobromil (d. Lwow); Dobrzyn (d. Warsaw); Dokszyce (d. Vilna); Dorohusk (d. Lublin); Drohiczyn (d. Polesie); Drohobycz (d. Lwow); Dubiecko (d. Lwow); Dubienka (d. Lublin); Dubno (d. Wolyn); Dukszty (d. Vilna); Dunilowicze (d. Vilna); Dynow (d. Lwow); Dzialoszyn (d. Lodz); Dziewieniszki (d. Vilna);

Nearly every city, town and locality in Poland boasting a perceptible Jewish population supported one or more interest-free loan kassas and they played a significant role in Jewish economic life. Over the years, the JDC Recon. Found. granted these kassas very sizeable allocations, and yet the enormous needs outpaced the funds available. In a bid to stimulate fund-raising, the JDC offered to match any contributions in their favor stemming from landsmannschaften in the U.S. The offer remained in effect from Jan. 1937 until the Nazi invasion of Poland. Files 849-873 contain materials on some 370 loan kassas, arranged by localities. Nearly all were aided by individual landsmannschaften together with matching JDC grants. Nonetheless, these loan kassas formed but a fraction of those in actual operation. Note: For an interesting account of the economic difficulties besetting Jewish life in a small town and the role played by the local loan kassas, see below: File 872, Memo on Wengrow. F: Felsztyn (d. Lwow); Frampol (d. Lublin) G: Gabin (d. Warsaw); Gac (d. Bialystok); Glebokie (d. Vilna); Glowno (d. Lodz); Golina (d. Poznan); Gologory (d. Tarnop.); Gomunica (d. Lodz); Goniadz (d. Bial.); Gostynin (d. Warsaw); Goworowo (d. Bial.); Grabowiec (d. Lublin); Grajewo (d. Bial.); Grodek (d. Bial.); Grodek (d. Vilna); Grodek Jagiellonski (d. Lwow); Grodzisk (d. Warsaw); Grojec (d. Warsaw); also see: Bledow; H: Halicz (d. Stan.); Hancewicze (d. Polesie); Horochow (d. Wolyn); Horodec (d. Polesie); Hrubieszow (d. Lublin) also see: Bilgoraj; Husiatyn (d. Tarn.); Hussakow (d. Lwow)

Nearly every city, town and locality in Poland boasting a perceptible Jewish population supported one or more interest-free loan kassas and they played a significant role in Jewish economic life. Over the years, the JDC Recon. Found. granted these kassas very sizeable allocations, and yet the enormous needs outpaced the funds available. In a bid to stimulate fund-raising, the JDC offered to match any contributions in their favor stemming from landsmannschaften in the U.S. The offer remained in effect from Jan. 1937 until the Nazi invasion of Poland. Files 849-873 contain materials on some 370 loan kassas, arranged by localities. Nearly all were aided by individual landsmannschaften together with matching JDC grants. Nonetheless, these loan kassas formed but a fraction of those in actual operation. Note: For an interesting account of the economic difficulties besetting Jewish life in a small town and the role played by the local loan kassas, see below: File 872, Memo on Wengrow. I: Ilja (d. Vilna); Ilza (d. Kielce); Irena (d. Lublin); Iwje (d. Nowogr.); Izbica Kuajawska (d. Lodz); J: Jablonow (d. Stan.); Jagielnica (d. Tarnow); Janow (d. Lublin); Janow (d. Polesie); Jaryczow Nowy (d. Lwow); Jaworow (d. Lwow); Jazlowiec (d. Tarnop.); Jedwabne (d. Bial.); Jozefow Bilgorajski (d. Lublin); Jezierzany (d. Wolyn); Jezory (d. Bial.); Jezupol (d. Stan.)

Nearly every city, town and locality in Poland boasting a perceptible Jewish population supported one or more interest-free loan kassas and they played a significant role in Jewish economic life. Over the years, the JDC Recon. Found. granted these kassas very sizeable allocations, and yet the enormous needs outpaced the funds available. In a bid to stimulate fund-raising, the JDC offered to match any contributions in their favor stemming from landsmannschaften in the U.S. The offer remained in effect from Jan. 1937 until the Nazi invasion of Poland. Files 849-873 contain materials on some 370 loan kassas, arranged by localities. Nearly all were aided by individual landsmannschaften together with matching JDC grants. Nonetheless, these loan kassas formed but a fraction of those in actual operation. Note: For an interesting account of the economic difficulties besetting Jewish life in a small town and the role played by the local loan kassas, see below: File 872, Memo on Wengrow. K: Kalusz (d. Stan.); Kaluszyn (d. Warsaw); Kamieniec Litewski (d. Polesie); Kamionka (d. Tarnop.); Kamionka Strumilowa (d. Tarnop.); Katrynburg (d. Wolyn); Kazimierz Dolny (d. Lublin); Kisielin (d. Wolyn); Kleck (d. Nowogr.); Kleszczele (d. Bial.); Klimontow (d. Kielce); Klobuck (d. Kilelce)

Nearly every city, town and locality in Poland boasting a perceptible Jewish population supported one or more interest-free loan kassas and they played a significant role in Jewish economic life. Over the years, the JDC Recon. Found. granted these kassas very sizeable allocations, and yet the enormous needs outpaced the funds available. In a bid to stimulate fund-raising, the JDC offered to match any contributions in their favor stemming from landsmannschaften in the U.S. The offer remained in effect from Jan. 1937 until the Nazi invasion of Poland. Files 849-873 contain materials on some 370 loan kassas, arranged by localities. Nearly all were aided by individual landsmannschaften together with matching JDC grants. Nonetheless, these loan kassas formed but a fraction of those in actual operation. Note: For an interesting account of the economic difficulties besetting Jewish life in a small town and the role played by the local loan kassas, see below: File 872, Memo on Wengrow. Kn – Kor: Knihynicze (d. Stan.); Knyszyn (d. Bial.); Kobryn (d. Polesie); Kolbuszowa (d. Lwow); Kolno (d. Bial.); Kolomyja (d. Stan.); Komarno (d. Lwow); Komarow (d. Lublin); Komorowo (d. Bial.); Koniecpol (d. Lodz); Konskie (d. Kielce); Konstantynow (d. Lodz or Lublin); Koprzywnica (d. Kielce); Kopyczynce (d. Tarnop.); Korelicze (d. Nowogr.); Korolowka (d. Tarnop.); Korzec (d. Wolyn)

Nearly every city, town and locality in Poland boasting a perceptible Jewish population supported one or more interest-free loan kassas and they played a significant role in Jewish economic life. Over the years, the JDC Recon. Found. granted these kassas very sizeable allocations, and yet the enormous needs outpaced the funds available. In a bid to stimulate fund-raising, the JDC offered to match any contributions in their favor stemming from landsmannschaften in the U.S. The offer remained in effect from Jan. 1937 until the Nazi invasion of Poland. Files 849-873 contain materials on some 370 loan kassas, arranged by localities. Nearly all were aided by individual landsmannschaften together with matching JDC grants. Nonetheless, these loan kassas formed but a fraction of those in actual operation. Note: For an interesting account of the economic difficulties besetting Jewish life in a small town and the role played by the local loan kassas, see below: File 872, Memo on Wengrow. Kos – Ku: Kossow (d. Stanis.); Kossow Lacki (d. Lublin); Kostopol (d. Wolyn); Koszyce (d. Kielce); Kowel (d. Wolyn); Kozangrodeck (d. Polesie); Kozin (d. Wolyn); Kozlow (d. Kielce); Kozlowszczyzna (d. Nowogr.); Kozowa (d. Tarnop.); Krakowiec (d. Lwow); Krasnik (d. Lublin); Krasnobrod (d. Lublin); Krasnosielc (Warsaw); Krasnystaw (d. Lublin); Krewo (d. Vilna); Krosniewice (d. Warsaw); Krzepice (d. Kielce); Krzemieniec (d. Wolyn); Krzepice (d. Kielce); Krzeszow (d. Lublin); Krzeszowice (d. Cracow); Kurow (d. Lublin); Kuty (d. Stan.)

Nearly every city, town and locality in Poland boasting a perceptible Jewish population supported one or more interest-free loan kassas and they played a significant role in Jewish economic life. Over the years, the JDC Recon. Found. granted these kassas very sizeable allocations, and yet the enormous needs outpaced the funds available. In a bid to stimulate fund-raising, the JDC offered to match any contributions in their favor stemming from landsmannschaften in the U.S. The offer remained in effect from Jan. 1937 until the Nazi invasion of Poland. Files 849-873 contain materials on some 370 loan kassas, arranged by localities. Nearly all were aided by individual landsmannschaften together with matching JDC grants. Nonetheless, these loan kassas formed but a fraction of those in actual operation. Note: For an interesting account of the economic difficulties besetting Jewish life in a small town and the role played by the local loan kassas, see below: File 872, Memo on Wengrow. La to Lo: Lachowicze (d. Nowogr.); Lagow (d. Kielce); Lanczyn (d. Stanisl.); Lapy (d. Bial.); Lask (Lodz); Laszczow (d. Lub.); Lesko (d. Lwow); Lezajsk (d. Lwow); Lida (d. Nowogr.); Limanowa (Cracow); Lipsko (d. Kielce); Lodz (d. Lodz) also see: Local. Lodz; Lohiszyn (d. Polesie); Lokacze (d. Wolyn); Lomazy (d. Lublin); Districts of Lomza and Wysokie Mazowiecki; Lomzyca (d. Bial.); Lopuszno (d. Kielce); Losice (d. Lublin); Lowicz (d. Warsaw);

Nearly every city, town and locality in Poland boasting a perceptible Jewish population supported one or more interest-free loan kassas and they played a significant role in Jewish economic life. Over the years, the JDC Recon. Found. granted these kassas very sizeable allocations, and yet the enormous needs outpaced the funds available. In a bid to stimulate fund-raising, the JDC offered to match any contributions in their favor stemming from landsmannschaften in the U.S. The offer remained in effect from Jan. 1937 until the Nazi invasion of Poland. Files 849-873 contain materials on some 370 loan kassas, arranged by localities. Nearly all were aided by individual landsmannschaften together with matching JDC grants. Nonetheless, these loan kassas formed but a fraction of those in actual operation. Note: For an interesting account of the economic difficulties besetting Jewish life in a small town and the role played by the local loan kassas, see below: File 872, Memo on Wengrow. Lu – Ly: Lubartow (d. Lublin); Lubcz (d. Nowogr.); Lubica (d. Pomor.); Luck (d. Wolyn); Lukow (d. Lublin); Luniniec (d. Polesie); Lunna (d. Bial.); Lutowisk (d. Lwow); Lututow (d. Lodz); Luzki (d. Vilna); Lyngniany (d. Vilna); Lyski (d. Nowogr.); Lyskow (d. Bial.); Lysobyki (d. Lublin)

Nearly every city, town and locality in Poland boasting a perceptible Jewish population supported one or more interest-free loan kassas and they played a significant role in Jewish economic life. Over the years, the JDC Recon. Found. granted these kassas very sizeable allocations, and yet the enormous needs outpaced the funds available. In a bid to stimulate fund-raising, the JDC offered to match any contributions in their favor stemming from landsmannschaften in the U.S. The offer remained in effect from Jan. 1937 until the Nazi invasion of Poland. Files 849-873 contain materials on some 370 loan kassas, arranged by localities. Nearly all were aided by individual landsmannschaften together with matching JDC grants. Nonetheless, these loan kassas formed but a fraction of those in actual operation. Note: For an interesting account of the economic difficulties besetting Jewish life in a small town and the role played by the local loan kassas, see below: File 872, Memo on Wengrow. M: Magnuszew (d. Kielce); Maniewicze (d. Polesie); Marcinkance (d. Bial.); Michaliszki (d. Vilna); Miechow (d. Kielce); Miedzyrzec (d. Wolyn); Miedzyrzec Podlaski (d. Lublin); Mikolajow (d. Lwow); Mikulince (d. Tarnop.); Milejczyce (d. Bial.); Mir. (d. Nowogr.); Mlawa (d. Warsaw); Mogielnica (d. Warsaw); also see: Bledow Molodeczno (d. Vilna); Monasterzyska (d. Tarnop.); Motol (d. Polesie); Murawica (d. Wolyn); Myszyniec (d. Bial.)

Nearly every city, town and locality in Poland boasting a perceptible Jewish population supported one or more interest-free loan kassas and they played a significant role in Jewish economic life. Over the years, the JDC Recon. Found. granted these kassas very sizeable allocations, and yet the enormous needs outpaced the funds available. In a bid to stimulate fund-raising, the JDC offered to match any contributions in their favor stemming from landsmannschaften in the U.S. The offer remained in effect from Jan. 1937 until the Nazi invasion of Poland. Files 849-873 contain materials on some 370 loan kassas, arranged by localities. Nearly all were aided by individual landsmannschaften together with matching JDC grants. Nonetheless, these loan kassas formed but a fraction of those in actual operation. Note: For an interesting account of the economic difficulties besetting Jewish life in a small town and the role played by the local loan kassas, see below: File 872, Memo on Wengrow. N: Nadworna (d. Stan.); Nasielsk (d. Warsaw); Niebylec (d. Lwow); Niemirow (d. Lwow); Nieswierz (d. Nowogr.); Nisko (d. Lwow); Nowe Miasto (d. Lwow); Nowogrodek (d. Nowogr.); Nowy Korczyn (d. Kielce); Nowy Sacz (d. Cracow)

Nearly every city, town and locality in Poland boasting a perceptible Jewish population supported one or more interest-free loan kassas and they played a significant role in Jewish economic life. Over the years, the JDC Recon. Found. granted these kassas very sizeable allocations, and yet the enormous needs outpaced the funds available. In a bid to stimulate fund-raising, the JDC offered to match any contributions in their favor stemming from landsmannschaften in the U.S. The offer remained in effect from Jan. 1937 until the Nazi invasion of Poland. Files 849-873 contain materials on some 370 loan kassas, arranged by localities. Nearly all were aided by individual landsmannschaften together with matching JDC grants. Nonetheless, these loan kassas formed but a fraction of those in actual operation. Note: For an interesting account of the economic difficulties besetting Jewish life in a small town and the role played by the local loan kassas, see below: File 872, Memo on Wengrow. O: Obertyn (d. Stan.); Olkienniki (d. Vilna); Olyka (d. Wolyn); Opalin (d. Wolyn); Opoczno (d. Kielce); Opole (d. Lublin); Osiakow (d. Lodz); Osiek (d. Kielce); Ostroleka (d. Bial.); Ostrow Lubelski (d. Bial.); Ostrow Mazowiecki (d. Bial.); Ostrow Siedlecki (d. Lublin); Ostrowiec (d. Kielce); Ostrowiec Swietokrzyski (d. Kielce); Oszmiana (d. Vilna); Ottynia (d. Stan.); Ozarow (d. Kielce); Ozdziutycze (d. Wolyn)

Nearly every city, town and locality in Poland boasting a perceptible Jewish population supported one or more interest-free loan kassas and they played a significant role in Jewish economic life. Over the years, the JDC Recon. Found. granted these kassas very sizeable allocations, and yet the enormous needs outpaced the funds available. In a bid to stimulate fund-raising, the JDC offered to match any contributions in their favor stemming from landsmannschaften in the U.S. The offer remained in effect from Jan. 1937 until the Nazi invasion of Poland. Files 849-873 contain materials on some 370 loan kassas, arranged by localities. Nearly all were aided by individual landsmannschaften together with matching JDC grants. Nonetheless, these loan kassas formed but a fraction of those in actual operation. Note: For an interesting account of the economic difficulties besetting Jewish life in a small town and the role played by the local loan kassas, see below: File 872, Memo on Wengrow. Pa – Po: Pabinice (d. Lodz); Pajeczno (d. Lodz); Parczew (d. Lublin); Parysow (d. Lublin); Peczenizyn (d. Stan.); Perehinsko (d. Stan.); Piaski (d. Bial.); Pilzno (d. Cracow); Pinczow (d. Kielce); Plissa (d. Vilna); Plonsk (d. Warsaw); Poddebice (d. Lodz); Podhajce (Tarn.); Podkamien (d. Lwow); Podwoloczyska (d. Tarnop.); Polaniec (d. Kielce); Podmiechowek (d. Warsaw); Pomorzany (d. Tarnop.); Poryck (d. Wolyn); Postawy (d. Vilna); Potok Zloty (d. Tarnop.); Powazki (suburb of Warsaw)

Nearly every city, town and locality in Poland boasting a perceptible Jewish population supported one or more interest-free loan kassas and they played a significant role in Jewish economic life. Over the years, the JDC Recon. Found. granted these kassas very sizeable allocations, and yet the enormous needs outpaced the funds available. In a bid to stimulate fund-raising, the JDC offered to match any contributions in their favor stemming from landsmannschaften in the U.S. The offer remained in effect from Jan. 1937 until the Nazi invasion of Poland. Files 849-873 contain materials on some 370 loan kassas, arranged by localities. Nearly all were aided by individual landsmannschaften together with matching JDC grants. Nonetheless, these loan kassas formed but a fraction of those in actual operation. Note: For an interesting account of the economic difficulties besetting Jewish life in a small town and the role played by the local loan kassas, see below: File 872, Memo on Wengrow. Pr – Pu: Przasnysz (d. Warsaw); Przedborz (d. Kielce); Przedecz (d. Warsaw); Przemysl (d. Lwow); Przysucha (d. Kielce); Pulawy (d. Lublin); Pultusk (d. Warsaw)

Nearly every city, town and locality in Poland boasting a perceptible Jewish population supported one or more interest-free loan kassas and they played a significant role in Jewish economic life. Over the years, the JDC Recon. Found. granted these kassas very sizeable allocations, and yet the enormous needs outpaced the funds available. In a bid to stimulate fund-raising, the JDC offered to match any contributions in their favor stemming from landsmannschaften in the U.S. The offer remained in effect from Jan. 1937 until the Nazi invasion of Poland. Files 849-873 contain materials on some 370 loan kassas, arranged by localities. Nearly all were aided by individual landsmannschaften together with matching JDC grants. Nonetheless, these loan kassas formed but a fraction of those in actual operation. Note: For an interesting account of the economic difficulties besetting Jewish life in a small town and the role played by the local loan kassas, see below: File 872, Memo on Wengrow. R: Radom (d. Kielce); Radomysl Wielki (d. Cracow); Radoszyce (d. Kielce); Radun (d. Nowogr.); Radymno (d. Lwow); Rajgrod (d. Bial.); Rakow (d. Nowogr.); Rawa Mazowiecka (d. Warsaw); Rejowiec (d. Lublin); also see: Bilgoraj; Rohatyn (d. Stan.); Rokitno (d. Polesie); Ropczyce (d. Cracow); Ros (d. Bial.); Rozan (d. Warsaw); Rozana (d. Polesie); Rozwadow (d. Lwow); Rozyszcze (d. Wolyn); Rubiezewicze (d. Nowogr.); Rybnik (d. Slask); Rypin (d. Warsaw)

Nearly every city, town and locality in Poland boasting a perceptible Jewish population supported one or more interest-free loan kassas and they played a significant role in Jewish economic life. Over the years, the JDC Recon. Found. granted these kassas very sizeable allocations, and yet the enormous needs outpaced the funds available. In a bid to stimulate fund-raising, the JDC offered to match any contributions in their favor stemming from landsmannschaften in the U.S. The offer remained in effect from Jan. 1937 until the Nazi invasion of Poland. Files 849-873 contain materials on some 370 loan kassas, arranged by localities. Nearly all were aided by individual landsmannschaften together with matching JDC grants. Nonetheless, these loan kassas formed but a fraction of those in actual operation. Note: For an interesting account of the economic difficulties besetting Jewish life in a small town and the role played by the local loan kassas, see below: File 872, Memo on Wengrow. Sa – Sk: Sandomierz (d. Kielce); Sasow (d. Tarnop.); Sedziszow (d. Cracow); Sidra (d. Bial.); Siedliszcze (d. Lublin); Sienno (d. Kielce); Sieradz (d. Lodz); Sierpc (d. Warsaw); Skala on Zbrucz; Skalat (d. Tarnop.); Skidel (d. Bial.); Skierniewice (d. Warsaw); Skole (d. Stan.); Skorkowice (d. Kielce)

Nearly every city, town and locality in Poland boasting a perceptible Jewish population supported one or more interest-free loan kassas and they played a significant role in Jewish economic life. Over the years, the JDC Recon. Found. granted these kassas very sizeable allocations, and yet the enormous needs outpaced the funds available. In a bid to stimulate fund-raising, the JDC offered to match any contributions in their favor stemming from landsmannschaften in the U.S. The offer remained in effect from Jan. 1937 until the Nazi invasion of Poland. Files 849-873 contain materials on some 370 loan kassas, arranged by localities. Nearly all were aided by individual landsmannschaften together with matching JDC grants. Nonetheless, these loan kassas formed but a fraction of those in actual operation. Note: For an interesting account of the economic difficulties besetting Jewish life in a small town and the role played by the local loan kassas, see below: File 872, Memo on Wengrow. Sl – So: Slawatycze (d. Lublin); Slupce (d. Poznan); Smorgony (d. Vilna); Sniatyn (d. Stan.); also see: Czernichow; Sobota (d. Warsaw); Sochaczew (d. Warsaw); Sochocin (d. Warsaw); Sokolka (d. Bial.); Sokoly (d. Bial.); Solec (d. Kielce); Solotwina (d. Stanislawow); Sosnowiec (d. Kielce); also see: Bedzin

Nearly every city, town and locality in Poland boasting a perceptible Jewish population supported one or more interest-free loan kassas and they played a significant role in Jewish economic life. Over the years, the JDC Recon. Found. granted these kassas very sizeable allocations, and yet the enormous needs outpaced the funds available. In a bid to stimulate fund-raising, the JDC offered to match any contributions in their favor stemming from landsmannschaften in the U.S. The offer remained in effect from Jan. 1937 until the Nazi invasion of Poland. Files 849-873 contain materials on some 370 loan kassas, arranged by localities. Nearly all were aided by individual landsmannschaften together with matching JDC grants. Nonetheless, these loan kassas formed but a fraction of those in actual operation. Note: For an interesting account of the economic difficulties besetting Jewish life in a small town and the role played by the local loan kassas, see below: File 872, Memo on Wengrow. Sta – Str: Stanislawow (d. Stan.); Stara Rafalowka (d. Wolyn); Stara Sol (d. Lwow); Stary Smbor (d. Lwow); Staszow (d. Kielce); Stawiski (d. Bial.); Stoczek Wegrowski (d. Lublin); Stolin (d. Polesie); Stolpce (d. Nowogr.); Stopnica (d. Kielce); Stryj (d. Stan.); Strzyzow (d. Lwow)

Nearly every city, town and locality in Poland boasting a perceptible Jewish population supported one or more interest-free loan kassas and they played a significant role in Jewish economic life. Over the years, the JDC Recon. Found. granted these kassas very sizeable allocations, and yet the enormous needs outpaced the funds available. In a bid to stimulate fund-raising, the JDC offered to match any contributions in their favor stemming from landsmannschaften in the U.S. The offer remained in effect from Jan. 1937 until the Nazi invasion of Poland. Files 849-873 contain materials on some 370 loan kassas, arranged by localities. Nearly all were aided by individual landsmannschaften together with matching JDC grants. Nonetheless, these loan kassas formed but a fraction of those in actual operation. Note: For an interesting account of the economic difficulties besetting Jewish life in a small town and the role played by the local loan kassas, see below: File 872, Memo on Wengrow. Su – Sz: Suchostaw (d. Tarnop.); Sulmierzyce (d. Poznan); Suprasl (d. Bial.); Swieciany (d. Vilna); Swislocz (d. Bial.); Szczercow (d. Lodz); Szczerzec (d. Lwow); Szumsk (d. Wolyn); Szydlow (d. Kielce); Szydlowiec (d. Kielce)

Nearly every city, town and locality in Poland boasting a perceptible Jewish population supported one or more interest-free loan kassas and they played a significant role in Jewish economic life. Over the years, the JDC Recon. Found. granted these kassas very sizeable allocations, and yet the enormous needs outpaced the funds available. In a bid to stimulate fund-raising, the JDC offered to match any contributions in their favor stemming from landsmannschaften in the U.S. The offer remained in effect from Jan. 1937 until the Nazi invasion of Poland. Files 849-873 contain materials on some 370 loan kassas, arranged by localities. Nearly all were aided by individual landsmannschaften together with matching JDC grants. Nonetheless, these loan kassas formed but a fraction of those in actual operation. Note: For an interesting account of the economic difficulties besetting Jewish life in a small town and the role played by the local loan kassas, see below: File 872, Memo on Wengrow. T: Tarczyn (d. Warsaw); Tarlow (d. Kielce); Tarnobrzeg (d. Lwow); Tarnogrod (d. Lublin); Terespol (d. Lublin); Tomaszow Lubelski (d. Lublin); Truskolasy (d. Kielce); Trzcianne (d. Bial.); Turek (d. Poznan); Turobin (d. Lublin); Turzysk (d. Wolyn); Tykocin (d. Bial.); Tyszowce (d. Lublin)

Nearly every city, town and locality in Poland boasting a perceptible Jewish population supported one or more interest-free loan kassas and they played a significant role in Jewish economic life. Over the years, the JDC Recon. Found. granted these kassas very sizeable allocations, and yet the enormous needs outpaced the funds available. In a bid to stimulate fund-raising, the JDC offered to match any contributions in their favor stemming from landsmannschaften in the U.S. The offer remained in effect from Jan. 1937 until the Nazi invasion of Poland. Files 849-873 contain materials on some 370 loan kassas, arranged by localities. Nearly all were aided by individual landsmannschaften together with matching JDC grants. Nonetheless, these loan kassas formed but a fraction of those in actual operation. Note: For an interesting account of the economic difficulties besetting Jewish life in a small town and the role played by the local loan kassas, see below: File 872, Memo on Wengrow. U: Ulanow (d. Lwow); Uscilog (d. Wolyn)

Nearly every city, town and locality in Poland boasting a perceptible Jewish population supported one or more interest-free loan kassas and they played a significant role in Jewish economic life. Over the years, the JDC Recon. Found. granted these kassas very sizeable allocations, and yet the enormous needs outpaced the funds available. In a bid to stimulate fund-raising, the JDC offered to match any contributions in their favor stemming from landsmannschaften in the U.S. The offer remained in effect from Jan. 1937 until the Nazi invasion of Poland. Files 849-873 contain materials on some 370 loan kassas, arranged by localities. Nearly all were aided by individual landsmannschaften together with matching JDC grants. Nonetheless, these loan kassas formed but a fraction of those in actual operation. Note: For an interesting account of the economic difficulties besetting Jewish life in a small town and the role played by the local loan kassas, see below: File 872, Memo on Wengrow. W: Warez (d. Lwow); Warta (d. Lodz); Wasiliszki (d. Nowogr.); Wasilkow (d. Bial.); Wasniow (d. Kielce); Wawolnica (d. Lublin); Wengrow (d. Lublin); Widze (d. Vilna); Wielkie Oczy (d. Lwow); Wielun (d. Lodz); Wierzbnik (d. Kielce); Wizna (d. Bial.); Wlodzimierz (d. Wolyn); Wodzislaw (d. Kielce); Wysokie Litewski (d. Polesie); Wyszkow (d. Warsaw); Wyszogrod (d. Warsaw); Wyzna Nowa (d. Wolyn)

Nearly every city, town and locality in Poland boasting a perceptible Jewish population supported one or more interest-free loan kassas and they played a significant role in Jewish economic life. Over the years, the JDC Recon. Found. granted these kassas very sizeable allocations, and yet the enormous needs outpaced the funds available. In a bid to stimulate fund-raising, the JDC offered to match any contributions in their favor stemming from landsmannschaften in the U.S. The offer remained in effect from Jan. 1937 until the Nazi invasion of Poland. Files 849-873 contain materials on some 370 loan kassas, arranged by localities. Nearly all were aided by individual landsmannschaften together with matching JDC grants. Nonetheless, these loan kassas formed but a fraction of those in actual operation. Note: For an interesting account of the economic difficulties besetting Jewish life in a small town and the role played by the local loan kassas, see below: File 872, Memo on Wengrow. Z: Zablotow (d. Stan.); Zamosc (d. Lublin); Zareby Koscielne (d. Bial.); Zarki (d. Kielce); Zawichost (d. Kielce); Zawiercie (d. Kielce); Zawisty Dzikie (d. Bial.); Zborow (d. Tarnop.); Zdunska Wola (d. Lodz); Zdzieciol (d. Nowogr.); Zelechow (d. Lublin); Zelwa (d. Bial.); Zmigrod (d. Cracow); Zolkiewka (d. Lublin); Zwolen (d. Kielce); Zyrardow (d. Warsaw)

Reports and Memos on Refugee Problems in Poland: JDC Interim Report 6/8/39. JDC Status Statement 6/27/39 attachment to 7/1/39. The Activity of the General Aid Committee for Jewish Refugees from Germany in Poland 11/1/38 – 7/1/39 by Alexander Hafftka, undated (Note: Duplicate copy in File 874a). List of 110 Centers Where Refugees are Staying 7/26/39. JDC Bulletin July 1939. Refugee Situation in Krakow and Katowice by D. Howlett 8/1/39. Refugee Situation in Poland 8/22/39. Nobody’s Land 11/10/39. No Man’s Land between the Russian and Lithuanian Borders by S. Tarschansky, 11/14/39 attachment to 11/21/39. Some Figures About the Activity of the JDC 2/8/40. Statement on Polish Deportations by Guzik and Neustadt attachment to 3/26/40. Beckelman Reports and Statements: 9/1/39, 10/5/39, 10/8/39, 10/10/39, 10/11/39, 11/1/39 Cable Rosen to JDC N.Y., Feb. 1940; also see: Beckelman reports and statements, Files 797-799. Correspondence: M.W. Beckelman, H.K. Buchman, D. Guzik, D. Howlett, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, I. Rosen, I.M. Rubinow, J.J. Schwartz, M.C. Troper.

JDC Bulletin: War Relief Activities of the JDC (Poland and Refugees from Poland), #5 – 1/11/40. Memo: Some Figures About the Activity of the JDC (in Poland), 2/8/40. Reports: Refugee Problem in Lithuania based on report by M.W. Beckelman, Feb. 1940. First Aid Action and Problems of Methodic Relief by Guzik and Neustadt, undated and attached to 3/26/40. Activities report by the Kehilla Refugee Relief Committee Vilna for Jan. 1940, 5/8/40. Resume of JDC Operations for Refugees in Poland, 11/26/40. The JDC allocated $500,000 to the Polish Gov’t for Jewish Refugee Aid, 9/14/33, 10/27/43, 12/9/43, 3/30/44, 7/19/44, 8/7/44, 9/13/44, 10/4/44, 10/6/44. For JDC aid to the Sommerstein Committee, see above: File 802. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, M.W. Beckelman, Norman H. Davis, J.C. Hyman, M. Jarblum, H. Katzki, I. Schwartzbart, J. Stanczyk, M.C. Troper.

Name, birthplace and birthdate or city of origin of 10,350 Polish refugees who arrived in Vilna up to 6/5/40, 2/4/40, 6/5/40. For other materials on Polish refugees in Lithuanai, see above: Lithuania, Files 730-732, 738-739, 741.

Cities of origin of 9,064 Polish refugees who arrived in Vilna by 2/4/40

Of the 16,000 Polish Jews expelled by the Nazi Gov’t in the night of 10/27-28/38, about one-half were thrust into Zbaszyn, a Polish border town, and some 5,500 were detained there. The JDC made an emergency grant of $250,000 to aid the expellees, and also helped to organize a Central Refugee Aid Committee to raise funds locally for the same purpose. By the spring of 1939, some 2,200 refugees remained in Zbaszyn. Reports on the Condition of the Refugees in Zbaszyn – L. Hellman: 11/10/38. Anonymous Eye-Witness Account: 11/18/38. M.C. Troper: 11/23/38, 12/1/38, 3/31/39, 6/8/39, 7/1/39, 7/26/39. I. Giterman: Attachment to 12/1/38, 12/24/38, 12/30/38, 12/31/38. Central Refugee Committee: 1/31/39, 3/22/39, 7/17/39 attachment to 7/19/39. Correspondence: H.K. Buchman, I. Giterman, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, N. Katz, D.J. Schweitzer, M.C. Troper.

Lists of refugees classified by a number of categories – e.g. Polish birthplaces, countries where relatives dwell, and others.

a. Australia and New Zealand, 1941 – 1944: Visas to 100 Polish refugees stranded in Kobe, Japan and admitting them in the ratio of 50 to Australia, 20 to New Zealand and 30 to Burma, were issued by the respective gov’ts on the strength of JDC guarantees of support for the duration of the war, 4/8/41, 6/11/41. For other materials on Polish refugees to Australia, see: 7/13/41, 8/6/41, 8/21/41, 9/4/41, 9/12/41, 9/18/41(2), 10/16/41, 10/22/41, 10/24/41(2), 11/17/41, 11/27/41, 12/2/41(3), 1/6/42, 1/9/42, 4/9/42. Correspondence: W.L. Brand, H.K. Buchman, M.A. Leavitt. b. Burma, 1941 – 1944: Polish refugees in Burma aided by the JDC: 5/29/41(2), 6/11/41, 9/17/41, 9/25/41 – 10/10/41, 10/31/41, 1/6/42 – 2/27/42, 4/9/42, 5/12/42, 7/8/42 – 3/30/44. Correspondence: L. Aronson, M. Birman, M.A. Leavitt, G. McIntosh White.

In June 1941, the Canadian Gov’t, by an agreement with the Free Polish Gov’t, offered asylum to a restricted number of Polish refugees who were marooned in the Far East, provided that maintenance guarantees for the refugees in Canada were forthcoming. Some 79 Jewish refugees were granted visas and arrived in Canada under the terms of the agreement. The JDC contributed the transportation costs, in major degree. Subsequently, 80 yeshiva students and rabbis in the Far East were also granted visas to Canada and were scheduled to travel there via the U.S. The first group of 29 sailed from Shanghai to San Francisco on the SS Pres. Pierce and arrived on 10/20/41. The second group of 51 was scheduled to sail one month later, but last minute postponements and the intervention of Pearl Harbor brought overseas travel to an end, for the duration of the war. For additional materials on refugees in Canada, see: Canada, Files 453-455. For materials on the 79 refugees mentioned above, see: 5/13/41, 6/5/41 – 7/9/41, 7/15/41, 7/16/41 Hayes to Tartakower. For materials on the 80 yeshiva students, see: 8/20/41, 8/27/41 – 9/8/41, 9/15/41 Razovsky to Leavitt, 9/29/41, 9/30/41, 10/11/41, 10/20/41, 10/21/41, 10/23/41, 10/30/41 Buchman to Berman, 11/6/41, 11/14/41, 11/19/41, Razovsky to Warren, 11/24/41, 11/28/41, 1/2/42, 1/30/42, 2/16/42, 2/25/42, 5/27/42. Correspondence: H. Birman, H.K. Buchman, S. Hayes, J.C. Hyman, M.A. Leavitt, L.L. Margolis, C. Razovsky.

a. China: At the opening of 1942, some 16,000 – 18,000 Jewish refugees lived in Shanghai; about two-thirds stemmed from Germany and Austria, and the others from eastern Europe mostly, including Poland. The Polish refugees arrived in numbers mainly in 1941, and immediate friction erupted with the local Refugee Aid Committee which was heavily German-refugee oriented. The JDC enlarged its allocations for refugee aid in Shanghai, but the standards of eligibility demanded by it were community-wide in scope and not based upon national origin. For additional materials, see: China, Files 461-462. Relationship of the JDC and the Polish-Jewish Refugees: 11/30/40, 12/3/40, 3/21/41, 3/25/41, 4/4/41, April 1941, 4/26/41, 8/29/41, 9/5/41, 9/9/41, 9/11/41, 10/4/41, 10/10/41, 12/3/41, 4/10/42. Correspondence: M.W. Beckelman, H.K. Buchman, J. Ciechanowski, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, M.A. Leavitt, I. Rosen, A. Tartakower. b. East Africa, 1933 – 1944: Correspondence: A.H. Abraham, H. Behr, J.B. Foley. c. Hungary, 1939: Lists of Polish refugees in Budapest and in Detention Camps. d. Italy: On the Situation of Polish Refugees in Italy: 2/20/40, 4/17/40, 5/9/40, 5/20/40. Many refugees sailed for Palestine and some landed for a time in Greece 6/17/40, 6/19/40, and then in Turkey. For the stopover in Turkey, see below: File 886.e

The Jewish Relief Association, Bombay (JRA), aided Jewish refugees from Europe who made temporary stopovers in Bombay en route to other destinations. During W.W. II, the JDC and the HICEM provided additional aid to individuals, and in those years the JDC also covered the greatest part of the HICEM budget. Between 9/1/39 – 11/1/42, 181 Polish refugees arrived in India and all but a handful made their departure before the end of the war. On the Situation of Polish Refugees in India: 1/6/41(3), 8/11/41, 9/26/41, 12/18/41, 1/29/42, 3/20/42, 4/9/42, 5/12/42, 6/16/42, 8/4/42, 9/11/42, 11/4/42, 4/9/43, 5/17/43, 7/2/43, 2/17/44, JRA Report for 1945, 12/31/45. Correspondence: H.K. Buchman, A. Dubin, F. Klein, M.A. Leavitt.

The first 152 refugees arrived in Jamaica on the SS Serpa Pinta: 12/15/41 – 2/3/42 Hyman to Simmonds, 2/9/42, 2/15/42 – 2/23/42(2), 3/12/42(2), 4/17/42. Relations between the JDC and the Refugees: 5/13/42(3) – 5/28/42, 6/9/42, 6/10/42, 6/13/42, 7/16/42, 7/17/42, 8/8/42, 10/2/42, 10/17/42, 10/29/42, 12/12/42 – 12/30/42. Report by C.H. Jordan, 12/17/42. Correspondence: H.K. Buchman, J. Ciechanowski, S. Cohen, I. Dijour, B. Glasscheib, O.K. Henriques, J.C. Hyman, S.B. Jacobson, C.H. Jordan, M.A. Leavitt, M. Matalon, R. Pilpel, E.A. Rae, J.J. Schwartz. In Aug. 1941, the Polish Gov’t in Exile sought a temporary haven in overseas lands for a group of 180 Polish-Jewish refugees in Lisbon. The British Gov’t expressed the willingness to receive the refugees in Jamaica but demanded a guarantee of support for the duration of the war. The Polish Gov’t pressed the JDC to provide the guarantee, as it professed itself powerless to give such a guarantee itself. The JDC and the British Gov’t agreed to a 12-month guarantee. The need to evacuate Jewish refugees out of Portugal grew acute when the threat of a Nazi invasion of that country loomed in the wake of Pearl Harbor. On 2/9/42, 152 Polish refugees arrived in Jamaica on the SS Serpa Pinta and they were lodged in Gibraltar Camp II (G.C. II). The camp commandant was E.A. Rae. The refugees were accompanied on the overseas journey by a JDC representative, S. Bertrand Jacobson. In the months that followed, 38 more refugees joined the others to make 190 in all. The British authorities stressed that the refugees were treated as guests of a friendly power, but the Polish refugees were disposed to compare camp conditions with those of a concentration camp. By reason of the war, air and water transportation in the Western Hemisphere was short in supply and high in cost until 1944. In that year, many of the refugees succeeded in migrating to Cuba, Canada, the U.S. and other countries, and by November, only 18 refugees remained in G.C. II. Relations with the refugees in Jamaica remained a JDC sore spot for a long period. The refugees swiftly alienated the local Jewish community of Kingston, which finally refused its help altogether, with the exception of a local resident, Samuel Cohen, who displayed an active and helpful interest in the group. The turning point came in Dec. 1942, when Charles H. Jordan, the JDC representative in Cuba, made a special inspection trip to Jamaica. His report, dated 12/17/42, will be found in File 884, and it offers a lucid account of conditions, problems and happenings at G.C. II. The JDC put Jordan’s recommendations into effect, and the atmosphere at the camp improved perceptibly, with but occasional expressions of discontent by selected individuals. Jordan’s successor in Cuba, Oscar Gurfinkel (Nov. 1943) continued to attend to JDC interests in Jamaica. In 1944, he aided numbers of refugees in Jamaica to gain admission to Cuba where they could find gainful employment. JDC costs for the transportation and support of the 190 refugees in Jamaica reached the neighborhood of $70,000, and called for a great volume of sustained effort on the part of many persons. Mr. O.K. Henriques, a prominent local resident, served as a voluntary JDC representative.

Relations Between the JDC and the Refugees: 2/9/43 attachment to 2/18/43, 2/23/43, 3/17/43 attachment to 3/24/43, 3/25/43, 4/12/43, 5/13/43 Leavitt to Cohen, 6/8/43, 8/6/43, 9/20/43, 10/23/43, 10/29/43, 12/23/43, 1/5/44, 7/22/44, 8/22/44, 10/25/44, 11/2/44, 11/10/44. Report: Visit to G.C. II by R. Debicki, Polish Minister to Cuba. Correspondence: H.D. Biele, S. Cohen, I. Dijour, 0. Gurfinkel, O.K. Henriques, J.C. Hyman, C.H. Jordan, M. Kwapiszewski, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel, E.A. Rae. In Aug. 1941, the Polish Gov’t in Exile sought a temporary haven in overseas lands for a group of 180 Polish-Jewish refugees in Lisbon. The British Gov’t expressed the willingness to receive the refugees in Jamaica but demanded a guarantee of support for the duration of the war. The Polish Gov’t pressed the JDC to provide the guarantee, as it professed itself powerless to give such a guarantee itself. The JDC and the British Gov’t agreed to a 12-month guarantee. The need to evacuate Jewish refugees out of Portugal grew acute when the threat of a Nazi invasion of that country loomed in the wake of Pearl Harbor. On 2/9/42, 152 Polish refugees arrived in Jamaica on the SS Serpa Pinta and they were lodged in Gibraltar Camp II (G.C. II). The camp commandant was E.A. Rae. The refugees were accompanied on the overseas journey by a JDC representative, S. Bertrand Jacobson. In the months that followed, 38 more refugees joined the others to make 190 in all. The British authorities stressed that the refugees were treated as guests of a friendly power, but the Polish refugees were disposed to compare camp conditions with those of a concentration camp. By reason of the war, air and water transportation in the Western Hemisphere was short in supply and high in cost until 1944. In that year, many of the refugees succeeded in migrating to Cuba, Canada, the U.S. and other countries, and by November, only 18 refugees remained in G.C. II. Relations with the refugees in Jamaica remained a JDC sore spot for a long period. The refugees swiftly alienated the local Jewish community of Kingston, which finally refused its help altogether, with the exception of a local resident, Samuel Cohen, who displayed an active and helpful interest in the group. The turning point came in Dec. 1942, when Charles H. Jordan, the JDC representative in Cuba, made a special inspection trip to Jamaica. His report, dated 12/17/42, will be found in File 884, and it offers a lucid account of conditions, problems and happenings at G.C. II. The JDC put Jordan’s recommendations into effect, and the atmosphere at the camp improved perceptibly, with but occasional expressions of discontent by selected individuals. Jordan’s successor in Cuba, Oscar Gurfinkel (Nov. 1943) continued to attend to JDC interests in Jamaica. In 1944, he aided numbers of refugees in Jamaica to gain admission to Cuba where they could find gainful employment. JDC costs for the transportation and support of the 190 refugees in Jamaica reached the neighborhood of $70,000, and called for a great volume of sustained effort on the part of many persons. Mr. O.K. Henriques, a prominent local resident, served as a voluntary JDC representative.

a. Japan, 1940 – 1941: On the Situation of Polish Refugees in Japan: 10/25/40, 12/19/40, 3/29/41, 4/9/41, 4/24/41, 5/1/42(2). For additional materials, see: Japan, Files 723-725. Correspondence: M.W. Beckelman, H.K. Buchman, B. Kahn, S. Tarschansky, K. Zyngol. b. Mexico, 1943: Correspondence: L. Bechar, J.C. Hyman, F.S. Levine, A.S. Petluck, R. Pilpel. c. Romania, 1933 – 1944: Lists of Polish Refugees in Romania, 10/16/39, 11/29/39, 12/16/39. Reports and Memos to JDC by Millstein/Ussoskin, 10/20/39, 10/25/39, 11/5/39, 10/19/40. Other materials on the Status of Polish Refugees in Romania: 10/6/39, 10/23/39(2), 1/20/40, 1/22/40. Correspondence: J. Millstein, M.C. Troper, M. Ussoskin. d. Spain, 1943, 1945: Correspondence: H. Katzki, M.A. Leavitt, H. Trobe. e. Turkey, 1940 – 1941: Some 270 refugees, from Poland mostly, sailed for Palestine from Trieste following the entrance of Italy into the war in May 1940, and were marooned without means first in Salonika and then for a longer span in Istanbul. In both cities they received JDC aid. In Istanbul, the aid was distributed by the Aid Committee of the Grand Rabbinat. Correspondence: Ch. Barlas, P. Eisenstadt, J.J. Schwartz, H. Soriano. USSR: See: Iran, Files 712-713; See: Japan, Files 723-725; See: Relief Supplies, Files 421-429.

The JDC contributed $30,000 for the purchase of flour in Slovakia for shipment to Poland, 7/31/40 – 9/12/40, 10/14/40, 10/16/40, 11/18/40, 12/2/40. A Special JDC Committee was appointed to consider the dispatch of additional food shipments to Poland, 11/22/40, 11/25/40, 12/4/40 – 12/19/40, 1/18/41, 2/25/41. The JDC tried unsuccessfully to buy food supplies in Russia for shipment to Poland, 3/1/41 – 3/12/41, 4/5/41 – 4/25/41. The JDC allocated funds for the purchase of 17,000 cans of milk stored in a Warsaw warehouse, 6/5/41 – 6/13/41, 6/18/41 – 8/6/41 Cable. The JDC obtained U.S. Gov’t license to ship food packages from Lisbon to Poland, 11/17/42 – 2/12/43, 3/8/43 – 4/30/43. The JDC shipped supplies to the Sommerstein Committee, 7/15/44, 8/16/44 – 10/23/44, 11/4/44 – 1/3/45; also see: File 802, 7/5/44 and ff. Relief Supplies, Files 421 – 429 SM Archives, File 51(1) Correspondence: M.W. Beckelman, J. Blum, H.K. Buchman, J.C. Hyman, S.B. Jacobson, M.A. Leavitt, M.C. Troper.

Lists of Individual Recipients of Food Parcels, 1941; 1943

JDC Allocations for Vocational Training in Poland: 1937 attachment to 6/15/38; 1938, 6/26/39. JDC Report, Professional Training in Poland, Aug. 1938. Memos and Tables on V.T.: Extract on V.T. from Report on Poland by A. Kahn, Oct. 1937; Table of CENTOS V.T. schools and courses, Nov. 1937; Trade Schools in Poland and the Need for a Joint Survey, 3/24/38; Needs and Prospects for Jewish Trade Training in Poland, 10/7/38. Also see above: File 819, Ort Poland, Warsaw File 820, Wuzet, Lwow Correspondence: M.W. Beckelman, H.K. Buchman, J.C. Hyman, A. Kahn, B. Kahn, E.M. Morrissey, D.M. Schweitzer.

E: Eiszyszki (d. Nowogr.); G: Gdynia (d. Pomorskie); Grodno (d. Bial.); H: Horodenka (d. Stanis.); J: Jabkonka Koscielna (d. Bial.); Jedwabne (d. Bial.)see: Wysokie Mazowieckie; K: Kielce (d. Kielce); Kleck (d. Nowogr.)see: File 855; Klewan (d. Wolyn); Klwow (d. Kielce); Kolomyja (d. Stan.)see: File 856; Korczyna (d. Lwow); Kossow (d. Polesie); Kulesze Koscielne (d. Bial.); Kutno (d. Warsaw);

L: Lapy (d. Bial.)see: Zambrow and File 858; Lebiedziewo (d. Vilna); Lida (d. Nowogr.) see: File 858; Lodz (d. Lodz) also see: File 858; Lublin (d. Bial.) see: File 859; Lwow (d. Lwow); M: Minsk Mazowiecki (d. Warsaw); Mordy (d. Lublin); N: Nowogrodek (d. Nowogr.); Nowy Sacz (d. Cracow) see: File 861; O: Odrzywot (d. Kielce); Olpiny (d. Cracow); Orla Podlaska (d. Bial.); Ostrog (d. Wolyn);

P: Piekuty Krasowo (d. Bial.); Pinsk (d. Polesie); Probuzna (d. Tarnop.); Przemysl (d. Lwow); Przemyslany (d. Tarnop.); Przyszew (d. Warsaw); Przytyk (d. Kielce); R: Raciaz (d. Warsaw); Radom (d. Radom); Radziejow (d. Warsaw); Radzilow (d. Bial.); Rawa Mazowiecka (d. Warsaw) see: File 865; Rozana (d. Wolyn); Rozana (d. Polesie) see: File 865; Rutki Kosaki (d. Bial.); Rybnik (d. Slask); Rymanow (d. Lwow); Rzeszow (d. Lwow);

S: Sarny (d. Wolyn); Sasow (d. Tarnop.)also see: File 866; Siedlce (d. Lublin); Sniadowo (d. Bial.); Sniatyn (d. Stanisl.); Sokolka (d. Bial.)also see: File 867; Sokolka Podlaski (d. Lublin); Sokolow (d. Lublin); Sokoly (d. Bial.) see: Wysokie Mazowieckie; Stoki (d. Lublin) also see: Wyszkow; Suchawola (d. Bial.); Suwalki (d. Bial.); Szczebrzeszyn (d. Lublin); Szczerzec (d. Lwow)see: File 869; T: Tarnow (d. Cracow); Tomaszow Mazowiecki (d. Lodz); Truskolasy (d. Kielce); Trzcianka (d. Bial.); Tykocin (d. Bial.) also see: Wysokie Mazowieckie;

W: Warsaw Nov. 1939 – 1943 Wengrow (d. Lublin) see: File 872; Wilna (d. Wilna) also see: Files 876-877; Wlodawa (d. Lublin); Wysokie Mazowieckie (d. Bial.); Wyszonki Koscielne (d. Bial.); Z: Zagorow (d. Lodz); Zaklikow (d. Lublin); Zambrow (d. Bial.); Zbaszyn (d. Poznan) also see: Files 878-879; Zelow (d. Lodz);

On the status of refugees: 3/9/43, 7/31/43, 9/21/43, 2/15/44, 5/18/44, 7/7/44, 8/3/44, 8/22/44, 8/30/44, 10/18/44, 12/19/44 Pilpel to JDC. Portuguese Jews expelled from France reached Portugal, 9/21/43, 10/14/43, 11/16/43. Lists of refugees emigrating from Spain and Portugal 1943/44: 3/15/43 – 5/31/43, 6/5/43; July/August, 11/30/43; 10/26/43 – 2/15/44, 3/9/44. Fin. and Statistical Reports: Comite, Jan. 1943; Transmigration Bureau Lisbon, 7/31/43; Summary of Fin. and Statistical Reports Lisbon submitted to the JDC 1/1/43 – 6/30/43, 11/23/43. Correspondence: D.B. Hurwitz, J.C. Hyman, H. Katzki, R. Pilpel, J.J. Schwartz.

Virtually all the documents in this file turn on the attempts by the Romanian Gov’t to close the Jewish credit institutions in the country, and the ins and outs of the discussions which followed with the JDC and the JDC Foundation. The JDC enlisted the aid of the U.S. State Dept. and the British Foreign Office, and the JDC Foundation had the services of Major-Gen. F.J. Duncan, a former British Military Attache in Bucharest. The ultimate outcome was that most of the kassas in Romania continued to function until June 22, 1941, when that country joined with Germany in the attack on Russia. Reports and Memos – J.C. Hyman: 6/6/38; Gen. F.J. Duncan: 11/4/38 attachment to 11/7/38; B. Smolar: 12/2/38 and Summary 12/22/38. Correspondence: F.J. Duncan, J.C. Dunn, O.E. d’Avigdor Goldsmid, J.C. Hyman, R. Irimescu, B. Kahn, A.A. Landesco, P. Moffat, E.M. Morrissey, L. Oungre.

Reports and memos of the Situation of the Romanian Jews – Horia Carp: 1/13/39, 1/25/39; J.C. Hyman: 3/2/39 attachment to 3/3/39; B. Smolar: 3/13/39 attachment to 3/21/39; N. Aronovici: 3/22/39; E.K. Schwartz: 5/2/39; Moses Moskowitz: April 1940 attachment to 4/17/40; S.B. Jacobson: 8/5/40 attachment to 9/4/40; M. Ussoskin: 8/26/40, 2/26/41(2). Ch. Barlas: 10/8/40; Anonymous: 5/8/39, 7/3/40, 11/21/41. Also see: 2/8/41 attachment to 3/11/41, 2/20/41, 10/4/41. For additional data, see: EUREXCO, Files 180-181. Correspondence: N. Aronovici, H.K. Buchman, H. Carp, F.J. Duncan, J.C. Hyman, S.B. Jacobson, A.A. Landesco, M.A. Leavitt, E.M. Morrissey, M. Moskowitz, B. Smolar, M.C. Troper, M. Ussoskin.

On the Situation of the Romanian Jews: 6/25/42, 7/9/43, 4/29/44, 5/10/44(2), 8/23/44, 10/13/44 JTA, 10/16/44, 10/28/44 – 11/3/44, 11/16/44, 12/12/44, 12/26/44 Schwartz to Leavitt. Reports and Memos – M. Ussoskin: 5/11/43, 1/10/44; M. Reifer: 8/25/44; E. Costiner: 10/2/44; M. Leclerc 11/21/44; M. Kessler, 12/15/44. My Life by Wilhelm Filderman undated, and a brief biography of him in the Encyclopedia Judaica, Vol. 6. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, E. Costiner, Wm. Filderman, J.C. Hyman, M. Kessler, Ch. Kolb, J.L. Magnes, R. Pilpel, R.B. Resnik, J.J. Schwartz, Laurence A. Steinhardt, M. Ussoskin.

1.Transnistria, 1943 – 1945: When Germany invaded Russia on 6/22/41, a coattail army, the Romanian, accompanied them in the invasion of Bessarabia and the Ukraine. From Sept. 1941 onward, the Romanians deported some 147,000 Jews to Transnistria, an impoverished territory in the Ukraine between the Bug and the Dniester Rivers, ceded to them by the Nazis. The deportations were only for forced labor ostensibly, but in fact a mere 40% of the victims survived. In 1943 – 1944, JDC aid in the form of individual packages were forwarded to the refugees in Transnistria via the CICR. The JDC remitted $100,000 to the CICR for the purchase of supplies for distribution to refugees in Transnistria: 10/27/43, 11/5/43, 12/1/43, 12/20/43, 1/10/44, 1/17/44, 1/27/44, 3/6/44, 4/7/44, 4/22/44 – 5/1/44, 6/19/44; for additional materials, see: SM Archives, Files 54-55. On the return of deportees from Transnistria to Romania: 12/14/43, 1/6/44, 1/10/44. On emigration from Transnistria to Palestine: 2/21/44, 3/1/44 – 3/3/44(2), 6/19/44. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, I.A. Hirshman, Cordell Hull, J.C. Hyman, H. Katzki, M.A. Leavitt, J.L. Magnes, J.J. Schwartz, L.A. Steinhardt, H.K. Travers. 2. Transylvania, 1941 – 1942: On the situation of the Jews in Transylvania: 2/13/41 – 10/23/41, 3/13/42, 6/12/42. Correspondence: H.K. Buchman, S.B. Jacobson, B. Kahn, M.A. Leavitt, J.J. Schwartz.

Claims Against the JDC, 1941 – 1944: The JDC raised large sums in Romania for aid to Jews there and in Transnistria, based on the JDC promise of post-war repayment in dollars. Payment requests in 1944 were received from a number of claimants, among them Abraham Goldstein, Nathan Gruenberg and Max Cukier. For additional material on claimants, see: SM Archives, File 57.

1. Elementary and Religious Schools: a. Bessarabia, Tarbuth Schools, 1937; 1940 – 1941 b. Iasy (Jassy), Talmud Torah and Yeshivah Or Chodosh, 1938 – 1946, Requests for aid and fin. drafts were submitted over the years by Rabbi Avram Sabsa. This was a notable case. For additional materials, see: SM Archives, File 56(3). Correspondence: H.K. Buchman, A. Gurin, A. Horowitz, M.A. Leavitt, J. Rosenheim, A. Sabsa. c. Transylvania, Jewish Schools, 1937; 1940 2. Yeshivot and Seminaries: a. Cernauti (Czernowitz), Hebrew Teacher’s Seminary, 1938 – 1939 b. Marmoros, Viseul de Sus, Yeshiva Beth Israel, 1936 – 1941 Correspondence: C. Adler, L. Fabricant, M. Heger, A. Horowitz, J.C. Hyman. c. Sacueni, Yeshiva Beth Jehuda, 1939 – 1940 d. Satmar, Yeshiva Ohs Chaim, 1937 – 1941 e. Sighet, Yeshiva Etz Chaim, 1939 – 1941

1. General, 1939 – 1945: Controversy over a newspaper advertisement by the Committee for a Jewish Army of Stateless and Palestine Jews, 2/24/43 – 3/9/43. Controversy between Wm. Filderman and A.L. Zissu, Jewish Agency Delegate, on priorities of Jewish emigration from Romania, 5/10/44, 6/16/44 – 6/22/44, 6/30/44 Zimmer to Filderman, 7/4/44, 8/10/44. For individual sailings from Romania, see: File 374, SS Mefkure; File 338, SS Salahatin; and File 389, SS Struma. Also see: File 910, 5/2/39. Correspondence: H.K. Buchman, L. Danneberg, Wm. Filderman, J.C. Hyman, M.A. Leavitt, J.L. Magnes, H. Montor, Ch. Passman, J.J. Smertenko, M. Zimmer. 2. Palestine, 1940 – 1944: Report by M. Zingher on the emigration from Constanza to Palestine of a group of 110 chalutzim, 1/9/41. The JDC granted $19,000 for the transportation to Palestine, with the aid of the IRC, of 270 children from Romania and Hungary, 9/2/42 – 10/27/42. Correspondence: M.A. Leavitt, J.J. Schwartz, A. Tartakower, M. Ussoskin, M. Zingher.

On the status of the Jewish credit institutions in Romania: 1/27/36 attachment to 1/30/36 and summary 2/25/36, 4/30/36, 1/6/37, 11/18/37, 11/23/38 Memo by W. Filderman, 1/24/39. On the attempts by the Romanian Gov’t to close the Jewish kassas: 4/21/38 – 4/3/39, 4/20/39, 4/21/39(2), 5/12/39, 6/20/39, 7/1/39, 7/15/39, 2/26/41, 7/28/44. Memos, Minutes and Reports: Minutes of meetings between Foundation Managers and Romanian Jewish representatives 4/26/38 – 4/27/38. Report by Gen. F.J. Duncan on his discussions with Romanian authorities, 11/23/38. For narrative and statistical reports on the credit institutions, see below: File 908. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, F.J. Duncan, J.C. Dunn, Wm. Filderman, O.E. d’Avigdor Goldsmid, J.C. Hyman, S.B. Jacobson, M. Irimescu, B. Kahn, A.A. Landesco, I. Millstein, P. Moffat, L. Oungre, F. Saraga, D.J. Schweitzer, M. Ussoskin.

“Activities for 1934 of the Central Committee of Jewish Cooperatives in Romania”, undated (Yiddish). Reports for 1936 of GM Kassas for: Bukovina by M. Ussoskin 10/6/36, Transylvania by I. Millstein and Old Romania by I. Millstein and M. Ussoskin undated (German). M. Ussoskin undated (German). “Small Credit Banks of the Old Kingdom” by Wm. Filderman, 11/23/38. Fin. Reports for 1938: Bessarabia 4/15/39, Old Romania, Transylvania and Bukovina 6/4/39. Annual Report 1939 for GM Kassas in Romania by I. Millstein (French). Statistical Report of the 42 kassas affiliated with the Verband, Bucharest, 8/1/40. Fin. Statement of the kassas in Transylvania following the transfer of the territory to Hungary, 3/18/42.

“Struggle for Survival”, Moshe Ussoskin, Jerusalem 1975. A comprehensive history of the Jewish credit cooperatives in Romania. It also contains many snapshot photos of Jewish personalities.

The materials in this file deal with non-Romanian refugees who were in transit through Romania or were marooned there for a time, and with Romanian refugees en route to other countries, Palestine mostly, who were marooned in Turkey. JDC expenditures charged to the refugee budget for Romania and set forth in the table below, pertain to the first category. Expenditures for the benefit of Romanian refugees in other countries were charged to other budgets (e.g. Turkey, general budget), and can no longer be segregated with precision. For Polish refugees in Romania, see: Poland, File 886. 1936: $375; 1939: 19,753; 1940: $12,781; 1941: 11,000; Total: $43,909. General, 1939 – 1945: Reports and Memos: “The Situation of Refugees in Constanza”, 5/2/39. Note: The authors were not named, but presumably it was the handiwork of Ussoskin and Millstein. Reports on refugees in Romania – Ch. Grey, JDC representative: 10/9/39 attachment to 10/25/39; I. Millstein: 10/14/39 attachment to 10/25/39; Millstein/Ussoskin: 11/5/39; M. Ussoskin: 10/7/40 attachment to 10/19/40, 10/10/40 attachment to 10/30/40. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, H.K. Buchman, Ch. Grey, J.C. Hyman, I. Millstein, Ch. Passman, L.A. Steinhardt, M. Ussoskin.

n vocational training, the JDC aided apprentice homes and trade schools in the main. Data on the apprentice homes will be found below in the first section and on the Morgenroit Trade School, Czernowitz (Cernauti), in the second. 1. Apprentice Homes, 1938 – 1941: Reports – M. Ussoskin: 9/23/40 attachment to 10/18/40, 11/19/40. Brief Reports and Memos: 4/12/41 – 10/3/41. 2. Jewish Workingmen’s School “Morgenroit”, Czernowitz (Cernauti): The JDC allocated $5,033 to the Morgenroit School between 1933 – 1939 as outlined below. Early in 1941, the Russian Army occupied N. Bukovina (including Czernowitz) and direct communication with the school was broken. The school’s leaders were evacuated to Siberia when the Nazi and Romanian armies invaded N. Bukovina. For materials on activities of the school in earlier years, see: Archives, 1921 – 1932, File 422a. Allocations: 1933: $330; 1934: 80; 1935: 140; 1936: 258; 1937: $550; 1938: 1,375; 1939: 2,300; Total: $5,033. Reports and memos on the activities of the Morgenroit: 6/25/35, 6/15/37, 1/13/39 attachment to 2/17/39. Correspondence: H.K. Buchman, J.C. Hyman, A. Kahn, J. Kisman, M.C. Troper, B.C. Vladeck.

Reports and Memos: Summary Status Reports on Central and S.A., 5/1/39, 6/13/39. Summaries of data on refugee conditions in Central and S.A., 4/13/39 – 5/22/39, 6/15/39 – 9/18/39, 10/10/39. Statements on HICEM operations in S.A., 5/27/39, 5/29/39, May 1939, 7/5/39. Report on Jewish Refugee Problems in Central and S.A. by F.W. Borchardt and D. Glick, 7/20/39; see also: 6/29/39, 7/11/39, 10/10/39. Expenditures in S.A. countries in 1939 and budgeting estimates for 1/1/40 – 6/30/40, 12/19/39. Correspondence: F.W. Borchardt, J.C. Hyman, L. Lorch, R. Pilpel, J.A. Rosen, J.J. Schwartz, M.C. Troper.

Review of monthly reports to the JDC by refugee committees in Latin America, 1/18/40. Report on HICEM activities (including S.A.) Jan. 1940, 1/29/40. Summary of data on Jewish loan and credit societies in S.A., undated (March 1940?). List of local committees in Latin America cooperating with the JDC, 5/1/40. JDC letters to F.W. Borchardt in his S.A. trip, 4/26/40, 5/10/40(2), 5/24/40, 6/3/40, 6/10/40. Numbered letters to the JDC by Milton Goldsmith May-Nov. 1940: #1, 5/9/40 attachment to 5/20/42; #2, 5/20/40 attachment to 6/3/40; #3, 5/29/40 attachment to 6/6/40; #4, 6/12/40 attachment to 6/24/40; #5, 6/19/40 attachment to 6/28/40; #6, 6/27/40 attachment to 7/19/40; #7, 7/11/40; #8, 7/12/40; #10, 8/3/40 attachment to 8/15/40; #16, 9/3/40; #20, 10/5/40; #21, 10/24/40; #24, 11/4/40. Report on his S.A. trip by F.W. Borchardt, 7/8/40, and Summary 8/6/40 attachment to 8/15/40. Review of the refugee situation in Central and S.A., 9/26/40, 9/27/40, 10/28/40, 11/15/40 and attachments to 11/16/40 Pilpel to Rosenberg. Qualifications desired in JDC representatives in S.A., 10/21/40; Explanation of M.D. Goldsmith’s mission to S.A., 10/25/40 Hyman to Pell attachment to 10/29/40. Correspondence: J. Bernstein, F.W. Borchardt, M.D. Goldsmith J.C. Hyman, A. Jaretski Jr., M.A. Leavitt R.T. Pell, R. Pilpel, I. Rosen.

Summaries of the refugee situation in Central and S.A., 1/24/41, 3/20/41, 9/9/41, 9/19/41, 1/19/42. Summaries of JDC activities in Central and S.A.: 9/16/41, 11/25/41, 9/15/42, 6/1/43(2), 8/9/43, 9/22/43, 10/22/43, 10/3/44. Summary tables of JDC activities in S.A., 1936 – 1943, 3/7/44 and of JDC appropriations 1936 – 1944, 7/26/44. JDC Committees in S.A. by M.D. Goldsmith, 3/22/41. Report on S.A. by N. Chanin, 11/7/41. Numbered letters to the JDC by M.W. Beckelman: #9, 10/25/41; #70, 1/6/42; #77, 1/19/42; #84, 2/2/42; #86, 2/3/42; #93, 2/12/42 attachment to 2/27/42; #107, 3/10/42; #217, 5/10/42 attachment to 5/19/42; #234, 5/22/42 attachment to 6/3/42; #262, #268, 6/3/42; #276, 6/4/42; #300, 6/22/42. JDC letters to Beckelman in S.A., 1/7/42, 3/3/42, Beckelman recommended that a permanent JDC office be opened in S.A., 7/21/42. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, M.W. Beckelman, N. Chanin, I.E. Goldwasser, J.C. Hyman, M.A. Leavitt, C.J. Liebman, R. Pilpel, L.H. Sobel, M.D. Waldman.

Summary of the Refugee Situation in Central and S.A., June 1944. Summary of JDC activities in Central and S.A., 6/1/43(2), 8/9/43, 9/22/43, 10/22/43, 10/3/44. Summary tables of JDC activities in S.A. 1936 – 1943, 3/7/44, and of JDC appropriations 1936 – 1944, 7/26/44. M.W. Beckelman entered the U.S. Army in Nov. 1942 and was succeeded by Louis H. Sobel, 3/17/43, 3/19/43, 9/22/43. Numbered letters to the JDC by L.H. Sobel: #16, 5/8/43; #19, 5/15/43; #20, 5/17/43; #21, 5/18/43; #22, 5/19/43; #29, 6/4/43; #33, 6/6/43; #34, 6/7/43 attachment to 6/23/43; #36, 6/15/43; #43, 7/15/43; #63, 8/16/43 attachment to 9/21/43; #68, 8/31/43 attachment to 10/27/43; #82, 9/28/43; #85, 10/13/43; #88, 10/15/43; #89, 10/16/43; #92, 10/22/43; #103/104, 11/26/43. J.B. Lightman joined the JDC staff for service in S.A. (Buenos Aires), 9/15/43, 9/21/43. Numbered letters to the JDC by J.B. Lightman: #L-2, 12/4/43; #116, 1/6/44 attachment to 1/18/44; #117, 1/14/44 attachment to 3/6/44; #135, 3/16/44; #142, 3/24/44; #161, 5/3/44; #217, 6/29/44; #298, 9/16/44. Other numbered letters by Beckelman, Sobel and Lightman will be found below in File 1,064 and also under individual countries. Gertrude Pinsky was engaged to conduct the JDC offices in Montevideo, 1/26/44. Report and recommendations on S.A. by L.H. Sobel, 4/28/44 attachment to 6/6/44. Committees in S.A. cooperating with the JDC, 5/16/44. Report on S.A. by Morris D. Waldman, Nov. 1944. Report on S.A. by Jacob Landau, 2/13/45. Correspondence: H.D. Biele, M.A. Leavitt, J.B. Lightman R. Pilpel, G.D. Pinsky, L.H. Sobel, M.D. Waldman.

Fin. Statements 1/1/41 – 6/30/41; 1/1/42 – 12/31/42; 1/1/43 – 6/30/43.

The numbered letters in this file by M.W. Beckelman, L.H. Sobel and J.B. Lightman point up problems that confronted the JDC in its dealings with Jewish organizations and personalities in S.A., and notably with the World Jewish Congress. Numbered letters by Beckelman: #29, 1/27/41; #91, 2/10/42; #133, 3/24/42; #168, 4/15/42; #175, 4/19/42. Numbered letters by Sobel: #63, 8/16/43; #64, 8/20/43; #101, 11/25/43. Numbered letters by Lightman: #115, 12/30/43; #125, 2/11/44; #128, 2/14/44; #141, 3/24/44; #152, 4/21/44; #158, 4/29/44; #180, 5/24/44 attachment to 6/19/44; #189, 5/29/44; #198, 6/7/44; #205, 6/15/44; #218, 6/29/44; #236, 7/18/44; #238, 7/22/44; #248, 8/2/44; #258, 8/9/44; #260, 8/11/44; #277, 8/29/44; #279, 8/30/44; #345, 11/23/44; #379, 12/23/44; #388, 12/27/44. Correspondence: M.W. Beckelman, J.B. Lightman, Z. Popkin, L.H. Sobel.

efugees in Miranda de Ebro Concentration Camp: 12/10/40, Aug. 1942 attachment to 9/24/42, 11/2/42, 12/24/42, 12/29/42, also see: materials on Mrs. Virginia Wedell: 1/30/41 – 2/12/41, 2/24/41, 2/25/41, 3/17/41 – 4/8/41, 6/25/41, 8/15/41, 9/3/41, 10/8/41, 11/1/41, 12/1/41, 2/5/42, 2/9/42, 2/25/42, 3/16/42, 4/11/42 attachment to 4/23/42, 6/22/42; Mrs. Dorsey Stevens: 5/7/42, 6/6/42(3), Refugees escaping to Spain from Southern France in 1942: 8/13/42, 8/15/42, 9/24/42, 9/29/42 – 11/8/42, 11/20/42(2), 12/11/42, 12/17/42. Lists of refugees in Spain in receipt of JDC aid, 1/18/42, 12/29/42. Reports and Memos on Spain: Brief reports on refugees and transmigrants by S. Sequerra, 10/18/40, 4/25/42 “Situation of Refugees Coming from France and Detained in Spain”, 6/19/41; “Renewal of U.S. Visas by German Refugees at Barcelona”, by M.C. Troper, 10/11/41; Refugee Problem in Spain, 4/21/42. Correspondence: P.A. Conard, C.J.H. Hayes, J.C. Hyman, H. Katzki, M.A. Leavitt, M.P. Schauffler, J.J. Schwartz, S. Sequerra, D. Stephens, M.C. Troper, J.G. Vail, V.C. Wedell.

Refugees in Miranda de Ebro, 1/4/43 Cables #112, #204, 1/20/43 – 1/22/43, 1/29/43 attach. 2/1/43, 2/3/43, 2/6/43, 2/12/43, 2/24/43 Cables #241, #244, 3/3/43, 3/8/43, 3/9/43, 3/15/43, 3/22/43, 3/24/43 Gen. Letter #72, 3/26/43 – 3/27/43, 4/6/43 – 4/10/43, 4/17/43, 4/28/43, 5/17/43, 6/10/43, 6/28/43. Reports and Memos – H. Katzki: 3/9/43, 3/24/43, 4/6/43. For lists of Yugoslav refugees in Spain, see: File 1,058.c, 6/26/43. Correspondence: H.M. Emerson, H. Katzki, J.J. Schwartz, G.L. Warren.

Refugees in Miranda de Ebro, 7/27/43, 8/3/43, 8/7/43, 8/21/43, 8/23/43 Blickenstaff to Conard, 9/6/43, 11/9/43. General Situation of Refugees in Spain, 8/7/43, 8/12/43, 8/28/43, 9/1/43, 10/26/43, 11/19/43, 12/17/43. Evacuation of Refugees to N. Africa from Spain, 8/27/43, 12/4/43, 12/8/43, 12/20/43. Sephardi Jews Coming to Spain, 7/1/43, 8/16/43, 8/21/43 (2), 8/23/43, 8/27/43, 9/7/43 Katzki to JDC, 9/8/43, 9/17/43, 9/28/43, 10/24/43, 11/6/43, 12/17/43, 12/20/43. Reports and Memos on Refugees in Spain – David Blickenstaff, 8/23/43 Letter #402, 8/7/43, 11/10/43, 11/15/43, November 1943, 12/8/43; Elias Canetti, 9/18/43 attachment to 9/28/43; Philip A. Conard, 11/20/43 ; H.P. Theodore, 7/27/43. For lists of Yugoslav refugees in Spain, see: File 1, 058.d, 9/10/43. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, D. Blickenstaff, E. Canetti, P.A. Conard, H.M. Emerson, C.R. Joy, J.C. Hyman, H. Katzki, M.A. Leavitt, H.P. Theodore, J.G. Vail.

Sephardi Refugees in Spain, 2/19/44, 3/31/44, 4/20/44. Evacuation of Refugees to N. Africa from Spain, 2/24/44, 3/31/44, 4/20/44, 5/3/44, 6/6/44, 6/26/44. Other Data on Refugees in Spain, 1/31/44, 4/11/44 Letter #931, 5/29/44, 6/12/44 (2), 6/19/44, 7/13/44, 7/26/44, 9/20/44. Reports and Memos on Refugees in Spain – N.W. Beckelman: 1/23/44; J. and D. Blickenstaff and L.B. Parrish, attach. 10/6/44; Philip A. Conard, 10/31/44; C.J.H. Hayes: 1/24/44; H. Rosenstiel: 9/28/60. Brief Statistical Rep. on Refugees in Spain, 7/28/44. Monthly Fin. and Statistical Reports, by D. Blickenstaff and by ORSARO: 2/4/44, 2/10/44, 2/21/44, 2/23/44, 5/12/44, 5/16/44, 6/17/44, 7/19/44, 7/24/44 (2), 7/25/44 Pilpel to N.Y., 8/30/44 (2) Letters #908, #909, 9/29/44, 9/30/44, 10/31/44. Statistical Graphs on JDC Refugee Aid in 1944, undated. Correspondence: M.W. Beckelman, D. Blickenstaff, J. Blickenstaff, P.A. Conard, C.J.H. Hayes, D.B. Hurwitz, J.C. Hyman, H. Katzki, L.K. Jessup, M.A. Leavitt, L.B. Parrish, R. Pilpel, J.J. Schwartz.

Fin. and Statistical Reports, Barcelona: 1943: Sept., 8/30/44. 1944: Feb., 4/25/44; April, 9/24/44; May, 9/21/44; June, 9/22/44, 10/2/44; Sept., Oct., Nov., 1/21/45.

JDC Barcelona, Annual Report for 1944, by Samuel Sequerra, undated (French).

a. Pierre Bigar and Commission Mixte de Secours of the CICR (CMdS), 1946 – 1949: Bigar, a prominent Swiss-Jewish communal leader, became Administrator/Delegate of the CMdS in April 1946. To cover its administrative costs, the CMdS levied a charge of 1 – 2% of the value of the donor’s contribution. During Bigar’s administration, the JDC contributed some SFr. 12,000,000 to the CMdS and Bigar levied a charge of 1 and 1/2%. In 1948, the organization which was then in liquidation, filed suit against Bigar claiming that 2% was the leftful charge and demanded reimbursement for the difference. Ultimately, a Court of Honor arbitrated the case and Bigar was found not liable. b. Rothmund Affair, 1954: Dr. Hans Rothmund was Chief of the Division of Police in the Federal Department of Justice and Police in the Swiss Gov’t. In the 1930s and 1940s he had worked closely with SM and other Jewish leaders on problems of Jewish refugees in Switzerland. In 1954, a Swiss newspaper, the Swiss Observer, charged Dr. Rothmund with responsibility for suggesting to the Nazi Gov’t in 1938 that it designate Jews by the letter “J” on their German passports. Various aspects of the case are discussed in the file.

a. JDC N.Y. – SM 1945 – 1947 #1 – 32, a few omissions. b. SM – JDC N.Y. 1945 – 1947 #50 – 108, a few omissions. The cables deal with day-to-day business matters, on a wide variety of topics.

JDC Lisbon – SM 1945 (Jan.-June) #188 – 319, many omissions. The cables deal with day-to-day business matters, on a wide variety of topics.

JDC Paris – SM 1945 – 1947 #11 – 252, many omissions. The cables deal with day-to-day business matters, on a wide variety of topics.

With Paris mostly, also N.Y. and Milan. Summaries and notes of telephone conversations, mostly between SM – Paris, often with J.J. Schwartz, but also with H. Katzki, M. Goldstein, H. Biele, L. Sobel and others. The conversations with N.Y. were usually with M.B. Leavitt. The summaries and notes spanned a wide range, and were prepared by SM except where noted otherwise.

With Paris mostly, also N.Y. and Milan. Summaries and notes of telephone conversations, mostly between SM – Paris, often with J.J. Schwartz, but also with H. Katzki, M. Goldstein, H. Biele, L. Sobel and others. The conversations with N.Y. were usually with M.B. Leavitt. The summaries and notes spanned a wide range, and were prepared by SM except where noted otherwise.

With Paris mostly. Summaries and notes of telephone conversations, mostly between SM – Paris, often with J.J. Schwartz, but also with H. Katzki, M. Goldstein, H. Biele, L. Sobel and others. The conversations with N.Y. were usually with M.B. Leavitt. The summaries and notes spanned a wide range, and were prepared by SM except where noted otherwise.

With Paris. Summaries and notes of telephone conversations, mostly between SM – Paris, often with J.J. Schwartz, but also with H. Katzki, M. Goldstein, H. Biele, L. Sobel and others. The conversations with N.Y. were usually with M.B. Leavitt. The summaries and notes spanned a wide range, and were prepared by SM except where noted otherwise.

For 1959 – 1964, also see: Central Files, Overseas Hq., Financial

Accounts Book
(SM Accounts Book)

a. June 1940 – Oct. 1941. b. 1943 (Jan.-June). c. 1946 (July) SM notes on the status of some wartime credits in Nazi occupied countries. d. Transfer of Funds to individuals 1945 – 1948. For individual cases of refugees, see: Files 984 – 985. e. Financial Statements, various, 1945. f. SM Account Notebook (1947).

a. JDC 1947 – 1949 (Annual) b. Subventioned organizations in Switzerland, 1948 c. Field Audit Report, 1940 – 1946

a. 1947 b. 1949 (Aug.-Oct.) c. Administration Expenditures, Switzerland, 1946 – 1949, Monthly or weekly, many omissions.

a. 1940 – 1949. b. Czech children in Switzerland, 1946 – 1947 Summer vacations at Zugerberg).

The SHEK Zurich, an interconfessional body, was established in October 1933 to aid refugee children in Switzerland most notably, where it conducted eleven branches. Operations continued until 1948. For a roundup of activities between 1933 – 1946, see: Timetable, in 11th Report of the Central Office 1946, File 945 (English), File 946 (German). Also see: File 946, annual narrative reports 1939 – 1948. In all, expenditures for the support of refugee children in Switzerland came to some SFr. 13,870,000, of which the SHEK raises SFr. 3,027,000 and the JDC contributed SF. 1,702,000, File 945, N. Sutro to SM, 1/18/50.

The SHEK Zurich, an interconfessional body, was established in October 1933 to aid refugee children in Switzerland most notably, where it conducted eleven branches. Operations continued until 1948. For a roundup of activities between 1933 – 1946, see: Timetable, in 11th Report of the Central Office 1946, File 945 (English), File 946 (German). Also see: File 946, annual narrative reports 1939 – 1948. In all, expenditures for the support of refugee children in Switzerland came to some SFr. 13,870,000, of which the SHEK raises SFr. 3,027,000 and the JDC contributed SF. 1,702,000, File 945, N. Sutro to SM, 1/18/50.

The SHEK Zurich, an interconfessional body, was established in October 1933 to aid refugee children in Switzerland most notably, where it conducted eleven branches. Operations continued until 1948. For a roundup of activities between 1933 – 1946, see: Timetable, in 11th Report of the Central Office 1946, File 945 (English), File 946 (German). Also see: File 946, annual narrative reports 1939 – 1948. In all, expenditures for the support of refugee children in Switzerland came to some SFr. 13,870,000, of which the SHEK raises SFr. 3,027,000 and the JDC contributed SF. 1,702,000, File 945, N. Sutro to SM, 1/18/50.

a. Narrative, annual 1939 – 1948. b. Statistical, monthly, #9 – 58, 1943 – 1947 (some missing). The SHEK Zurich, an interconfessional body, was established in October 1933 to aid refugee children in Switzerland most notably, where it conducted eleven branches. Operations continued until 1948. For a roundup of activities between 1933 – 1946, see: Timetable, in 11th Report of the Central Office 1946, File 945 (English), File 946 (German). Also see: File 946, annual narrative reports 1939 – 1948. In all, expenditures for the support of refugee children in Switzerland came to some SFr. 13,870,000, of which the SHEK raises SFr. 3,027,000 and the JDC contributed SF. 1,702,000, File 945, N. Sutro to SM, 1/18/50.

a. Comite pour le Development des Etudes Juives, Geneva: The JDC supported the teaching position in Jewish studies at the University of Lausanne held by Dr. Ch. Lehrmann. b. Foundation Haffkine, Lausanne, 1944 – 1945; 1953 c. Jeschiwah Ez Chajim, Montreux, 1946 – 1961 d. Jewish Teachers’ Seminary, Basel, 1944 – 1948 e. La Revue Juive de Geneve, 1946 – 1947 f. Verband Israelitischen Religionsleherer und Kantoren in der Schweiz, Bern, 1946

Comite International pour le Placement des Intellectuals Refugees, Geneva The Comite International, an inter – confessional body, was established in 1933. It extended professional aid to intellectuals in Switzerland and after 1939 it also provided support and emigration aid wherever it could. JDC allocations grew larger in the 1940’s and reached $100,000 in 1946. Direct JDC allocations ended in July 1949 and indirect allocations in 1950. Fanny Schulthess – Hirsch (Fanny Silberschein) was director of the Comite from 1939 onwards. For the years 1933 – 1938, see above: File 408.

Comite International pour le Placement des Intellectuals Refugees, Geneva The Comite International, an inter – confessional body, was established in 1933. It extended professional aid to intellectuals in Switzerland and after 1939 it also provided support and emigration aid wherever it could. JDC allocations grew larger in the 1940’s and reached $100,000 in 1946. Direct JDC allocations ended in July 1949 and indirect allocations in 1950. Fanny Schulthess – Hirsch (Fanny Silberschein) was director of the Comite from 1939 onwards. For the years 1933 – 1938, see above: File 408.

Comite International pour le Placement des Intellectuals Refugees, Geneva The Comite International, an inter – confessional body, was established in 1933. It extended professional aid to intellectuals in Switzerland and after 1939 it also provided support and emigration aid wherever it could. JDC allocations grew larger in the 1940’s and reached $100,000 in 1946. Direct JDC allocations ended in July 1949 and indirect allocations in 1950. Fanny Schulthess – Hirsch (Fanny Silberschein) was director of the Comite from 1939 onwards. For the years 1933 – 1938, see above: File 408.

The “Pro-Leysin” was a private Jewish sanatorium specializing in bone TB. The JDC met the costs of patients referred there through channels.

The “Pro-Leysin” was a private Jewish sanatorium specializing in bone TB. The JDC met the costs of patients referred there through channels.

The “Pro-Leysin” was a private Jewish sanatorium specializing in bone TB. The JDC met the costs of patients referred there through channels.

a. General, 1947 – 1950. b. Financial, 1947 – 1948. c. Reports by Chaplain Dr. Messinger on his visits, 1947 – 1950.

a. Narrative, Annual Reports 1946 – 1947. b. Financial Statements, Annual 1943 – 1948. c. Statistical, Monthly, with omissions 1944 – 1949.

The principal headquarters of the Union OSE was in Geneva between 1945 – 1949, and it was transferred to Paris in the latter year. In Paris, it was known as OSE Union and subsequently as World Union OSE.

The principal headquarters of the Union OSE was in Geneva between 1945 – 1949, and it was transferred to Paris in the latter year. In Paris, it was known as OSE Union and subsequently as World Union OSE.

The principal headquarters of the Union OSE was in Geneva between 1945 – 1949, and it was transferred to Paris in the latter year. In Paris, it was known as OSE Union and subsequently as World Union OSE.

The principal headquarters of the Union OSE was in Geneva between 1945 – 1949, and it was transferred to Paris in the latter year. In Paris, it was known as OSE Union and subsequently as World Union OSE.

The principal headquarters of the Union OSE was in Geneva between 1945 – 1949, and it was transferred to Paris in the latter year. In Paris, it was known as OSE Union and subsequently as World Union OSE.

a. Switzerland, 1933 – 1944 1. French artists, writers, journalists, 1943 – 1945. 2. Doctors, nurses, etc. from OSE institutions in France, 1943 – 1944. b. Rumania

Reports and memos on refugees – Saly Mayer: 8/23/38 attachment to 8/15/38, 10/4/38(2), 1/15/40; Armand Dreyfus: 6/20/39; H. Rothmund: 10/21/39, 11/23/40(2); M.C. Troper: 1/30/40; S.S. Guggenheim: 4/8/40. Correspondence: S.S. Guggenheim, E. Haymann, J.C. Hyman, H. Katzki, S. Mayer, H. Rothmund, J.J. Schwartz, S.S. Guggenheim, M.C. Troper.

Reports and memos on refugees – H. Rothmund, 2/19/41, 8/10/41; S. Mayer (draft report, undated, unattributed and mostly in longhand), 1941; Unattributed: “Study of refugees in St. Gallen who were candidates for emigration”, April 1941; Refugee Labor Camps: 2/24/41, Dec. 1941, also see: File 972, 3/28/40, 4/8/40, 5/10/40. Correspondence: B. Kahn, S. Mayer, H. Rothmund.

Reports and memos on refugees: Discussion on refugees in the Swiss Bundesrat, 9/2/42. “Israelitische Fluechlingshilfe St. Gallen Annual Report 1942”, 3/31/43. “Jewish Refugee Aid 1933 – 1943 by the SIG”, attachment to 7/12/43. On immigration from France, 8/13/42 – 8/17/42, 9/28/42 – 10/29/42, 2/1/43, 2/22/43 and attachment, 2/25/43, 4/14/43, 5/3/43, 6/13/43, 6/21/43. Correspondence: J.C. Hyman, H. Katzki, M.A. Leavitt, R. McClelland, J.J. Schwartz

Reports and memos on refugees: VSJF, 9/23/43, 11/9/43, 11/11/43, also see: File 1,008, VSJF Annual Rep. 1943; R. Olgiati, 1/1/44; Summary of VSJF, Rep. on Refugees 1933 – 1943, 4/21/44; “JDC Work in Switz. 1933 – 1943”, 2/8/46. Refugees in Switz: Greek, 7/7/43, 7/16/43 Hurwitz to JDC; Italian, 9/26/43, 10/6/43, 4/16/44, also see: SM, Files 47 – 49; Yugoslav, see: SM, Files 66 – 67; Hungarian, 12/8/44, 12/10/44, File 980, 3/25/45; also see: SM, File 13, 9/16/44, 10/6/44, Files 38, 40(1). Correspondence: H. Katzki, M.A. Leavitt, M. McClelland, R. Pilpel, J.J. Schwartz, L.H. Sobel.

List of 1,200 Theresienstadt inmates who reached Switzerland, 3/5/45 attachment to 3/22/45. Regulations governing the distribution of welfare aid, 7/20/45.

Report on VSJF by Otto H. Heim (1953 – 1954), 1954.

a. Canteen expenditures in Refugee Camp Diepoldsau, 1939 – 1940 b. Vocational training for refugees, 1940; 1942 c. Special funds for refugees (small sums), 1944 – 1947 d. Internees at USSR Camp Karaganda, Central Asia (Correspondence in re German and Austrian refugees in camp), 1947 – 1948

Emigration from Switzerland to countries other than Palestine. For emigration to Palestine (Israel) from Switzerland, see: Central Files, Jewish Agency, 1945 – 1950.

SM notes and correspondence on Emigration Conference and emigration problems.

a. Switzerland, 1938 – 1950 b. U.S. (Swiss Jews in U.S.), 1941 – 1945

Lists of refugees aided by JDC subventioned organizations, 1948 – 1949

For materials covering the years 1938 – 1944, see above: Files 255 – 256.

The formal existence of the IRO began in August 1948 when the 15th member state required ratified its constitution. For additional data see: Encyclopedia Judaica, 14: 31 – 32.

The formal existence of the IRO began in August 1948 when the 15th member state required ratified its constitution. For additional data see: Encyclopedia Judaica, 14: 31 – 32.

a. 650th Anniversary Celebration of Swiss Confederation, 1941 b. Obituaries of Jules Dreyfus – Brodsky, former Pres. of SIG, 1942 – 1943, and Saly Braunschweg, 1946. c. See: File 922, D. Lack to C. Jordan, 4/25/66

Note: For the Annual Report of SIG activities 1940, see SM Archives, File 2. No reports in the SM files for 1941 or 1942.

Annual Meetings, Protocols, 1933; 1938 – 1943

1943; 1946 – 1950; 1958. For 1974 reports, see: File 997, SIG Annual Report for 1974. Duplicate reports, 1947 – 1950.

Monthly Expenditures for Refugees and Emigrants

Monthly Expenditures for Refugees and Emigrants. (These reports were prepared by the VSIA, 1939 – 1947, and by the VSJF, 1948 – 1949)

Monthly Expenditures for Refugees and Emigrants (VSJF St. Gallen Branch only)

Monthly Expenditures for Refugees and Emigrants (VSJF St. Gallen Branch only)

a. Expenditures, monthly, 1945 – 1948 b. VSJF Audit Report 1947 (Draft). Several pages missing.

a. American Friends Service Committee, Philadelphia. 1943 – 1945 b. Centre d’ Entr’ Aide International aux Populations Civiles, Geneva, 1946 – 1947

Hans Weyermann was a CICR delegate to Hungary in 1945 whom the JDC entrusted with several million Swiss Francs for transmission in local currency to Jewish leaders and individuals in that country. In 1946, the CICR and the JDC initiated a criminal proceeding against him for gross financial irregularities in the management of the moneys. The case stretched over a number of years and the SM files fail to disclose the ultimate outcome.

Hans Weyermann was a CICR delegate to Hungary in 1945 whom the JDC entrusted with several million Swiss Francs for transmission in local currency to Jewish leaders and individuals in that country. In 1946, the CICR and the JDC initiated a criminal proceeding against him for gross financial irregularities in the management of the moneys. The case stretched over a number of years and the SM files fail to disclose the ultimate outcome.

Hans Weyermann was a CICR delegate to Hungary in 1945 whom the JDC entrusted with several million Swiss Francs for transmission in local currency to Jewish leaders and individuals in that country. In 1946, the CICR and the JDC initiated a criminal proceeding against him for gross financial irregularities in the management of the moneys. The case stretched over a number of years and the SM files fail to disclose the ultimate outcome.

1. Austria. 2. France. 3. Hungary. 4. Italy. 5. Rumania. 6. Yugoslavia.

From 1947 onwards, the SIG, the JDC and the Jewish Agency pressed the Swiss Government to reach a settlement in their favor of the heirless assets of Nazi victims in that country. On and off, discussions stretched over a quarter of a century. Finally, in December 1974, the Swiss Government voted to turn over to the SIG, on behalf of the Jewish Agency and the JDC, two-thirds of the SFr 2,000,000 in heirless assets that remained in its custody.

From 1947 onwards, the SIG, the JDC and the Jewish Agency pressed the Swiss Government to reach a settlement in their favor of the heirless assets of Nazi victims in that country. On and off, discussions stretched over a quarter of a century. Finally, in December 1974, the Swiss Government voted to turn over to the SIG, on behalf of the Jewish Agency and the JDC, two-thirds of the SFr 2,000,000 in heirless assets that remained in its custody.

a. 1945 – 1957: In June 1946, the Paris Repatriations Conference for the Rehabilitation and Resettlement of Non-Repatriable Victims of German Action allotted $25,000,000 to the IGCR or to its successor organization. The funds stemmed from the proceeds of German assets in neutral countries, notably Switzerland and Sweden, and were transferred to the IGCR as a trustee for the resettlement of Jewish refugees. Payments arrived in installments over a number of years. In turn, the IRO, the successor organization, transferred 90% of the funds to the Jewish Agency and the JDC in the ratio of 60:40. The remaining 10% was earmarked for the benefit of non-Jewish victims. For the 40% ($9,000,000) received by the JDC, see: Memo, 5/21/57. b. Cementra Holding A.G. Switzerland: In 1947, the Cementra Holding Co. agreed to transfer to the JDC the number of its capital shares owned by Nazi victims who died heirless in the event that its cash and security accounts with two N.Y. banks were unblocked by the Secretary of the Treasury. Hungarian Jews, in the main, were the owners of its capital shares. A settlement was effected in 1960 and the JDC received $60,000.

a. Lists of students and payments, 1942 – 1947. b. Receipts by students, 1945 (Feb. -May).

The ISS, a world-wide non-sectarian agency, participated in the education and support of refugee students. It was the parent organization of the Central European Service and the World Student Service (Geneva). JDC grants were earmarked for the Central European Service. see: Narrative reports: 1/11/43, 1/15/45, 9/8/45; Statistical reports: 5/17/44, 3/18/46, 1/30/47; The years 1933 – 1939: File 409.

The ISS, a world-wide non-sectarian agency, participated in the education and support of refugee students. It was the parent organization of the Central European Service and the World Student Service (Geneva). JDC grants were earmarked for the Central European Service. see: Narrative reports: 1/11/43, 1/15/45, 9/8/45; Statistical reports: 5/17/44, 3/18/46, 1/30/47; The years 1933 – 1939: File 409.

The ISS, a world-wide non-sectarian agency, participated in the education and support of refugee students. It was the parent organization of the Central European Service and the World Student Service (Geneva). JDC grants were earmarked for the Central European Service. see: Narrative reports: 1/11/43, 1/15/45, 9/8/45; Statistical reports: 5/17/44, 3/18/46, 1/30/47; The years 1933 – 1939: File 409.

The UJSS was organized in 1946 as a central organization for groups of Jewish students in Switzerland. They also provided scholarships for needy refugee students. The ISS provided most of the scholarship funds in 1946 – 1947, but from mid – 1948 onwards the funds all stemmed from the JDC.

The UJSS was organized in 1946 as a central organization for groups of Jewish students in Switzerland. They also provided scholarships for needy refugee students. The ISS provided most of the scholarship funds in 1946 – 1947, but from mid – 1948 onwards the funds all stemmed from the JDC.

The UJSS was organized in 1946 as a central organization for groups of Jewish students in Switzerland. They also provided scholarships for needy refugee students. The ISS provided most of the scholarship funds in 1946 – 1947, but from mid – 1948 onwards the funds all stemmed from the JDC.

The UJSS was organized in 1946 as a central organization for groups of Jewish students in Switzerland. They also provided scholarships for needy refugee students. The ISS provided most of the scholarship funds in 1946 – 1947, but from mid – 1948 onwards the funds all stemmed from the JDC.

The UJSS was organized in 1946 as a central organization for groups of Jewish students in Switzerland. They also provided scholarships for needy refugee students. The ISS provided most of the scholarship funds in 1946 – 1947, but from mid – 1948 onwards the funds all stemmed from the JDC. a. Payments: Stipends, tuition and administrative expenditures, 1948 – 1949 (Dec. 1947 for administrative expenditures). b. Status reports on stipends, 1948 – 1949.

Also see: Union OSE, Files 966-968

Monthly financial and statistical reports by the Jewish Community of Tangiers, 1941 – 1944, with many omissions. Fin. and Statistical consolidations of the reports were prepared by the JDC, and the following are included here: The year 1941, 1/1/43 – 6/30/43, 1/1/43 – 12/31/43, 1/1/44 – 6/30/44.

Numbered letters to the JDC – M.W. Beckelman: #4, #5, 10/19/41; #292, 6/11/42. Situation of the refugees in Trinidad: 2/1/41, 4/22/41, 8/4/41, 9/11/41, 10/6/41, 11/2/41, 11/27/41 attachment to 12/2/41, 11/24/41, 12/8/41, 1/16/42, 1/28/42, 2/18/42, 3/6/42, 1/11/44, 12/5/44. Fin. Reports – Jewish Welfare Society, Monthly, 1942: Mar.-Dec. (May missing); 1943: Jan.-Dec.; 1944: Jan.-Nov.- Jewish Loan Fund Committee: 10/15/44, 10/30/44. Correspondence: H.D. Biele, F. Bronner, E. Gruen, O. Malameth, R. Pilpel, L.H. Sobel, M. Wischnitzer.

Istanbul attracted representatives of many organizations interested in Palestine, 6/19/44 Resnik to Hyman, 6/28/44, 8/4/44, 8/22/44; also see: File 1,052, Report by Ira Hirschmann PP. 28 – 30, and Exhibits A – C. Reports and Memos – R.B. Resnik: Activities Feb. 1944 – 3/21/44 attach. 3/27/44; Selected correspondence May-June 1944. H. Viteles: Visit to Turkey 7/1/44 – 7/15/44 and covering status of emigration to Palestine from and via Turkey. Local Jewish Communities: Istanbul (Expend. of JDC funds in 1943) attach. 2/15/44; Izmir (JDC Aid to Jewish Community of Smyrna), attach. 4/10/44. Correspondence: H.K. Buchman, I.A. Hirschmann, M.A. Leavitt, R.B. Resnik, J.J. Schwartz, L.H. Sobel, H. Viteles.

Reports – R.B. Resnik: Turkish Repatriates from France, Greece and other Countries, attach. 9/11/44. I.A. Hirschmann: WRB Istanbul of Exhibits A-P, 6/18/44 – 8/19/44, 9/11/44; Summary, attach, Steinhardt to Secy of State 10/3/44. M. Kessler: Jews and Jewish Communities in Turkey, 3/14/45. Fin. Statement: Grand Rabbinate Istanbul, 10/31/44 attach. 12/15/44. Lists: Passenger lists of refugees arriving in Istanbul 3/3/44 – 7/8/44, 9/15/44; List of refugees, by countries, in transit to Palestine via Turkey in 1944, 4/3/45. Correspondence: I.A. Hirschmann, M. Kessler, J. Magnus, C.C. Passman, R. Pilpel, R.B. Resnik. J.J. Schwartz. Exhibits to Hirschmann Report, A – P 9/11/44 A. Minutes of Informal Meeting of Representatives of Relief Organizations in Istanbul, 7/10/44. B. Minutes of Informal Meeting of Operating Group of Relief Organiz. in Istanbul, 7/17/44. C. Organization Representatives Engaged in Relief and Rescue Activities in Istanbul, 7/10/44. D. Emigration statistics (Rumania to Turkey). E. Telegram to Washington on refugees in transit from Rumania to Istanbul. F. and G. Letter and telegram by Mikai Antonescu, V.P. of Rumanian Council of Ministers. H. Lettes by I.A. Hirschmann to Zissu. I. and J. Letters by I.A. Hirschmann to Dr. Black, 7/21/44 and 8/1/44. K. Composition of the Exchange group which arrived in Istanbul 6/7/44. L. Persons in transit to Istanbul from Bulgaria. M. Survey of Events. N. Measures taken by the Hungarian Gov’t in re Jews. O. Immigrants from Turkey to Palestine Jan.-June 1944. P. Telegram by British Embassy Angora to Foreign Office, London, 8/9/44.

The JDC agreed to use the $10,000 advance to the JBD to provide support payments to refugees recommended by the JBD, because overseas migration had dried up, 6/25/42, 1/28/43. Payments to refugees were authorized by the JBD as of: 12/31/42 attachment to 1/12/43; 1/1/43 – 4/30/43 attachment to 6/4/43; 6/7/43 – 8/31/43; 9/2/43 – 9/30/43; 5/1/43 – 11/15/43; Nov. 1943; 11/16/43 – 12/31/43; Jan.-Feb. 1944 attachment to 3/13/44; as of 4/30/44 attachment to 5/8/44; March-April 1944 attachment to 6/22/44; June 1944 attachment to 9/11/44; as of 6/30/44, 7/6/44; 8/14/44; July-Aug. 1944 attachment to 9/11/44; Aug. 1944; as of 10/31/44 attachment to 11/1/44. Sept.-Nov. 1944 attachment to 12/21/44.

Numbered letters to the JDC – M.D. Goldsmith: 6/19/40; #18 SA, 9/15/40; #19 SA, 9/28/40. Reports and Memos F.W. Borchardt: 5/16/40; M.D. Goldsmith: 10/14/40 attachment to 11/1/40; M. Speyer: 9/10/41; AFI 12/31/40, 9/10/41. Fin. and Statistical Reports Monthly – 1940: Jan.-Dec. 1941: Jan.-Dec. (July missing). Fin. and Statistical Reports 1/1/39-3/31/40, 3/31/40; 4/1/39-3/31/40, 3/31/40. Loeb and Troper Fin. Audit, 7/1/41. Correspondence: F.W. Borchardt, L. Friedheim, M.D. Goldsmith, J.C. Hyman, R. Pilpel, G. Rosenbaum, M. Speyer.

Numbered letters to the JDC – M.W. Beckelman: #91, 2/10/42; #101, 2/17/42; #106, 3/10/42; #110, 3/10/42; #114, 3/12/42; #120, 3/17/42; #122, 3/18/42; #125, 3/20/42; #126, 3/21/42; #135, 3/25/42; #144, 3/28/42; #145, 3/28/42; #160, 4/4/42; #170, 4/17/42; #197, 5/1/42; #229, 5/17/42; #256, 6/2/42; #263, 6/3/42; #274, 6/4/42; #283, 6/5/42; #303, 6/25/42. Rosemann-Speyer imbroglio: 2/5/42 and attachment, 2/11/42, 2/17/42, 2/26/42, 3/12/42, 3/23/42, 3/28/42, 3/31/42, 4/1/42(3), 4/10/42, 4/13/42, 4/23/42, 4/28/42, 4/30/42, 5/1/42, 5/4/42, 5/20/42, 5/21/42, 5/27/42(2), 6/2/42, 6/4/42, 6/18/42, 8/31/42, 9/28/42 and attachments, 11/25/42, 12/2/42; also see below: File 1,135, 3/9/43 attachment to 3/22/43. Ethnic data on immigration to Uruguay, 3/21/42, 5/17/42, 6/13/42. Fin. and Statistical Reports, Monthly, 1942: Jan.-Dec. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, M.W. Beckelman, L. Friedheim, W. Jacoby, B. Kahn, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel, G. Rosemann, E. Seroussi, M. Speyer.

Numbered letters to the JDC – L.H. Sobel: #49, 7/27/43; 9/28/43; #85, 10/13/43; #86, 10/14/43; #89, 10/16/43, #90, 10/18/43; #92, 10/22/43; #97, 11/3/43. J.B. Lightman: #116, 1/6/44, #120, 2/2/44; #122, 2/11/44; #129, 2/24/44; #130, 2/24/44; #135, 3/16/44, #144, 3/27/44; #147, 4/4/44; #148, 4/5/44; #149, 4/6/44; #164, 5/15/44; #173, 5/18/44; #210, 6/21/44; #212, 6/26/44; #217, 6/29/44; #252, 8/8/44; #269, 8/23/44; #302, 9/22/44; #308, 10/5/44; #326, 11/2/44; #330, 11/8/44; #336, 11/15/44; #350, 12/5/44; #359, 12/12/44. G.D. Pinsky: #3, 5/10/44; #4, 5/17/44, #5, 5/17/44; #11, 6/16/44; #14, 6/22/44; #17, 7/12/44; #19 7/20/44; #20, 7/24/44; #24, 8/28/44; #25, 9/12/44; #26, 9/26/44; #27, 9/26/44; #29, 10/25/44; #30, 10/30/44; 11/1/44; #34, 12/1/44. G.D. Pinsky to J.B. Lightman, Unnumbered: 5/11/44, 5/15/44, 5/22/44, 5/23/44, 5/26/44, 5/30/44, 6/19/44, 6/30/44, 7/1/44, 7/7/44, 7/9/44; To J.B. Lightman, Numbered: #2, 7/20/44; #5, 7/24/55; #6, 7/24/44; #11, 8/19/44; #12, 8/28/44; #13, 9/5/44; #14, 9/11/44; #15, 9/15/44; #16, 9/21/44; #17, 9/25/44; #18, 9/26/44; #19, 9/28/44; #19a, 10/1/44; #20, 10/21/44; #21, 10/23/44; #22, 10/23/44; #23, 10/30/44; #24, 12/13/44. Fin. and Statistical Reports, Monthly – 1943: Jan.-Nov. 1944: Jan.-Nov. (Feb. missing). Loeb and Troper Audit Field Letters: #11-12, 5/9/43; 5/11/43; #18-21, 5/22/43. Correspondence: M.W. Beckelman, H.D. Biele, F.W. Borchardt, J.B. Lightman, G. Mayer, R. Pilpel, G.D. Pinsky, S. Resnick, E. Seroussi, L.H. Sobel, M. Speyer.

Numbered letters to the JDC – G.D. Pinsky: #14, 6/22/44; #18, 7/19/44; #19, 7/20/44; 11/1/44. -J.B. Lightman: #303, 9/21/44; #349, 12/5/44. Correspondence: H.D. Biele, J.B. Lightman, R. Pilpel, G.D. Pinsky, S. Resnick, M. Speyer.

In 1939, the JDC allocated $5,000 to the AFI to aid refugees in making themselves self-sustaining. In 1941, the JDC added $2,500, and in 1942 – 1943 $6,665 for the same purpose. Numbered letters to the JDC-M.D. Goldsmith: #13 SA, 8/12/40. M.W. Beckelman: #122, 3/18/42; #208, 5/8/42. G.D. Pinsky: #2, 5/10/44. Reports and Memos -F.W. Borchardt: 5/12/40, 5/16/40. N. Aronovici: 1/16/41. Analysis of data on the loan fund April 1939-July 1942, submitted by the AFI, 9/16/42. Correspondence: N. Aronovici, M.W. Beckelman, F.W. Borchardt, M.D. Goldsmith, A.A. Landesco, G. Mayer, R. Pilpel, G.D. Pinsky, E. Seroussi, M. Speyer.

The JDC allocated $500,000 for the non-sectarian distribution of relief supplies by the Russian Red Cross in regions where Jewish populations were concentrated, 9/13/43 – 11/1/43, 11/26/43 – 12/7/43, 12/21/43 – 2/8/44, 5/5/44, 5/17/44, 6/21/44 (2), 7/18/44 (2 Baerwald letters), 9/12/44, 9/16/44, 12/20/44 – 1/12/45, 3/6/45 (2), 3/20/45 (2), 3/26/45, 11/19/45. The JDC offered to renew settlement aid in the Crimea, 3/7/45 – 6/7/45, 7/20/45 – 12/24/45, Dispute on JDC policy towards Russia, 12/15/43, 4/3/44, 5/11/44, 5/12/44, 5/18/44, 5/23/44, 6/30/44, 9/13/44 memo, 3/29/45, 6/18/45, 7/12/45; for additional materials, see: Files 430 – 431. Fin. Memos: JDC Expend. for Russia 1942 – 1944, 12/6/44; same topic 1918 – 1944, 3/23/45. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, H.K. Buchman, I.E. Goldwasser, Andrey Gromyko, J.C. Hyman. M.A. Leavitt, V. Lebedenko, J.H. Levy, A.H. Lieberman, Maxim Litvinoff, J.L. Magnus, P.P. Mikhailov, E.M. Morrissey, J.N. Rosenberg, L.E. Sobel, Edw. R. Stettinius.

In 1942, the JDC allocated $8,000 to cover the needs of refugees arriving in Venezuela who were in transit to other countries, 12/26/42-1/18/43, 1/28/43, 1/29/43, 3/1/43 Pilpel to Dijour. In 1943, allocations for the same purpose came to $2,300, 8/12/43, and $1,125, 12/7/43. The Comite Israelita forwarded $4,000 to the JDC for European-Jewish relief, 8/23/44-9/1/44, 9/16/44. Numbered letters to the JDC-M.W. Beckelman, #277, 6/4/42. -L.H. Sobel, #4, 4/9/43; #5, 4/10/43; #6, 4/12/43; #7, 4/14/43; #9, 4/19/43; #15, 5/6/43; #16, 5/8/43; #19, 5/15/43; #25, 5/21/43; 12/28/43-12/31/43, 12/31/43. – J.B. Lightman: #218, 6/29/44; #241, 7/24/44. Reports: Comite Israelita, Brief Annual Report for 1943, 12/29/43; JDC Auditor’s Field Letters #25 and #26, 6/14/43 and 6/18/43. Correspondence: H.D. Biele, F.W. Borchardt, I. Kohn, J.B. Lightman, R. Pilpel, W. Salomon, L.H. Sobel.

In mid – 1937, the Venezuelan Gov’t notified the REC that it was willing to accept applications from German refugee scholars for college teaching posts in the natural sciences and mathematics. A speaking knowledge of Spanish was a prerequisite for consideration, but the salaries offered were on the marginal side. An REC representative spent several months in Venezuela in an effort to speed up negotiations, but the results were on the meager side. Correspondence: F. Demuth, C.J. Liebman, R.E. Lopez, S. Pereira-Mendez.

Refugees (Yugoslav refugees in other countries): a. Egypt Report on Yugoslav Refugee Camp at E1 Shatt by Henry Scattergood, April 1944. b. Italy Refugees from Island of Rab (off Trieste), 9/9/43, 3/2/44, 9/22/44 – 12/28/44. Lists of Yugoslav Jews in Italian evacuation camps, 9/9/43, 11/26/43. c. Spain Lists of Yugoslav refugees in Spain and Portugal in 1942 and 1943, 6/26/43. Lists of Yugoslav refugees in Madrid and Barcelona, 9/10/43. d. Switzerland see: SM Archives, Files 66 – 67.