This subcollection includes 708 files on countries and regions, organized alphabetically in record groups by country and/or region, and forms the bulk of the 1933-44 collection. It documents JDC activities and operations in Europe, Asia, North Africa, the Middle East, Latin America, and Australia during the Nazi period, World War II, and beyond. Records in this subcollection depict political, economic, and social conditions and the efforts of local committees, organizations, and institutions to respond to the needs of struggling communities and displaced individuals in this tumultuous era.
Please note that most of the documentation in the China and Switzerland record groups dates from the postwar period.
During the war era, borders shifted, and the names used for localities in this subcollection reflect recognized political and indigenous regions at that time.
This page contains records for Abyssinia-Japan. Records for Latvia-Yugoslavia can be accessed here.
Record Group 4.1: Abyssinia
Series 1: Abyssinia: Cultural and Religious
File 433: Abyssinia
The American Pro-Falasha Committee was first organized in the U.S. in 1922 to help in providing Falasha Jews in Abyssinia with Cult. and Rel. aid extended under the direction of Dr. Jacques Faitlovitch. Between 1921 – 1930, the JDC granted $13,150 in cultural funds. See: Archives 1921 – 1932, File 165. Between 1934 – 1938, JDC grants came to $3,600. Report: The American Pro-Falasha Committee, by the CJFWF, December 1936. Correspondence: C. Adler, D.M. Bressler, H.K. Buchman, J. Faitlovitch, J.C. Hyman, E.M. Morrissey, W.F. Rosenblum, E.L. Solomon.
Record Group 4.2: Africa, North
Series 1: Africa, North: Administration
Correspondence, memos, reports, addenda. Also see below: The files of Algiers, Lybia, Morocco, Tangiers, Tunis.
File 434: Africa, North: General, 1939; 1942 - 1944
JDC reports: General status reports on the Jews in North Africa, 11/13/42, 4/3/44, 10/23/44; Internees and Releases in North Africa, 6/22/43. Inspection trips to N. Africa by J.J. Schwartz, 7/19/43, D.B. Hurwitz, 11/29/43. Visit to UNRRA Refugee Centre by M. Kessler, 6/28/44 – 7/5/44. The JDC sent Kurt Peiser to assist J.J. Schwartz in organizing relief and rehabilitation program in the liberated territories, 5/12/43, 9/22/43, 11/5/43. The JDC contributed $25,000 to OFRRO, (U.S. Gov’t) Office of Foreign Relief and Rehabilitation Operations, 3/17/43, 3/23/44, 4/20/44, 5/12/44, 9/2/44, 10/13/44. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, D.B. Hurwitz, J.C. Hyman, H. Katzki, M. Kessler, M.A. Leavitt, J.L. Magnes, J.J. Schwartz.
File 435: Africa, North: Internment Camps
Reports on Internment Camps in North Africa by: L.O. Heath, 1/6/43, 1/18/43 attachment to 2/12/43, 4/5/43 attachment to 4/23/43; Mme. H. Benatar, 4/23/43 attachment to 5/24/43. The JDC cautioned Mme. Benatar against adopting the JDC name without previous authorization, 2/1/43, 2/3/43, 3/20/43. Mme. Benatar opened a refugee center with JDC aid at Ain Sebaa, Morocco, 8/2/43, Jan. 1944. The JDC allocated $3,000 to UNRRA North African Refugee Center at Fedhala, Morocco, to improve the camp diet and camp programs, 4/20/44, 8/1/44, 9/2/44 and 10/13/44. Correspondence: H. Benatar, L.O. Heath, H. Katzki, M. Kessler, J. Ottinger, R. Pilpel.
File 436: Africa, North: Financial, 1943 - 1944
The materials deal only with the transfer of funds to North Africa by the JDC. For a considerable stretch, the JDC obtained favorable exchange rates through the use of blocked funds in North Africa held by U.S. motion picture companies. Additional materials will also be found in the files of other countries in N. Africa.
Record Group 4.3: Albania
File 436a: Albania, 1939 - 1941
In 1939, the JDC allocated $1,000 in aid of a handful of German refugees in Albania. For additional materials, see: Files 189-191. Correspondence: M. Ardeti, H. Grant, L.V. Valobra.
Record Group 4.4: Algeria
File 437: Algeria, 1940 - 1944
The Jews of Algeria met their own emergency needs until October 1940, when the Vichy Gov’t abrogated all Jewish safeguards in North Africa (Cremieux Law). Thereupon, foreign refugees in those lands were incarcerated in concentration and labor camps, while the natives Jews were exposed to legal and economic restrictions. The Jewish Refugee Committee, Association d’Etude, d’Aide et d’Assistance (Chairm: Elie Gozlan), appealed to the JDC for aid. JDC grants reached some $8,000 in 1941, $28,000 in 1942, $83,860 in 1943 and $21,000 in 1944. When JDC aid was extended to Tunis, in 1943, the funds were transmitted via E. Gozlan. The JDC extended allocations to North Africa via local aid committees, and did not open offices of its own as long as it could not place an American citizen in charge. (See below: 10/5/42). Reports: General Situation of the Jews in N. Africa, 11/13/42. Situation of Refugees in N. Africa, M. Leavitt, 12/24/42. Situation in Algeria, J.J. Schwartz, 7/18/43. Report on N. Africa November 1943, D.B. Hurwitz, 11/29/43. Fin. and Statis. Reports: 1/1/43 – 6/30/43, 12/22/43, 1/1/43 – 12/31/43, 3/14/44. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, M.W. Beckelman, E. Gozlan, D.B. Hurwitz, J.C. Hyman, H. Katzki, M.A. Leavitt, E.M. Morrissey, R. Pilpel, J.J. Schwartz.
Record Group 4.63: Argentina
Series 1: Argentina : Administration
General Correspondence, memos, reports, addenda. Fundraising.
File 1067: Argentina: Administration, General, 1935 - 1936
Reports and Memos – B. Schachner: 5/23/36, 6/24/36, 7/22/36; S.P. Mendes – (ro REC): 8/13/36, 8/20/36, 8/27/36, 9/3/36, 9/9/36, 9/25/36, 10/2/36, 10/7/36, 10/16/36, 10/18/36, 10/22/36, 10/27/36, 10/29/36, 11/3/36 – 11/6/36, 11/20/36, 12/5/36, 12/12/36, 12/19/36, 12/26/36 – (to C.J. Liebman): 9/1/36(2), 9/21/36, 10/1/36, 10/8/36, 10/19/36, 11/23/36, 12/27/36. Several B.A. leaders expressed dissatisfaction with S.P. Mendes, 10/26/36, 10/30/36, 11/13/36, 11/26/36, 12/8/36. Some JDC opinions of the controversy, 12/8/36(2), 12/9/36, 12/18/36 Liebman to Hochschild. The JDC allocated $5,000 to the Hilfsverein, 7/22/36, 12/14,36, 12/18/36. Correspondence: F. Borchardt, J.B. Eddis, A. Hirsch, M. Hochschild, C.J. Liebman, S.P. Mendes, L. Oungre, B. Schachner, F.M. Warburg, B. Weil.
File 1068: Argentina: Administration, General, 1937
Reports and Memos – S.P. Mendes – (to REC): 1/2/37, 1/9/37, 1/15/37, 1/19/37, 1/22/37, 1/23/37, 1/26/37, 2/6/37, 2/12/37, 2/20/37, 3/1/37, 3/5/37, 3/12/37, 3/16/37, 4/22/37(2) ; (to C.J. Liebman): 1/10/37, 1/14/37, 2/2/37, 2/26/37, 6/24/37; J. Bendahan: 6/11/37; A. Hirsch: 10/8/37; C. Razovsky: 10/11/37; B. Mellibowsky: 10/12/37; Summaries of Reports on Conditions in Argentina: 12/28/37. JDC Allocation of $10,000 to the Hilfsverein, 7/1/37 – 7/29/37. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, J. Bendahan, J. Bernstein, D.M. Bressler, A. Hirsch, B. Kahn, C.J. Liebman, B. Mellibowsky, S.P. Mendes, B. Schachner.
File 1069: Argentina: Administration, General, 1938 - 1940
The JDC granted $10,000 to the Hilfsverein for refugee aid and $125 per month to the Children’s Home (July-Dec.) to provide for an expansion of facilities, 1/31/39, 6/23/39. K.J. Riegner Plan for the training and group settlement in Argentina of young Jewish refugees 1/25/39 and attachments. Proposals to bring refugee children to Argentina from France, 8/3/40 – 8/12/40, 8/23/40 – 9/18/40; also see: File 1,070, 12/2/42, 3/3/43, 3/5/43, 4/1/43, 4/9/43, 8/26/43, 9/15/43. Reports: On study trip to Argentina by F. Borchardt and D. Glick, 5/29/39, 8/8/39 attachment to 9/30/39, 2/9/40; on the Children’s Home in B.A. by A. Hirsch, undated (May 1940). Numbered Letters to the JDC by M.D. Goldsmith: #12, 8/10/40; #14, 8/23/40; #15, 8/31/40, #17, 9/9/40; 10/24/40. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, F.W. Borchardt, M.D. Goldsmith, D. Glick, A. Hirsch, J.C. Hyman, B. Mellibovsky, R. Pilpel.
File 1070: Argentina: Administration, General, 1941 - 1945
Numbered letters – L.H. Sobel: #63, 8/16/43, #64, 8/20/43; #72, 9/6/43; #74, 9/10/43; #77, 9/24/43; #83, 10/8/43; #85, 10/13/43; #88, 10/15/43; #95, 10/29/43; #102, #103, 11/26/43; – J.B. Lightman: #117, 1/14/44; #118, 1/26/44; #123, 2/11/44; #132, 3/10/44; #204, 6/14/44; #209, 6/19/44; #216, 6/28/44; #234, 7/17/44; #288, 9/11/44; #297, 9/15/44; #306, 10/4/44; #314, 10/20/44; #331, 11/8/44; #352, #354, 12/5/44; #356, 12/11/44; #400, 1/16/45. Visit by J.B. Lightman to ICA refugee colony at Avigdor, 10/4/44 – 11/8/44. For earlier data on Avigdor, see above, File 1,067, 7/20/36. Reports and Memos: “The Position of the Jews and Jewish Institutions in Argentina,” by A. Mibashan. Table of Nationality Distribution of Jewish Immigrants 1922 – 1940, 6/3/42. Correspondence: M.W. Beckelman, F.W. Borchardt, A. Hirsch, J.C. Hyman J. Landau, M.A. Leavitt, I.H. Levy, J.B. Lightman, B. Mellibovsky, A. Mibashan, R. Pilpel, L.H. Sobel.
File 1071: Argentina: Administration, Fund Raising, 1939 - 1942
Jewish leaders urged the JDC not to collaborate with the “separatist” fund-raising drive of the Organismo de Ayuda Directa a las Victimes Judias de la Guerra in Europe, upon the alleged ground that they were “leftists” and “communists,” 2/16/40 – 6/20/41. List of local contributors to the drive of the Comite Pro Ayuda a las Victimas Judias de la Guerra y Reconstruccion de Eretz Israel, 1940 – 1941. Numbered letters – M.W. Beckelman: #67, 1/4/42; #70, 1/6/42; #131, 3/22/42; #278, 6/4/42; #290, 6/7/42; unnumbered, 10/4/42. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, M.W. Beckelman, N. Bentwich, J.X. Cohen, J. Hellman, A. Hirsch, J.C. Hyman, L. Lapaco, M.A. Leavitt, S. Mirelman, R. Pilpel, J.J. Schwartz. During W.W. II, fund-raising in Argentina for refugee aid overseas never became a community-wide effort, and it continued to reflect the fragmentation of Jewish communal life in the country.
File 1072: Argentina: Administration, Fund Raising, 1943 - 1944
Numbered letters – L.H. Sobel: #70, 9/3/43; #74, 9/10/43; #77, 9/24/43; #81, 10/3/43; #83, 10/8/43; #95, 10/29/43; #100, 11/25/43. J.B. Lightman: #114, 12/24/43; #118, 1/26/44; #123, 2/11/44; #163, 5/10/44; #179, 5/24/44; #193, 6/6/44; #209, 6/19/44; #251, 8/7/44; #270, 8/23/44; #276, 8/29/44; #289, 9/12/44; #296, 9/14/44; #298, 9/16/44; #301, 9/20/44; #304, 9/21/44; #307, 10/4/44; #313, 10/19/44; #321, 10/28/44; #325, 11/2/44; #333, 11/10/44; #357, 12/12/44; #368, 12/15/44; #374, 12/20/44; #377, 12/21/44; #506, 5/9/45. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, H.D. Biele, J.B. Lightman S. Mirelman, R. Pilpel, L.H. Sobel. During W.W. II, fund-raising in Argentina for refugee aid overseas never became a community-wide effort, and it continued to reflect the fragmentation of Jewish communal life in the country.
Series 2: Argentina : Organizations
(All were in B.A.)
File 1073: Argentina: Organizations, General
Associacion Filantropica Israelita (AFI) (Until 9/19/39, the name was Hilfsverein deutschsprechender Juden), see above: Files, 1,067-1,072. Central Relief Committee for Jewish War-Victims and Refugees (WJC affiliated) see above: File 1,070, 12/30/42, 9/4/43. Chevrah Kadishah, see above: File 1,070, 12/5/44, 12/11/44. Comite de Emergencia de los Judios de Habla Hungara “Pro Soccoro,” see above: File 1,072, 8/23/44, 9/14/44, 11/2/44, 12/9/44. Comite de Soccoro Para Gurs (Bruno Weill), see above: File 1,070, 6/19/41. Congregacion Israelita de la Republica Argentina, see above: File 1,070. DAIA = Delegacion de los Asociaciones Israelitas Argentinas, see above: Files 1,070 – 1,072. Hilfsyerein deutschsprechender Juden, see: Asociacion Filantropica Israelita. Junta de Ayuda Judia a las Victimes de la Guerra, see above: File 1,070, 2/11/44; File 1,072, 4/9/44 – 5/5/44, 6/19/44, 11/30/44 – 12/26/44. Organismo de Ayuda Directa a las Victimes de la Guerra en Polonia (Leon Lopaco), see above: File 1,070, 4/14/41, 6/20/41 and File 1,071, 5/19/41(2). Sociedad de Proteccion a los Inmigrantes Israelitas, “SOPROTIMIS,” (B. Mellibovsky), also see above: Files 1,067 – 1,070. Union Central Israelita Polaca en la Argentina.
Series 3: Argentina : Subject Matter
File 1074: Argentina: Subject Matter, Reconstruction, Loan Funds
In 1936, the REC opened a loan fund in Buenos Aires to aid German refugees with small business loans. A local Committee, aided by Jacobo Bendahan administered the fund. The Committee issued loans coming to some $7,000 in all, but it fell short of the loan ceiling of $10,000 at its disposal, see: 10/23/36, 9/17/37, 9/30/37, 10/1/37, 5/15/39, 6/20/39, 9/1/39, 1/5/40, 11/14/40, 2/10/42.
Record Group 4.5: Australia
Series 1: Australia: Administration
File 438: Australia: General, 1936 - 1940
JDC allocations for Australia vie the ECF, 6/2/39, 6/14/39. The REC allocated $40,000 in aid of refugee settlement in Australia, 1/6/38, 3/14/38, 5/26/38, 7/5/38, 8/25/38, 11/21/38, and 7/30/39 for a summary of communications. In 1939-1940, the REC appropriated additional sums, 6/13/39, 3/30/40, and 5/1/40 for a fiscal summary. Reports: Refugee Migration to Australia by Norman Bentwich, 10/10/38, and by Gerald de V. Davis, undated, attachment to 9/18/39. Annual Rep. by Managing Directors of the Mutual Farms, 12/28/39. Fin. Statements: Mutual Farms 10/31/39 attachment to 1/15/40; 10/31/40 attachment to 12/12/40. Correspondence: N. Bentwich, R.G. Casey, P.A. Cohen, G. Davis, I.E. Goldwasser, H. Ittleson, E.H. Komlos, C.J. Liebman, J.N. Rosenberg, B. Schachner.
File 438a: Australia: General, 1941
Annual Reports by Managing Directors of Mutual Enterprises, 12/17/40 attachment to 2/5/41, and of Mutual Farms, 7/3/41 attachment to 8/8/41. Fin. Statements: Mutual Farms 6/30/41. Other data on the operation of Mutual Farms: 4/17/41, 4/21/41, 5/26/41, 9/5/41, 9/19/41, 12/22/41. Number of beneficiaries of Mutual Farms and Mutual Enterprises, 1/9/41, 3/28/41, 8/19/41; also see: File 438, 3/14/40. The JDC granted $3,500 towards the maintenance in Australia of 50 Polish-Jewish refugees who were newly arrived from Japan, 8/20/41, 9/4/41, 11/27/41; also see: File 438b, 1/9/42. For other materials on Polish refugees in Australia, see: Poland, File 880-a. Correspondence: G. Davis, E.H. Komlos, M.A. Leavitt, C.J. Liebman.
File 438b: Australia: General, 1942 - 1943
Annual Reports by Managing Directors of Mutual Enterprises, 8/27/42, 9/27/43 attach. 10/26/43, and of Mutual Farms, 9/23/43 attach. 9/27/43. Fin. Statements: Mutual Farms, 4/30/42, 7/28/42, 12/15/42, 7/14/43. Other data on: Mutual Enterprises, 10/7/42, 11/25/42; Mutual Farms, 1/8/43, 2/10/43. Sydney and Melbourne communities organized the United Jewish Relief Fund (UJRF) to aid in relief and rehab. of European Jews overseas, 6/10/43-6/30/43, 7/16/43, 8/10/43, 9/15/43, 9/27/43, 10/5/43, 10/31/43. Correspondence: G. Davis, L. Fink, F. Freeman, J.C. Hyman, M.A. Leavitt, H. Lesnie, C.J. Liebman.
File 438c: Australia: General, 1944
The UJRF contributed AL 3,000 towards JDC relief activities for refugees in Sweden, Switzerland, Spain and Portugal, 2/3/44; a second AL 3,000 for refugee relief followed for use at the JDC’s discretion, 5/24/44. The UJRF raised $200,000 in Sydney and Melbourne, and contributed AL 25,000 for JDC refugee programs 10/5/44, 10/26/44 Ripps to JDC, 10/28/44, 11/27/44. The JDC loaned AL 7,500 to the Welfare Guardian Society, Melbourne, to aid in bringing Jewish refugee children to Australia from England, 5/17/44, 9/20/44, 10/23/44, 11/2/44. Annual Reports by Managing Directors of Mutual Farms, 7/27/44 attach. 8/29/44, and of Mutual Enterprises, 9/14/44 attach. 10/11/44. Fin. Statements: Mutual Farms, 4/30/44 attach. 6/28/44. Printed annual report of the UJRF Melbourne 1943-1944, in English and Yiddish copies. Correspondence: F. Freeman, J.C. Hyman, M.A. Leavitt, C.J. Liebman, I. Ripps, L.H. Sobel, H.V. Vidor.
File 438d: Australia: General, 1945 - 1947
Annual Reports by Managing Directors of Mutual Farms, 9/18/46 attach. 11/27/46, and of Mutual Enterprises 9/14/46 – March 1947, undated. Fin. Statements: Mutual Farms 4/30/46 attach. 7/17/46, 4/30/47 attach. 7/12/47; Mutual Enterprises, 4/30/46 attach. 3/29/47, 12/10/47. Narrative data: Mutual Farms, 4/17/47; Mutual Enterprises, 10/31/46, 2/17/47, 2/26/47, 3/4/47, 8/4/47, 10/10/47, 10/20/47. Correspondence: W.L Brand, A.A. Calwell, P.A. Cullen, E.H. Komlos, H. Lesnie, C.J. Liebman.
File 438e: Australia: General, 1948 - 1949 (June)
Annual Report by Managing Director of Mutual Farms, 5/1/47-4/30/48, 7/22/48 attach. 8/6/48. Fin. Rep.: Mutual Enterprises, 3/16/49. The RAF forwarded to Mutual Enterprises $50,000 for the opening of hostels to care for newly arrived immigrants and $12,500 for making industrial loans to immigrants, 12/1/48, 12/17/48, 12/22/48, 1/12/49, 1/18/49, 3/16/49, 4/5/49. Correspondence: W. Brand, P.A. Cullen, C.H. Jordan, E.H. Komlos, M.A. Leavitt, C.J. Liebman, S. Symonds.
File 438f: Australia: General, 1949 (July) - 1950
The REC sent out a representative to Australia, Emery H. Komlos, to review the refugee situation and to work out a plan of action in re. fin. assistance, 8/11/49, 8/17/49, 8/22/49, 8/23/49 Liebman to Fink. Komlos met with Jewish leaders in Australia, 9/23/49-9/27/49. [Note: on the return flight home from Australia, Komlos was killed on 10/27/49 when his plane crashed in the Azores] Fin. Statement: Mutual Enterprises, 3/21/50, 3/30/50. Correspondence: W.L. Brand, C.H. Jordan, E.H. Komlos, M.A. Leavitt, C.J. Liebman.
File 438g: Australia: General, Kimberley Project
The Freeland League for Jewish Territorial Colonization, London (Secy: Dr. I.N. Steinberg) proposed a plan for a large scale refugee settlement in the Kimberley District in northern Australia. In 1940 Dr. Steinberg began to propagandize heavily on its behalf in government circles in Australia and in Jewish circles everywhere. Early in 1941, the Australian Gov’t. declared that to undertake the project in wartime was inopportune, while agricultural specialists labeled the tropical climate as utterly unsuited to European settlement. Dr. Steinberg’s efforts at promotion continued for several years but led to no result. Correspondence: G. Davis, E.H. Komlos, C.J. Liebman, A. Siegel, I.N. Steinberg.
Series 2: Australia: Subject Matter
File 438h: Australia: Immigration (from Shanghai), 1946 - 1947 (June)
High hopes were held that Shanghai refugees in large numbers would be admitted to Australia in the post-war years. In the main, those hopes were dashed by a mixture of interlocking causes: shipping shortages in the Far East, domestic Australian political considerations and unsympathetic Australian immigration officials sent to Shanghai. Shanghai emigration to Australia began well along in 1946. In August, a group of 286 Shanghai refugees bearing valid immigration visas for Australia, found themselves unexpectedly stranded in Hong-Kong by the shipping shortage. The Australian Government offered no aid in providing the transportation needed. It was the end of December before the JDC succeeded in getting the last group of stranded refugees moving en route to Australia. In all, some 1,400 Shanghai refugees were admitted to the country, and over one-half arrived in 1946. Thereafter, the going was uphill, as slow-down tactics took their toll. Arrivals: 1946: 763; 1947: 140; 1948: 105; 1949 (May): 292; (June) 1949-1951: 100 (approximately); Total: 1,400. The JDC sent three representatives to Australia from Shanghai to study the prospects: Gertrude van Tijn, Nov. 1946. For her reports, see: 12/20/46, 1/3/47, 1/6/47, 3/22/47. Charles H. Jordan, 8/20/47-9/20/47. For his report, see: 10/4/47 and his summary report on Australian meetings, 9/23/47. Cook Glassgold, July, 1951. see:7/31/51-9/20/51. The Australian Gov’t in its turn sent representatives to Shanghai to canvass candidates for immigration: Alec Masel, Vice-President of the Executive Council of Australian Jewry. He arrived in Feb. 1947 and took back with him some 1,500 applications which the Australian Gov’t accepted in principle. Major Fuhrman arrived in July 1947 as Australian Consul-General along with an immigration official, Mr. Taylor. Both were described as anti-semites. They effectively sabotaged emigration activities, and all but undid Masel’s favorable recommendations. Consul-General Penhalluriack replaced Fuhrman in the autumn of 1948. He was a man of good will, but his approval of visas proceeded in slow motion. By mid-1949, only those refugees who had given up hope of ever gaining admission to the U.S. or Canada were interested in migrating to Australia. In its turn, the Australian Government showed an ever-diminishing interest in accepting the refugees remaining in Shanghai. For data on refugee immigration to Australia from other countries, see: Central Files.
File 438i: Australia: Immigration (from Shanghai), 1947 (July) - 1952
High hopes were held that Shanghai refugees in large numbers would be admitted to Australia in the post-war years. In the main, those hopes were dashed by a mixture of interlocking causes: shipping shortages in the Far East, domestic Australian political considerations and unsympathetic Australian immigration officials sent to Shanghai. Shanghai emigration to Australia began well along in 1946. In August, a group of 286 Shanghai refugees bearing valid immigration visas for Australia, found themselves unexpectedly stranded in Hong-Kong by the shipping shortage. The Australian Government offered no aid in providing the transportation needed. It was the end of December before the JDC succeeded in getting the last group of stranded refugees moving en route to Australia. In all, some 1,400 Shanghai refugees were admitted to the country, and over one-half arrived in 1946. Thereafter, the going was uphill, as slow-down tactics took their toll. Arrivals: 1946: 763; 1947: 140; 1948: 105; 1949 (May): 292; (June) 1949-1951: 100 (approximately); Total: 1,400. The JDC sent three representatives to Australia from Shanghai to study the prospects: Gertrude van Tijn, Nov. 1946. For her reports, see: 12/20/46, 1/3/47, 1/6/47, 3/22/47. Charles H. Jordan, 8/20/47-9/20/47. For his report, see: 10/4/47 and his summary report on Australian meetings, 9/23/47. Cook Glassgold, July, 1951. see:7/31/51-9/20/51. The Australian Gov’t in its turn sent representatives to Shanghai to canvass candidates for immigration: Alec Masel, Vice-President of the Executive Council of Australian Jewry. He arrived in Feb. 1947 and took back with him some 1,500 applications which the Australian Gov’t accepted in principle. Major Fuhrman arrived in July 1947 as Australian Consul-General along with an immigration official, Mr. Taylor. Both were described as anti-semites. They effectively sabotaged emigration activities, and all but undid Masel’s favorable recommendations. Consul-General Penhalluriack replaced Fuhrman in the autumn of 1948. He was a man of good will, but his approval of visas proceeded in slow motion. By mid-1949, only those refugees who had given up hope of ever gaining admission to the U.S. or Canada were interested in migrating to Australia. In its turn, the Australian Government showed an ever-diminishing interest in accepting the refugees remaining in Shanghai. For data on refugee immigration to Australia from other countries, see: Central Files.
Record Group 4.6: Austria
Series 1: Austria: Administration
Correspondence, memos, reports, addenda.
File 439: Austria: Administration, General, 1934 - 1938
The JDC allocated $250,000 to meet emergency needs in Austria, 5/13/38, 5/31/38. Reports: “Situation of the Jews in Austria”, B. Kahn, 2/18/34, and April 1936. For report “Visit to Austria” by Neville Laski 9/24/34, see: Poland, File 788, “The Jews in Austria”, March 1938. “Data on the Jews in Austria”, 4/11/38. Visits to Vienna by: A.A. Landesco and D.J. Schweitzer, 6/10/38; A. Jaretsky Jr., 7/5/38; D.J. Schweitzer and W. Bein; 8/16/38; C.M. Levy, 12/1/38 – 12/8/38. On Nazi Persecutions in Austria 1938 – 1944, rep. by J. Loewenberg, see: SM Archives, File 28, attachment to 8/31/45. For the Evian Conference and the IGCR, see: Files 255-256. For the Council for German Jewry (CGJ), see: Files 571-585. Correspondence: C. Adler, P. Baerwald, H.A. Guinzburg, J.C. Hyman, A. Jaretski Jr., B. Kahn, N. Katz, C.M. Levy, J. Rosen, B.J. Schweitzer.
File 440: Austria: Administration, General, 1939 - 1941; 1943 - 1945
The IKW application for funds to the CGJ, 6/22/39. Reports-IKW: 1/14/39, Jan. 1939, Nov. 1939, Jan. 1940, the Activity of Emigration and the Budget of the Jewish Community for 1940, undated. For other IKW reports, see below: Files 442-443. Other Reports: On Austria, March 1938; the Martyrdom of Austrian Jewry Mar. 1938 – Mar. 1939 by M. Wischnitzer, March 1939; Report on a visit to Vienna by N. Bentwich, 8/17/39; Mass Deportations of Viennese Jews by the JDC Budapest, 3/12/41. On Nazi Deportations from Austria 1938 – 1944 by J.I. Loewenberg, see: SM Archives, File 28, attachment to 8/31/45. Correspondence: M.A. Leavitt, J. Loewenberg, I. Rosen, M.C. Troper.
Series 2: Austria: Organizations
File 441: Austria: Organizations, Miscellaneous
David and Adler Engineers School, Stadlau bei Wien, subsequently Montevideo. Harand Bewegung, Wien. Israelitische Kultusgemeinde, Wien, in separate folders, Files 442-443. Also see: Files 439-440, 445-447. Jewish Commercial Training School, Vienna. Juedisches Waisenhaus, Baden bei Wien. New Zionist Organization, Vienna. Schutzverband fuer Auslaender, Wien. Verein Mittelstands Fuersorge, Wien.
File 442: Austria: Organizations, Israelitische Kultusgemeinde Wien (IKW), 1933 - 1939
The file contains IKW activity reports covering the years 1933 – 1940. For IKW correspondence and other IKW reports, see: Files 439-440, 445. Narrative and statistical reports: 1933 – 1936; 5/2/38 – 12/31/39.
File 443: Austria: Organizations, Israelitische Kultusgemeinde Wien (IKW), 1939 - 1940
The file contains IKW activity reports covering the years 1933 – 1940. For IKW correspondence and other IKW reports, see: Files 439-440, 445. May-June, 7/1/39 – 10/31/39, Activity during twelve months of war 9/1/39 – 8/31/40, Survey on 1940.
Series 3: Austria: Subject Matter
File 444: Austria: Subject Matter, Cultural and Religious, 1933 - 1940
Between 1933 – 1938 small JDC grants contributed to the support of three Vienna schools of higher learning, in continuation of grants dating back into the 1920’s: Hebraisches Pedagagium, Theologisches Lehranstalt, and Chajes Realgymnasium. The first two closed early in 1939.
File 445: Austria: Subject Matter, Emigration, General, 1938 - 1940
In pre-Anschluss days, Jewish emigration from Austria was negligible. But the Anschluss made emigration the goal of every Jew in Austria and emigration aid became the dominant activity of the IKW. Over 60% of the Jewish population emigrated in 1938 – 1939. The frantic pace slowed down once war broke out in Sept. 1939, more so when Italy joined the Axis, and came to a standstill following Pearl Harbor. Between 1938 – 1941, JDC appropriations in aid of emigration from Austria ranged well beyond $2,000,000, although actual expenditures came to $1,849,000. The discrepancy arose because, in some instances, the funds appropriated could not be applied in the manner designated, and especially so following the outbreak of W.W. II. The financial clearing arrangement for emigration worked in this wise. Prospective emigrants deposited with the IKW in local currency the costs of their travel abroad. These funds the IKW then used locally to provide welfare aid to the needy, schooling for children, vocational training in some degree, and support for homes and institutions. In turn, the JDC paid the necessary travel costs, in dollars to non-German steamship lines or travel agencies, and also provided the necessary landing fees, landing deposits and related charges demanded by the countries of destination. The JDC appropriations for emigration may give off an impressive ring at first hearing. Yet they were sufficient to cope but in part with the staggering needs. In June 1940, following the fall of France, Holland and Belgium, the JDC called upon relatives and friends of prospective emigrants from Greater Germany and the occupied countries to contribute the travel costs of those persons, and thereby enlarge the circles of beneficiaries. To administer the activity, the JDC opened the Transmigration Bureau (TB) in June 1940, see above: File 368. By 10/22/41, the TB had accepted trust deposits of $4,600,000, the major part of it earmarked for Jews from Austria. The IKW application for aid to the Council for German Jewry, 6/22/39, 7/6/39, 7/28/39. Overland migration routes from Vienna bound for the Americas and Palestine, 9/23/40; also see below: File 446, 1/4/41. Reports by the IKW: Emigration, Retraining, Social Care 5/2/38 – 7/31/39, May-June 1939; Activity During Twelve Months 9/1/39 – 8/31/40; Twelve Questions About Emigration from Vienna 1/1/40 – 4/30/40; Survey on 1940, The Activity of Emigration and the Budget of the Jewish Community for 1940; also see above: File 442, Report 5/2/38 – 12/31/39. Correspondence: H.K. Buchman, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, M.A. Leavitt, J. Loewenberg, I. Rosen, M.C. Troper.
File 446: Austria: Subject Matter, Emigration, General, 1941 - 1942
In pre-Anschluss days, Jewish emigration from Austria was negligible. But the Anschluss made emigration the goal of every Jew in Austria and emigration aid became the dominant activity of the IKW. Over 60% of the Jewish population emigrated in 1938 – 1939. The frantic pace slowed down once war broke out in Sept. 1939, more so when Italy joined the Axis, and came to a standstill following Pearl Harbor. Between 1938 – 1941, JDC appropriations in aid of emigration from Austria ranged well beyond $2,000,000, although actual expenditures came to $1,849,000. The discrepancy arose because, in some instances, the funds appropriated could not be applied in the manner designated, and especially so following the outbreak of W.W. II. The financial clearing arrangement for emigration worked in this wise. Prospective emigrants deposited with the IKW in local currency the costs of their travel abroad. These funds the IKW then used locally to provide welfare aid to the needy, schooling for children, vocational training in some degree, and support for homes and institutions. In turn, the JDC paid the necessary travel costs, in dollars to non-German steamship lines or travel agencies, and also provided the necessary landing fees, landing deposits and related charges demanded by the countries of destination. The JDC appropriations for emigration may give off an impressive ring at first hearing. Yet they were sufficient to cope but in part with the staggering needs. In June 1940, following the fall of France, Holland and Belgium, the JDC called upon relatives and friends of prospective emigrants from Greater Germany and the occupied countries to contribute the travel costs of those persons, and thereby enlarge the circles of beneficiaries. To administer the activity, the JDC opened the Transmigration Bureau (TB) in June 1940, see above: File 368. By 10/22/41, the TB had accepted trust deposits of $4,600,000, the major part of it earmarked for Jews from Austria. Emigration procedures at the IKW, 1/4/41 attachment to 1/7/41. Selected letters on emigration problems by the IKW, 6/14/41 (Reply by M.A. Leavitt 9/27/41), 7/2/41, 11/24(?)/41. Emigration statistics 3/15/38 – 11/7/41, 11/19/42. Correspondence: J.C. Hyman, M.A. Leavitt, J. Loewenberg, E.M. Morrissey, R. Pilpel, I. Rosen, M. Segal.
File 447: Austria: Subject Matter, Emigration, Other Activities
1. Children, 1937 – 1939: In July 1939, Austrian Gov’t officials demanded the liquidation of the Vienna loan kassa which had been in existence since 1922 when the JDC established it. The officials released the funds ($15,000) on condition that it be applied in full to the costs of transporting Jewish children to other countries from Austria, 8/9/38 – 1/26/39. Statement by the IKW “The Question of the Jewish Children and Juveniles of Vienna”, 1939, issued in five languages. 2. Youth Aliyah, 1933 – 1944: In the 1930’s, the Youth Aliyah movement busied itself with bringing children to Israel from Germany, Austria, Poland and other lands. In 1938, the Hadassah conducted a fund-raising drive in the U.S. on behalf of youth aliyah. The JDC informed the Hadassah that it could make it known that the movement enjoyed the support of many elements in the JDC, but that the organ. itself could not publicly endorse the activities of other organs., 4/12/38 – 5/6/38, 6/17/38. The JDC appropriated $3,000 – 4,000 to cover transportation costs of Youth Aliyah candidates from Germany, Austria and Poland to Palestine, 6/11/38 – 6/20/38. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, M.B. Hexter, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn. Loan Kassa: For the Kreditkassa fuer Kleingewerbe u. Kleinhandel in Wien (loan kassa), see above: File 447(1).
File 448: Austria: Subject Matter, Refugees, General, 1938 - 1943
The data deals with special problems in other countries encountered by Austrian refugees, and of Austrian Jews who were deported.
File 449: Austria: Subject Matter, Students
The JDC made grants to Prof. A. Durig of the University of Vienna, a non-Jew, who out of his own means, aided foreign Jewish students at the medical school who had fallen into dire need. Correspondence: A. Durig, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, B. Samuel, Dr. Bela Schick.
Record Group 4.7: Belgium
Series 1: Belgium: Administration
Correspondence, memos, reports, addenda.
File 450: Belgium: Administration, General, 1933 - 1940 (Sept.)
On the status of refugees in Belgium: 1/27/39, 1/31/39, 7/5/39. The JDC contributed $1,500 to the U.S. Ambassador in Belgium for distribution to needy Jews, 6/26/40 – 7/2/40; report of the distribution, 8/1/40 attachment to 12/20/40. Reports-Comite d’Assistance: General, 2/10/40, 5/19/40 attachment to 5/23/40; Antwerp, 8/22/39, 2/5/40, 2/6/40, 2/26/40, 4/3/40, 5/19/40 attachment to 5/23/40; Brussels, 8/4/39, 3/18/40, 4/20/40, 5/19/40 attachment to 5/23/40; Other reports: Situation of Jewish Refugees from Belgium in France, 5/19/40, attachment to 5/23/40, 9/8/40 attachment to 9/19/40; The Events from 5/10/40 – 7/30/40, by E.L. Kowarsky, 9/26/40. Correspondence: M. Aranowitz, P. Baerwald, A.R. Emanuel, M.Gottschalk, J.C. Hyman, H. Katzki, E.L. Kowarsky, M.A. Leavitt, R.T. Pell, I. Rosen, J.J. Schwartz, M.C. Troper.
File 451: Belgium: Administration, General, 1940 (Oct.) - 1944
Reports: On the Belgian Jews, 11/20/43; Comite National de Defense des Juifs, 9/27/44; Situation of the Jews in Belgium, 10/22/44, 11/9/44 attachment to 11/20/44; Situation of Jewish Children (when the liberation came), attachment to 11/22/44; My Experiences during the Persecution of the Jews in Berlin and Brussels 1939 – 1944, by Paula Littauer, Oct. 1945. Correspondence: E. Allard, P. Baerwald, G. Coulon, M. Gottschalk, J. Jefroykin, M.A. Leavitt, J.J. Schwartz, M. Stephany, M.C. Troper, P. van Zeeland.
Series 2: Belgium: Organizations
Comite de’ Assistance aux Refugies Juifs, Brussels, see: Files 450-451. Comite National de Defense des Juifs en Beligique, Brussels, see: File 451. For additional materials, see: SM Archives, File 29.
Record Group 4.8: British Honduras
File 451a: British Honduras, General, 1939 - 1940 (Sept)
File 451b: British Honduras, General, 1940 (Oct) - 1948
Record Group 4.64: Bolivia
Series 1: Bolivia : Administration
Correspondence, memos, reports, addenda
File 1075: Bolivia: Administration, General, 1939 - 1940
In the wake of the Kristalnacht, Bolivian consuls in Europe sold Bolivian visas to refugees at inflation prices. Most of the visas were illegal. When the visa holders reached S.A. ports, great difficulties confronted them when seeking admission to Bolivia, 2/9/39, 2/23/39, 2/28/39, 3/7/39, 3/8/39. The Gov’t abruptly suspended Jewish emigration, 6/18/40 attachment to 6/25/40, but then it agreed to accept 250 refugees per month 6/29/39, 7/3/39, 8/18/39. Colonization Project Eugen Riegler for Makkabi World Union: 9/26/39 – 12/4/39, 1/5/40, 1/25/40, 2/3/40 – 2/23/40, 2/29/40 – 3/21/40, 4/12/40, 5/1/40. Reports: F.W. Borchardt and D. Glick. Draft Report on Bolivia 5/13/39; F.W. Borchardt, Bolivia 6/12/40 attachment to 6/25/40; M.D. Goldsmith, Cochabamba 12/4/40. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, N. Bentwich, J. Bernstein, H.K. Buchman, F.W. Borchardt, E. Ellinger, M.D. Goldsmith, M. Hochschild, B. Kahn, R. Pilpel, E. Riegler, M.C. Troper, W.A, Weiss, M. Wihl.
File 1076: Bolivia: Administration, General, 1941 - 1944
Numbered letters to the JDC – M.D. Goldsmith: #33SA, 1/3/41; #34SA, 1/18/41; #36SA, 1/26/41. M.W. Beckelman: #190, 4/28/42; #192, 4/28/42; #267, 6/3/42. L.H. Sobel: #19, 5/15/43; #23, 5/21/43; #30, 6/3/43; #29, 6/4/43; #31, 6/5/43; #35, 6/6/43; #36, 6/15/43; #38, 6/25/43; – 8/12/43; #67, 8/31/43; J.A. Lowenstein: #20 – 22, 5/22/43, 5/28/43; J.B. Lightman: #199, 6/8/44. JDC grants to Makkabi La Paz, 9/2/41. Reports: M.D. Goldsmith, Bolivia, 1/28/41. Jewish Community of Bolivia, Activities Report 1943/1944, 9/21/44. Correspondence P. Baerwald, H.D. Biele, M.D. Goldsmith, B. Kahn, J.B. Lightman, R. Pilpel, Wm. Rosenwald, L.H. Sobel, W.A. Weiss, M. Wihl.
Series 2: Bolivia : Organizations
Comunidad Israelita de Bolivia, La Paz, see: File 1,089. Makkabi, La Paz, see: Files 1,075, 1,076 SOCOBO, Files 1077 – 1083: The SOCOBO was organized in 1940 to establish agricultural projects for the settlement of refugees. The first settlement, “Buena Tierra” was founded in April 1940 and by the close of 1944 nearly $500,000 had gone into the undertaking. The overwhelming share stemmed from the Agro-Joint, the REC and the Emigre Charitable Fund. In those years, the settlement experienced a variety of ups and downs, but by 1944, the downs predominated. The number of settlers reached a peak of 42 families (130 individuals) in mid – 1943, but by the close of 1944 only nine families remained. For a comprehensive roundup of economic happenings, see: File 1,081, Report by David Stern 12/4/44. SOPRO: The SOPRO was formed in Jan. 1939 to provide fin. aid to newcomer refugees who had nowhere else to turn. The initiative had stemmed from Mauricio Hochschild. In Feb. 1939, Hochschild appealed to the JDC for aid. It granted $100,000, and Hochschild added $25,000 of his own. Between 1939 – 1944, JDC allocations to the SOPRO came to $737,050, and met the overwhelming share of the outlays. The only other substantial sources of aid in those years were: M. Hochschild, $1,000 per month between 1940 – 1944 and the HICEM, $5,000 in 1939. Local fund-raising on a very limited scale got under way in 1944. JDC allocations ran at a fairly steady level throughout the years and took the following pattern: 1939: $137,500; 1940: 120,000; 1941: 97,800; 1942: 115,000; 1943: $138,350; 1944: 128,400; Total: $737,050. The SOPRO began its activities in La Paz, where most of the refugees were living. Later, it opened branches in other cities as well. It also established a Children’s Home in La Paz, see: File 1,088.
File 1077: Bolivia: Organizations, Sociedad Colonizadora de Bolivia, La Paz (SOCOBO), General, 1939 - 1940
Mauricio Hochschild (MH) pressed the JDC and the REC to aid in settling 200 refugee families in an agricultural project in Bolivia, 1/17/39, 1/20/39(2), 2/7/39, 5/18/39, 6/7/39, 7/28/39, 12/27/40. The Agro-Joint and the REC granted $50,000 each for the project, 1/5/40, 1/10/40(2) 3/21/40, 4/3/40 Memo, 4/30/40, 5/2/40 Rosenberg to Baerwald and attachments. The SOCOBO called for a second grant of $100,000, 6/20/40. The REC sent a representative (Walter A. Weiss) to inspect the settlement project, and his reports were favorable, 7/19/40(2), 7/24/40, 7/29/40, 7/31/40, 8/1/40, 9/1/40. JDC Reports: F.M. Borchardt, 6/12/40; W.A. Weiss, 9/1/40. Reports on Bolivia and Colonization Prospects: B.A. Mavrich, 5/22/39; F. Saphir, 5/25/39; S. Arons, 6/13/39; S. Blach, undated (second half 1939?); F. Bonoli, 8/8/39; E. Ellinger, 5/6/40 attachment to 5/17/40 with photos and updated resume. Monthly Activities Reports by F. Bonoli 1940: May-June, attachment to 7/23/40; July, attachment to 8/19/40; Aug-Sept, attachment to 10/17/40; Nov., 12/19/40. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, F. Bonoli, F.A. Borchardt, E. Ellinger, M. Hochschild, C.J. Liebman, R. Pilpel, J. Rosenberg, F. Saphir, W.A. Weiss, M. Wihl.
File 1078: Bolivia: Organizations, Sociedad Colonizadora de Bolivia, La Paz (SOCOBO), General, 1941
The Agro-Joint earmarked $100,000 in aid of the SOCOBO project, 1/16/41, 1/20/41, 1/23/41. The soundness of the project was called into question when settlement costs ran far ahead of the original estimates, 2/6/41, 2/7/41, 3/15/41, 3/27/41, 4/9/41, 4/23/41, 4/26/41, 5/5/41, 5/12/41. The REC sent an agronomist, A.J. Bruman, to Bolivia to investigate, 4/21/41, 4/24/41, 5/13/41, 5/21/41, 5/23/41(2), 5/29/41. The Agro-Joint forwarded $25,000 to the SOCOBO, 5/29/41, 6/16/41 and $25,000 more, 10/20/41 Borchardt to Baerwald, 10/21/41, 11/4/41, 11/10/41, 11/15/41. Administrative changes were made in the operation of the project, 6/5/41, 6/10/41, 7/8/41. Reports: L.J. Grundner, 9/19/41 a medical rep. M. Wihl, Brief Status Reports, 6/29/41, 7/25/41, 8/20/41; Summary Construction Reports, 9/9/41, 9/24/41, 9/30/41, 10/7/41, 10/11/41, 11/2/41, 11/30/41, 12/16/41, 1/14/42. Fin, Statements: Balance Sheet, 11/7/41; Summary Statement 4/1/40 – 11/30/41, 1/13/42. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, F. Bonoli, F.W. Borchardt, A.J. Bruman, E. Ellinger, M. Hochschild, C.J. Liebman, R. Pilpel, J.N. Rosenberg, M.A. Weiss, M. Wihl.
File 1079: Bolivia: Organizations, Sociedad Colonizadora de Bolivia, La Paz (SOCOBO), General, 1942
On the status of the settlement project: 1/15/42 memo by B. Kahn, 4/9/42 – 4/16/42 (2), 6/9/42, 7/7/42, 7/9/42, 8/24/42 attachment to 9/15/42, 9/18/42, 9/30/42, 10/9/42, 10/27/42, 10/30/42, 11/4/42, 11/16/42 (2), 11/20/42 (memo by R. Pilpel), 11/24/42. The REC proposed to limit its obligation to support the SOCOBO settlement project, 11/30/42, and comments thereon, 12/1/42 – 12/5/42. Reports: Auditor’s Rep. 4/1/40 – 3/31/42, attachment to 6/25/42 and comments 6/26/42, 7/22/42 (2). Correspondence: P. Baerwald, F.W. Borchardt, A.J. Bruman, M. Hochschild, B. Kahn, C.J. Liebman, R. Pilpel, D. Watson, W.A. Weiss, M. Wihl.
File 1080: Bolivia: Organizations, Sociedad Colonizadora de Bolivia, La Paz (SOCOBO), General, 1943
The Agro-Joint expressed willingness to continue the grant of funds to the settlement project for a limited period, provided M. Hochschild agreed, 2/27/43 attachment to 3/1/43. The Agro-Joint allocated to the SOCOBO $8,400 per month throughout 1943, and $27,500 to reimburse Hochschild for fin. advances extended by him in 1942, 5/21/43 attachment to 5/28/43, 5/25/43, 5/26/43, 8/13/43, 11/19/43, 1/11/44. A summary of the differences in viewpoint on the settlement project between the Agro-Joint and the REC, 2/16/43, 2/18/43, 5/6/43. Minutes of Agro-Joint meetings on the SOCOBO, 2/20/43, 10/8/43. Statements on the Settlement and its Prospects: R. Pilpel, 2/5/43; L.H. Sobel, 6/14/43. Fin. Statements: Field Letters on the SOCOBO by the JDC auditor, 5/25/43, 5/28/43; Schedule of Investments in the SOCOBO by the Agro-Joint and others, 5/6/43, 6/8/43; Summary of SOCOBO cash receipts and expenditures 1/1/43 – 6/30/43, 6/30/43. Narrative Activities Reports, 1943: June, 7/1/43; 7/1/43 – 8/15/43 attachment to 8/30/43; 8/16/43 – 11/15/43, 11/29/43 Correspondence: P. Baerwald, M.H. Hexter, M. Hochschild, E. Komlos, C.J. Liebman, R. Pilpel, M. Wihl.
File 1081: Bolivia: Organizations, Sociedad Colonizadora de Bolivia, La Paz (SOCOBO), General, 1944
Schedule of Investments in the SOCOBO by the Agro-Joint and Others, 6/8/44. Report: “Buena Tierra” by David Stern 12/4/44 and Enclosure 13, 11/18/44 Correspondence: H.D. Biele, A. Lidenstaedt, D. Stern, M. Wihl.
File 1082: Bolivia: Organizations, Sociedad Colonizadora de Bolivia, La Paz (SOCOBO), Financial, 1940 May - 1942
Fin. Statements, Monthly
File 1083: Bolivia: Organizations, Sociedad Colonizadora de Bolivia, La Paz (SOCOBO), Financial, 1943 - 1944
Fin. Statements, Monthly
File 1084: Bolivia: Organizations, Sociedad de Proteccion a los Inmigrantes Israelitas, La Paz (SOPRO), General, 1939 - 1940 (March)
On the Status of Refugees: 2/7/39 – 2/17/39, 3/2/39, 3/23/39, 4/6/39, 8/18/39, 12/14,39, 1/16/40. Report on Bolivia by F. Borchardt and D. Glick. Fin. Statements – Expenditures by SOPRO: 1/1/39 – 4/30/39, 5/8/39; 1/1/39 – 6/30/39, 1/1/39 – 8/13/39, 8/19/39; 9/13/39. Fin. and Statistical Reports: Oct – Nov 1939, Jan and Feb 1940 attachment to 2/19/40. Complaints vs. the SOPRO: Colonia Cooperative Europea, 7/12/39, 8/30/39, 10/13/39; B. Feder, 8/9/39, 8/14/39, 8/28/39 (2), 9/13/39; F. Weininger, 10/13/39; J. Djialowsky (M. Ezekiel), 10/19/39, 10/25/39, 10/31/39, 11/7/39, 1/25/40, 2/3/40, 2/15/40, 3/1/40, also see: File 1,085, 8/8/40; E and F Jaffe, 12/30/39, 1/23/40 (2), 2/9/40, 8/3/40, File 1,086, 11/1/41; J. Landau, 3/29/40; M. Sittenfeld, 3/30/40, also see: File 1,085, 4/19/40. Correspondence: N. Bentwich, E. Ellinger, M. Ezekiel, I.E. Goldwasser, M. Hochschild, J.C. Hyman, R. Pilpel, M.C. Troper, M. Wihl.
File 1085: Bolivia: Organizations, Sociedad de Proteccion a los Inmigrantes Israelitas, La Paz (SOPRO), General, 1940 (Apr. - Dec.)
On the Status of Refugees: 5/9/40 Pilpel to Wihl, 6/18/40, 6/25/40. Numbered letters by M.D. Goldsmith: #29SA, 12/5/40; #30SA, 12/7/40; #31SA, 12/16/40; #32SA, 12/17/40. Reports: F.W. Borchardt, “Bolivia”, 6/12/40; Auditor’s Report, SOPRO, 9/20/40 attachment to 10/16/40. SOPRO 1940, Fin. and Statistical Reports: March attachment to 4/17/40; April, attachment to 5/15/40; May, attachment to 6/22/40; June, attachment to 8/16/40. Aug., attachment to 8/17/40; Sept., attachment to 10/26/40; Oct., attachment to 11/23/40; Nov. attachment to 12/20/40; Dec., attachment to 1/24/41; Notes on SOPRO Reports, 5/24/40. Complaints vs. the SOPRO: Circulo Israelita, La Paz, 4/1/40, 4/19/40 M. Wihl to the JDC, 4/22/40, 4/26/40 Pilpel to the Circulo Israelita. Correspondence: N. Aronovici, F.W. Borchardt, E. Ellinger, M.D. Goldsmith, R. Pilpel, M. Wihl.
File 1086: Bolivia: Organizations, Sociedad de Proteccion a los Inmigrantes Israelitas, La Paz (SOPRO), General, 1941 - 1942
Numbered letters to the JDC – M.D. Goldsmith: #35SA, 1/19/42. M.W. Beckelman: #204, #205, #206, #210, 5/7/42; #232, 5/18/42. Reports: JDC Auditor’s Report, SOPRO 1939 – 1941, 7/1/42, and Field Notes #14 – 17, 4/29/41 – 5/6/41. Fin. and Statistical Reports SOCOBO, 1941: Jan., 2/20/41; Feb., 3/20/41; March, 4/17/41; April, 5/29/41; May, 6/25/41; June, 7/19/41; July, 9/17/41; Aug., 9/24/41; Sept., 10/17/41; Oct., 11/21/41; Nov., 12/30/41; Dec., 1/22/42; 1942: Jan., 2/20/42; Feb., 3/18/42; March, 4/20/42; April, 5/25/42; May, 6/22/42; June, 7/21/42; July, 8/15/42; Aug., 10/1/42; Sept., 10/22/42; Oct., 11/19/42; Nov., 12/18/42; Dec., 1/27/43. Correspondence: M.W. Beckelman, M.D. Goldsmith, J.A. Lowenstein, R. Pilpel, M. Wihl.
File 1087: Bolivia: Organizations, Sociedad de Proteccion a los Inmigrantes Israelitas, La Paz (SOPRO), General, 1943 - 1944
Numbered letters to the JDC – L.H. Sobel; #23, 4/21/43; #29, 6/4/43; #31, 6/5/43; #36, 6/15/43; #69, 3/6/44. J.A. Lowenstein: #20-22, 5/22/43 – 5/28/43. Fund Raising: 8/10/43, 9/13/43, 11/3/43, 3/28/44, 10/25/44. Reports, SOPRO – Activities Report, June 1943, 8/14/43. Fin. and Statistical Reports – 1943: Jan. 1/15/43; Feb. 3/17/43; March 4/19/43; May 6/21/43; June 7/14/43; July 8/19/43; Aug. 9/19/43; Sept. 10/22/43; Oct. 11/26/43; Nov. 12/22/43; Dec. 1/17/44. 1944: Jan – Nov (Dec. missing). Correspondence: H.D. Biele, J.B. Lightman, J.A. Lowenstein, R. Pilpel, L.H. Sobel, M. Wihl.
Series 3: Bolivia : Subject Matter
File 1088: Bolivia: Subject Matter, Children's Home
In Jan. 1941, the SOPRO opened in La Paz a children’s home for refugee children. The JDC contributed $7,500 to aid in the establishment and in the initial maintenance. The home opened in June and 101 children were aided by the end of the year. Beneficiaries ranged between 85 – 100 in number, between 1942 – 1944, In 1943, the JDC contributed $17,000 for the purchase of the bldg. sheltering the Home, when the threat of dispossession loomed up. See: 5/20/43, 6/1/43, 6/25/43, 7/13/43, 7/15/44. Correspondence: J.B. Lightman, R. Pilpel, L.H. Sobel, M. Wihl.
File 1089: Bolivia: Subject Matter, Cultural and Religious
Between July 1940 – Dec. 1944, the JDC granted $50 per month on the average, to the Comunidad Israelita de Bolivia, La Paz, the largest Jewish congregation in the country, in aid of its cult. and religious activities and notably its Jewish school. The JDC also provided them with a Sefer Torah, prayer books and other religious articles. For accounts of cult. and religious activities see: Numbered letters to the JDC – M.W. Beckelman: #204, 205, 5/7/42; L.H. Sobel #112, 12/7/43, #2523, 3/10/44; J.B. Lightman #138, 3/23/44. Report: Narrative Rep. 1943 – 1944 by Comunidad Israelita de Bolivia, La Paz, 9/21/44. Correspondence: M.W. Beckelman, H.D. Buchman, W. Goldschmidt, J. Klopstock, J.B. Lightman, L.H. Sobel, M. Wihl.
File 1090: Bolivia: Subject Matter, Reconstruction, Loan Funds
In 1940, a JDC representative, Noel Aronovici, the Vice Manag-Director of the JDC Recon. Foundation, visited Bolivia and recommended the formation of a credit cooperative for refugees. The project failed to materialize in the war years owing to difficulties within the country. Aronovici’s “Interim Report,” 8/20/40, provides a lively picture of the state of affairs in Bolivia. The JDC did aid three small loan projects: a SOPRO. small loan fund, an “Industry Fund” ($5,000), and a “Resettlement Fund” ($4,000). Numbered letters to the JDC – M.W. Beckelman: #201, 5/3/42. L.H. Sobel: #94, 10/29/43. Correspondence: N. Aronovici, F.W. Borchardt, A.A. Landesco, R. Pilpel, L.H. Sobel, M. Wihl.
Record Group 4.65: Brazil
Series 1: Brazil : Administration
Correspondence, memos, reports, addenda.
File 1091: Brazil: Administration, Sao Paulo, 1936 - 1937
Allocations: The JDC allocated $55,000 for refugee aid in S.P., 3/18/37, 3/20/37. The REC allocated $55,000 to aid in the legalization of entry visas presented by refugee newcomers, 7/15/37. The REC allocated $54,000 to aid in the purchase of a tract of land (Rezende), deemed suitable for colonization by refugees, 3/20/36 – 7/7/36, 4/1/37, 4/2/37. A nephew of Albert Einstein was involved in an attempted colonization swindle in Brazil, 8/18/36 – 12/31/36, 7/29/37, 9/1/37 Katzki to Emanuel – 9/9/37, 9/10/37 Hyman to Asofsky, 9/16/37 – 10/4/37; for copies of letters by A. Einstein, see: attachment to 9/24/37 Reports and Memos – Cecilia Razovsky Davidson: 8/3/37, “Present Status of Jewish Settlement and Jewish Migration to Brazil…” 10/11/37 – Ludwig Lorch: 1/26/37, 3/1/37, 6/4/37, 6/18/37, 7/12/37, 8/26/37, 9/28/37, Nov. 1937 and Summary (the latter dated 12/18/37), 10/20/37, 12/2/37. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, F. Borchardt, C.R. Davidson, A. Einstein, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, H. Katzki, C.J. Liebman, L. Lorch, L. Oungre, C. Schachter.
File 1092: Brazil: Administration, Sao Paulo, 1938 - 1939 (June)
Reports and Memos – L. Lorch: 1/12/38, 1/20/38, 5/12/38, 6/7/38, 6/18/38, 8/31/38, 11/15/38, April 1939 attachment to 4/12/39, 6/15/39 – F. Borchard and D. Glick: 6/28/39 – Fin. and Statistical Reports, Monthly, 1939, Jan. – June – Memos: Jewish Immigration to S.A. with Special Regard to Brazil, 4/28/39. The JDC granted allocations for the general relief of refugees via the Congregacao Israelita Paulista, 5/3/39, attachment to 5/4/39. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, F.W. Borchardt, D. Glick, J.C. Hyman A. Jaretzki Jr., L. Lorch, R. Pilpel, S. Wissman.
File 1093: Brazil: Administration, Sao Paulo, 1939 July - 1941 (June)
Reports and Memos – L. Lorch: 9/4/39(2), 9/10/39, 10/7/39, 11/19/39, 4/10/40, 4/19/40, 6/8/40 and 6/18/40, Jan. 1941, 3/31/41, 4/28/41, 5/12/41. – F.W. Borchardt: 4/12/40 attachment to 4/14/40. – Memo on refugee status: 3/1/40, 10/14/40, 10/21/40, 11/5/40. JDC allocations for refugee aid: 9/27/39, 1/30/40 Morrissey to Lew, 6/18/40, 7/11/40, 8/28/40, 8/29/40. – Fin. and Statistical Reports, Monthly – 1939: July – Oct. 1940: April – Oct. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, F.W. Borchardt, M.D. Goldsmith, H. Hamburger, J.C. Hyman, A. Jaretzki Jr., B. Kahn, L. Lorch, R. Pilpel, G.L. Warren, S. Wissman.
File 1094: Brazil: Administration, Sao Paulo, 1941 (July) - 1944
Memos on the refugee situation – L. Lorch: 8/14/41, 8/21/41 Lorch to the JDC; H. Hamburger: 8/21/41 Hamburger to Borchardt, 10/16/41. Numbered letters to the JDC – M.W. Beckelman: #3, 10/18/41; #6, 10/19/41; #7, 10/19/41 attachment to 11/3/41; #1, 11/1/41; #13, 11/2/41; #15, 11/2/41; #22, 11/22/41; #26, 11/24/41; #27, 11/25/41; #29, 11/27/41; Unnumb., 12/3/41; #50, 12/15/41; #51, 12/19/41; #52, 12/20/41; #53, 12/22/41; #54, 12/22/41; #56, 12/24/41; #57, 12/26/41; #64, 1/2/42; #66, 1/3/42; #69, 1/5/42; #77, 1/19/42; #79, 1/28/42; #80, 1/28/42; #88, 2/4/42; #89, 2/5/42; #105, 3/9/42; #141, 3/28/42; #231, 5/18/42; #265, 6/3/42; #276, 6/4/42. – L.H. Sobel: #108, 12/2/43; #109, 12/3/43. Report: Survey of Jewish Immigration to Sao Paulo 1933, Oct. 1941, M.W. Beckelman. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, M.W. Beckelman, F.W. Borchardt, H. Hamburger, C.J. Liebman, L. Lorch, R. Pilpel, L.H. Sobel, S. Wissman.
File 1095: Brazil: Administration, Rio de Janeiro, 1937 - 1940
The JDC allocated $6,300 to the Uniao to aid in legalizing the status of new immigrants, payable in six equal monthly installments, 7/20/39; the ICA and the British Council for German Jewry made similar allocations, 12/5/38, 1/17/39, 1/26/39. The JDC continued with its monthly allocations and in Sept. 1940 increased them to $1,750 per month, 9/21/40. Reports and Memos – Immigration to Rio: 11/11/37, 8/31/38, 3/1/40. F.W. Borchardt: 6/27/39 (together with D. Glick), 4/20/40 and 5/9/40. M.D. Goldsmith: July 1940. Uniao Activities Reports, Annual: 8/1/36-7/31/37, 6/19/39; 8/1/37-7/31/38, 7/13/39; 8/1/38-8/1/39, 9/8/39; 8/1/39-7/31/40, 8/8/40. Uniao Fin. Reports, Monthly, 1939: July, 8/12/39; Oct., 10/5/39 (includes a narrative report for Sept.), 11/17/39; Nov., 12/6/39; Dec., 1/8/40. 1940: Jan., 1/31/40; March, 4/9/40; April, 5/9/40, 5/24/40; May, 6/14/40, 6/25/40; Sept., 10/15/40; Oct., 11/14/40; Nov., 12/13/40. JDC Notes on Monthly Fin. Reports July 1939 – Feb. 1940, 3/25/40. Correspondence: F.W. Borchardt, D. Glick, M.D. Goldsmith, J.C. Hyman, H. Katzki, M.A. Leavitt, M. Leitchic, L. Lorch, R. Pilpel, P. Zander
File 1096: Brazil: Administration, Rio de Janeiro, 1941
The JDC increased its allocations to the Uniao to $2,500 per month, 1/28/41, and to $3,000 per month, 12/30/41. The status of refugees in Rio: 8/14/41, Zander to the JDC, 9/5/41, 9/25/41, 10/28/41 Hamburger to Borchardt. M.W. Beckelman Numbered Letters to the JDC: #8, 10/21/41; Unnumb,; 11/19/41; #23, 11/23/41. Reports: Annual Reports HICEM Rio 1939, 2/17/40, and 1940, 2/10/41, both reports are attached to #266, 6/3/42, Uniao Activities Reports, Annual: 8/1/40-7/31/41, 8/14/41. Uniao Fin. Reports, Monthly – 1940; Dec., 1/17/41. 1941: Jan., 2/17/41; Feb., 3/10/41; March, attachment to 4/30/41; April, 5/15/41; May, 6/18/41; June, 7/13/41; July, 8/14,41; Aug., 9/12/41; Sept., 10/23/41; Oct., 11/14/41; Nov., 12/24/41. Loeb and Troper Summary Fin. Reports on the Uniao 1939/1940, 7/1/41. Correspondence: M.W. Beckelman, F.W. Borchardt, J.A. Lowenstein R. Pilpel, P. Zander
File 1097: Brazil: Administration, Rio de Janeiro, 1942 (Jan - Sept)
The status of refugees in Rio: 5/13/42, 5/14/42, 6/9/42, 9/14/42, 9/19/42, 9/28/42. M.W. Beckelman Numbered Letters to the JDC: #44, 12/13/41 attachment to 1/8/42; #66, 1/3/42; #71, 1/8/42; #255, 6/2/42. Uniao Fin. Reports, Monthly. 1941: Dec., 1/22/42. 1942: Jan., 2/21/42; Feb., 3/18/42; March, 4/15/42; May, 6/22/42; July, 8/6/42; Sept., 10/20/42. Correspondence: M.W. Beckelman, R. Pilpel, P. Zander
File 1098: Brazil: Administration, Rio de Janeiro, 1942 Oct. - 1952
Status of refugees in Rio: 10/9/42(2), 12/23/42, 8/15/44, 8/17/44. Numbered letters to the JDC – L.H. Sobel: #107, 12/2/42. Reports – Uniao Activities Reports, Annual: 1/1/44-12/31/44, Uniao Fin. Reports Monthly, 1942: Oct., 11/20/42; Nov., 12/15/42; Dec., 1/9/43. 1943: Jan., 2/15/43; Feb. 3/17/43; March, 3/14/43; April, 5/15/43; May, 6/9/43; June, 6/12/43; July, 8/21/43; Aug., 9/17/43; Sept., 10/15/43; Oct., 11/16/43; Nov., 12/11/43; Dec., 1/6/44. 1944: Jan., 2/12/44; Feb., 3/11/44; March, 4/24/44; April, 5/12/44; May, 6/12/44; June, 7/10/44; July, 8/9/44; Aug., 9/12/44; Sept., 10/11/44; Oct., 11/14/44; Nov., 12/14/44; Dec., 1/6/45. 1945: Jan., 2/9/45; March, 4/21/45; April, 5/16/45; May, 6/25/45; June, 7/24/45; July, 8/17/45; Aug., 9/24/45; Dec., 1/22/46. 1947: Feb., 3/15/47; March, 4/17/47; June, 7/16/47. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, H.D. Biele, E.M. Morrissey, R. Pilpel, W. Selig, L.H. Sobel, P. Zander
File 1099: Brazil: Administration, Fund Raising
Fund raising in Brazil for refugee aid was conducted along communal and not national lines, and focused in overwhelming degree on Sao Paulo and Rio. In both cities, frictions arose with the WJC in local efforts to raise funds for refugee needs. By Jan. 1944, S.P. made itself self-sufficient in meeting local needs for refugee upkeep, while Rio reached that goal in Aug. 1945. Numbered letters to the JDC – M.W. Beckelman: #49, 12/15/41; #64, 1/2/42; #70, 1/6/42; #142, 3/28/42-L.H. Sobel: #107., 12/2/43; #109, 12/3/43. Fund Raising in S.P.: 4/14/4-5/9/40, 6/9/41, 12/15/41, 1/2/42, 1/6/42, 1/22/42, 2/10/42, 3/28/42, 9/19/42, 12/29/42, 6/1/43, 6/3/43, 12/3/43, 6/19/44, 8/17/44, Fund Raising in Rio: 9/25/41, 12/15/41, 8/27/42, 5/6/43, 5/13/43, 5/21/43, 11/24/43, 12/2/43, 3/13/44, 5/13/44, 6/14,44, 6/19/44, 7/4/44, 8/17/44, 4/23/45, 8/28/45, 9/18/45. Correspondence: F.R. Adlerstein, P. Baerwald, M.W. Beckelman, R. Pilpel, W. Selig, L.H. Sobel, P, Zander.
Series 2: Brazil : Organizations
For materials on the organizations listed below, see the following files listed under Brazil: Associacao Religiosa Israelita de Rio de Janeiro, File 1,099, 1,100.2. Centro Hebreu Brasileiro de Socorro dos Vitimas de Guerra, Rio de Janeiro, File 1,098. Congregacao Israelita Paulista, Sao Paulo, File 1,092-1,094, 1,100.b. HICEM, Rio de Janeiro, File 1,095-1,096. Lar de Crianca Israelita, Rio de Janeiro (Children’s Home), File 1,100.1. Sociedade de Beneficente Israelita e Amparo aos Immigrantes, Rio de Janeiro, File 1,100.3. Sociedade de Protecao a Infancio Israelita Desamparada, see: Lar de Crianca Israelita. “Uniao” Associacao Beneficente. Israelita, Rio de Janeiro, File 1,095-1,099.
Series 3: Brazil : Subject Matter
File 1100: Brazil: Subject Matter, Miscellaneous
1. Child Care, 1941 – 1944: The Lar da Crianca Israelita Rio, a children’s home for refugee children mainly, was opened in 1939. By 1941, it sheltered 73 children between the ages of 2-14 and it sought to expand its premises. In 1942, the JDC granted an allocation of $1,500 to aid in the expansion (see: 3/3/42-6/15/42), and in 1944 it granted a loan of $5,000 to aid in the completion of a new home, (see: 2/25/44-6/21/44). Correspondence: M.W. Beckelman, R. Pilpel, L.H. Sobel, R. Waisman, P. Zander. 2. Cultural and Religious, 1933 – 1944: a. Associacao Religiosa Israelita, Rio (ARI), was a religious congregation formed in Jan. 1942 by refugees from central Europe (Rabbi: H. Lemle). The JDC granted $300 in 1943 and again in 1944 to aid the ARI in conducting cult-religious activities. Correspondence: H.K. Buchman, G. Hass, H. Lemle, E. Levy, R. Pilpel, P. Zander. b. Congreagacao Israelita Paulista, Sao Paulo. Correspondence: H.K. Buchman, H. Hamburger. 3. Medical Aid, 1933 – 1944: The Sociedade Beneficente Israelita, Rio, among other activities conducted a Polyclinic that provided free medical assistance to the poor. The Polyclinic was established in 1929. By 1939, refugee newcomers to Rio were putting the facilities to heavy use and the Sociedade turned to the JDC for aid. Between 1939 – 1944, the JDC granted $17,500 for the maintenance of the medical services and $6,500 towards the purchase of x-ray and diathermy machines. Correspondence: M.W. Beckelman, E. Horowitz, M. Leitchic, R. Pilpel, H. Rinder.
File 1101: Brazil: Subject Matter, Reconstruction, Loan Funds, Rio de Janeiro
In 1939, the REC set aside $5,000 as a loan fund for the aid of refugees in Rio but nothing came of it. In May 1941, the JDC allocated $10,000 to open a credit cooperative for the grant of small business loans to refugees. By Brazilian law a gov’t authorization was needed, but gov’t red tape tied up the issuance of an authorization until April 1943. The JDC forwarded a credit of $5,000 to a local management Committee headed by Eduardo Horowitz. But basic differences on the scope of activities arose between the Committee and the JDC NY, and additional credits were not forwarded up to the end of 1944. In Feb. 1942, the REC transferred $5,087 to the Uniao for the opening of a loan fund for small industries, but little use of the funds was made. On the status of the JDC credit cooperative: 5/1/41 attachment to 5/24/41, 11/24/41, 6/1/42, 6/23/42(2), 8/3/42-10/9/42, 10/14/42-12/1/42, 3/18/43, 3/22/43, 4/9/43, 5/14/43, 5/18/43, 6/7/43, 6/13/43(2), 6/30/43 attachment to 8/31/43, 8/26/43, 9/14/43, 9/27/43(2), 10/22/43(3), 11/23/43(2), 12/2/43, 12/21/43, 12/24/43-8/18/44. On the status of the REC loan fund: 2/20/42(2), 3/26/42, 6/17/43. Correspondence: N. Aronovici, M.W. Beckelman, E. Horowitz, E.H. Komlos, A.A. Landesco, C.J. Liebman, M. Leitchic, L. Lorch. R. Pilpel, L.H. Sobel, P. Zander.
File 1102: Brazil: Subject Matter, Reconstruction, Loan Funds, Sao Paulo and Porto Alegre
1. Sao Paulo, 1937 – 1943: In 1937, the REC granted funds to open two loan funds in S.P.; $10,000 to aid German refugees to establish small businesses and $13,000 to aid in the purchase of land for the settlement of refugees. The loan funds were administered by a local Committee headed by L. Lorch. Fin. Reports by the Lorch Committee: 6/3/37-12/10/37; 3/15/40(3)-9/6/40; 1/27/41-4/30/41. REC Summary Statements on the status of the loan funds, 10/25/40, 7/21/41, 2/10/42, 6/17/43. Correspondence: N. Aronovici, M.W. Beckelman, A.A. Landesco, C.J. Liebman, M. Leitchic, L. Lorch, W.A. Weiss, S. Wissmann. 2. Porto Alegre, 1940 – 1944: In 1940, the REC granted $5,000 for opening a loan fund in Porto Alegre where some 800 refugee newcomers were making their homes. The fund was but lightly used. In 1943 – 1944, the JDC proposed that a credit cooperative for refugees be opened in P.A. REC Summary Statements on the status of the loan fund: 7/21/41, 2/10/42, 6/17/43. Correspondence: L.I. Bach, M.W. Beckelman, A.A. Landesco.
Record Group 4.9: Bulgaria
File 452: Bulgaria, General
Between 1937 – 1939, the JDC appropriated token sums in aid of a handful of refugees who reached Bulgaria, For materials, see: EUREXCO, Files 189-190. In W.W. II, the Bulgarian Gov’t, acting under Nazi pressure, enacted a series of anti-Jewish laws, and in May 1943 it deported most of the Jewish inhabitants of Sofia to provincial towns where food and lodging were in scanty supply. The JDC arranged a credit for the purchase of food in Bulgaria in 1943-1944. For details, see: SM Archives, File 30. In Sept. 1944, a new gov’t abolished the anti-Jewish laws, and the JDC forwarded credits and supplies to the value of $50,000, in the months that followed; see: File 452 and SM Archives, File 30. The JDC appropriated $150,000 for the transportation to Palestine and the maintenance of some 4,000 – 5,000 Jewish children, and agreed to provide additional sums once the project got under way, 9/3/43, 9/22/43, 9/29/43, 10/28/43. Only a handful of Jews managed to leave Bulgaria in the course of the next year, 6/28/44, 8/10/44, 10/12/44. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, H.K. Buchman, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel.
Record Group 4.10: Canada
Series 1: Canada: Subject Matter
File 453: Canada: Subject Matter, Immigration, 1938 - 1942
The JDC allocated $2,500 to cover out-of-pocket expenses incurred by refugees who were in transit through Canada en route from Europe to Australia, 1/10/39, 1/13/39(2). Report by the Canadian Jewish Committee for Refugees (organized early in 1939), 8/18/39. Reports of visits to refugee internment camps by S. Hayes, 8/16/40 and attachments, 8/21/40, 9/9/40 and attachment. Status of 1,543 refugees in Canada as of 7/1/41, 4/30/42. Also see: File 881. Correspondence: H.K. Buchman, E.M. Goldsmith, S. Hayes, J.C. Hyman, H. Katzki, M.A. Leavitt, C. Razovsky, B. Sadowski.
File 454: Canada: Subject Matter, Immigration, 1943 - 1945
Report: Canadian Emigration Project Iberian Peninsula 1943 – 1944, by D.B. Hurwitz, attachment to 2/18/44 J.J. Schwartz to AJDC. The JDC appropriated $150,000 to cover the costs of maintenance in Spain and Portugal and of transportation to Canada of refugee holders of duration-of-the-war visas, 3/2/44. Lists of refugees sailing for Canada under the program: 280 from Spain and Portugal on the SS Serpa Pinto 3/23/44, 3/27/44, 4/3/44; 72 from Spain and Portugal on the SS Serpa Pinto 5/18/44, which was stopped on the high seas by a Nazi submarine and the passengers were transferred to life boats, 6/9/44, 7/12/44; 66 from Tangiers, 7/2/44, 7/18/44; 11 from Portugal on SS Laurenzo Marques, 7/26/44; 74 from Tangiers on SS Nyassa, 9/17/44, 9/26/44, 9/29/44; 9 from Portugal on SS Serpa Pinto, 11/2/44. Correspondence: O. Cormier, S. Hayes, J.C. Hyman, D.B. Hurwitz, A.L. Jolliffe, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel, J.J. Schwartz, M.R. Springer, H.K. Travers.
File 455: Canada: Subject Matter, Immigration, 1948 - 1952
List of Shanghai refugees (1,578 persons) who registered for immigration to Canada, 5/15/48. The Canadian Gov’t approved the admission of 300 DP’s from Shanghai, 2/21/49, 4/22/49, 4/27/49, 5/7/49 Glassgold to Rice, 5/9/49(2) Cable 431 and Leavitt to Alaska Airlines, 5/10/49, 5/13/49(2), 5/16/49 Leavitt to Rice, 5/17/49, 5/21/49 – 5/27/49, 6/2/49, 6/8/49, 6/23/49, 7/13/49, 9/14/49, 9/16/49, 9/28/49, 10/6/49, 10/9/49, 2/10/50. The Canadian Gov’t refused to grant temporary visas to a second group of Shanghai DP’s, but it was willing to permit members of the first group to remain who were willing to settle in Canada, 4/11/50 Petluck to Stein, 4/14/50 and attachments, 10/2/50, 11/30/50. Correspondence: D.H. Clark, A.C. Glassgold, S. Hayes, C.H. Jordan, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel, R.L. Stein, J. Wong.
Record Group 4.66: Chile
Series 1: Chile : Administration
Correspondence, reports, memos, addenda.
File 1103: Chile: Administration, General, 1936 - 1939
JDC allocations for refugee aid: $13,000 between July-Dec., 1939, 6/28/39 – 7/6/39, 9/20/39, 9/25/39, 10/4/39(2), 10/11/39. On refugee immigration to Chile: 11/4/37, 4/20/39, 6/21/39, CISROCO activities report undated (8/1/39?), 10/11/39. Colonization proposals and prospects: 9/21/36 – 11/5/36, 2/7/39, 7/25/39, Aug. 1939. Reports: S. Arons, “Chile its Climate and Agriculture,” 11/16/39; F.W. Borchardt and D. Glick, “Chile,” 5/15/39. Correspondence: S. Arons, P. Baerwald, J. Bernstein, F.W. Borchardt, D. Glick, R. Goldschmidt, S. Hochschild, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, C.J. Liebman, L. Oungre, R. Pilpel, S. Weill.
File 1104: Chile: Administration, General, 1940 (Jan. - Sept.)
Some 650 refugees arrived on the SS Augustus and created severe fiscal, political and human problems, 1/3/40 – 1/22/40, 1/15/40 attachment to 1/31/40. HICEM Santiago was often at odds with the CISROCO on immigration matters, 3/6/40, 3/18/40, 4/4/40. The CISROCO was reorganized to include representatives from the Sephardi and the East European groups, 5/31/40, 6/13/40, 6/20/40. Numbered letters to the JDC – M.D. Goldsmith: #6, 6/27/40; #9SA, 7/24/40; #11SA, 8/7/40. Reports F.W. Borchardt: “Chile” 6/13/40, and preliminary notes for a report of a trip 6/23/40 – 7/9/40, 7/17/40. Fin. and Statistical Reports, Jan. – Sept. 1940. Correspondence: L. Arensburg, N. Aronovici, F.W. Borchardt, M.D. Goldsmith, G. Hirschberg, S. Hochschild, R. Pilpel.
File 1105: Chile: Administration, General, 1940 Oct. - 1941 (April)
On the refugee situation: 10/17/40, 11/28/40 CISROCO memo, 12/5/40, 1/1/41, 3/16/41, 4/15/41. Proposals for agricultural settlements: 2/20/41, 2/26/41, 3/10/41, 3/12/41 Bruman to Liebman, 3/14/41, 4/17/41, 4/24/41, 4/30/41. Fin. Reports and Statements: Fin. and Statistical Reports, Monthly, Oct. 1940 – April 1941; JDC Auditor’s Field Notes #10 – 13, 4/21/41 -4/26/41. Correspondence: N. Aronovici, A.J. Bruman, M.D. Goldsmith, G. Hirschberg, M.A. Leavitt, C.J. Liebman, J.A. Lowenstein, R. Pilpel, M. Reinberg.
File 1106: Chile: Administration, General, 1941 (May - Dec.)
On the refugee situation: 6/24/41, 7/23/41, 8/27/41, 9/8/41, 9/10/41, 10/30/41, 12/8/41. Proposals for agricultural settlements: 7/13/41, 7/15/41, 7/31/41, 9/9/41, 9/23/41, 9/24/41, 10/3/41 Bruman to Hirschberg, 10/14/41, 10/29/41, 12/18/41 and attachments. Fin. Reports – Fin. and Statistical Reports, Monthly, 1941, May Dec., (Aug. missing); JDC Auditor’s. Field Rep. 8/1/39 – 12/31/40, 7/1/41. Correspondence: L. Arensburg, G. Hirschberg, S. Hochschild, R. Pilpel, L, Reinberg.
File 1107: Chile: Administration, General, 1942
Numbered letters to the JDC – M.W. Beckelman; #63, 1/2/42; Unnumbered, 3/24/42; #137, 3/25/42; #146, 3/29/42; #164, 4/14/42; #165, #166, #167, #169, 4/15/42; #173, #174, 4/19/42; #179, 4/24/42; #185, 4/25/42; #213, 5/8/42; #220, #222, 5/13/42; #235, 5/22/42; #242, 5/27/42; #257, #258, #259, 6/3/42. On the refugee situation: Letter #137, 3/25/42; 4/17/42 attachment to #185, 4/25/42; #179, 4/24/42; 5/7/42 attachment to 5/13/42. Proposals for agricultural settlement: 1/26/42, Letter #164, 4/14/42; #167, 4/15/42; 4/20/42, attachment to 4/22/42; 5/27/42, attachment to 6/3/42. Discussions and agreement between the CISROCO and the HICEM Santiago: 1/28/42, 4/1/42; Letter #174, 4/19/42; 7/24/42; 9/11/42; 9/15/42, 10/21/42. Reports: C. Watland – Conditions in Chile, 3/15/42 attachment to 5/5/42; Fin. and Statistical Reports, Monthly 1942, Jan. – Dec.; JDC Auditor’s Field Notes, 8/21/42. Correspondence: M.W, Beckelman, J. Bernstein, G. Hirschberg, S. Hochschild, B. Kahn, M.A. Leavitt, C.J. Liebman, R. Pilpel, M. Reinberg, C. Watland.
File 1108: Chile: Administration, General, 1943 - 1944; 1945
Numbered letters to the JDC L.H. Sobel: #40, 7/6/43; #44, 7/19/43; #47, 7/27/43; #52, 7/27/43; #56, 8/10/43; #60, #61, 8/14/43; #78, 9/28/43; #84, 10/13/43; J.B. Lightman: #317, 10/26/44; #331, 11/10/44; #398, 1/5/45; G. Pinsky: #35, 12/5/44; #26, 12/5/44; #27, #28, 12/14/44; #29, 12/23/44. On the refugee situation: 1/4/43, 1/5/43, 1/18/43, 2/10/44. Proposals for agricultural settlement: 7/21/43, 10/13/43. Proposals for a children’s home: #40, 7/6/43, 7/14/43 cable and letter Hyman to Sobel, #52, 7/27/43, 8/3/43 – 8/6/43, #78, 9/28/43, 10/13/43, 11/29/43, 12/24/43, 6/22/44, 12/11/44, 12/15/44. JDC Allocations: the JDC informed the CISROCO that its allocations would close at the end of the year, 2/7/44, 3/10/44, 3/23/44, 5/10/44, 5/17/44, August 1944, 11/6/44, 12/1/44, 12/23/44. Fin. Reports – Fin. and Statistical Reports, Monthly: Jan., 1943 – March 1944 (Missing, June 1943); JDC Auditor’s Field Notes #13, 5/16/43, #17, 5/18/43. Correspondence: H.D. Biele, G. Hirschberg, J.C. Hyman, J.B. Lightman, R. Pilpel, G. Pinsky, L.H. Sobel
Series 2: Chile : Organizations
Asociacion de Soccoros de Israelitas, Santiago, see: CISROCO. Circulo Israelita, Santiago, see: File 1,110. CISROCO, Comite Israelita de Soccoros, Santiago, see: Files 1,103 – 1,108. Comite Representativo de la Colectividad Israelita, Santiago, see: File 1,107, 11/18/42, File 1,108, 7/19/43, 10/20/43. Comunidad Israelita Habonim, Valparaiso, see: File 1,109.b. HICEM Jewish Colonization Association, Santiago, see: Files 1,103 – 1,106. Hilfsvereinigung fuer Juedische Einwanderer, Santiago, see: CISROCO. Liga de Damas “Caridad,” Santiago, see: File 1,106, 11/19/41, File 1,107, 9/8/42, 11/24/42. Sociedad Cultural Israelita, “B’ne Jisroel,” Santiago, see: File 1,109.a.
Series 3: Chile : Subject Matter
File 1109: Chile: Subject Matter, Cultural and Religious
a. Sociedad Cultural Israelita, “B’ne Jisroel,” Santiago, 1939 – 1944: In 1940, the JDC Cult. Committee aided the B’ne Jisroel in opening a place of worship and in establishing Jewish classes. JDC allocations continued on a steadily diminishing scale until the end of 1944, and reached some $2,200 all told. In the war years, the B’ne Jisroel also collected modest sums for refugee relief in Europe, and the funds were forwarded overseas via the JDC. The B’ne Jisroel issued a monthly Information Bulletin in German and Spanish, and the files contain representative copies issued between 1942 – 1944. Correspondence: M.W. Beckelman, H.D. Biele, H.K. Buchman, F. Friedman, J.B. Lightman, L.H. Sobel. b. Comunidad Israelita Habonim, Valparaiso, 1940 – 1943: In 1939, German refugees established the Jewish Community Habonim in Valparaiso, Chile’s second city, and opened classes for religious instruction. The JDC aided the Habonim with a number of small grants and with the dispatch of religious articles.
File 1110: Chile: Subject Matter, Reconstruction, Loan Funds
Between 1939 – 1942, the JDC granted $20,000 for use as a small loan fund to refugee newcomers, see: 11/3/39, 3/27/40, 5/8/42. In 1941, the JDC Found, earmarked $10,000 as a matching grant to aid in creating a credit coop. to provide agricultural loans to refugee farmers in Chile. In the end, the project came to nothing, and the funds were diverted to other refugee undertakings, see: 5/15/39, 12/4/39, 8/29/40, Sept. 1940, 11/14/40, 4/30/41, 1/29/42, 7/15/42.
Record Group 4.11: China
Series 1: China: Administration
Correspondence, reports, memos, addenda.
File 456: China: Administration, General, 1934; 1937-1938
The JDC allocated $2,500 for refugee aid in Shanghai, 3/8/38 Hyman memo and 3/14/38 Hyman to Hollzer; for the background of the allocations, see: 9/9/37 summary of appeal for JDC aid, 9/10/37 Hyman to Kahn, 11/5/37 attachment to 11/24/37, 11/26/37(2) Hyman to Hollzer and Hyman to Bisgyer, 2/8/38, 2/16/38 Summary of Recent Correspondence, 2/18/38, 2/21/38 Hyman to Hollzer. The JDC allocated $2,500 to the CAEJF for refugee relief, the first JDC allocation for the purpose in Shanghai, 3/5/38-3/14/38 and 6/7/38 and a second $2,500 allocation followed, 12/8/38, Statement of JDC subsidies to Shanghai 1924-1938 (March), 3/31/38. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, A. Frieder, H.A. Hollzer, J. Hollzer, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, Neville Laski, C.E. Pickett, W.J. Schroder, E.J. Swift, M.C. Troper.
File 457: China: Administration, General, 1939 Jan.-June
The JDC allocated $25,000 for refugee aid in Shanghai, and the Council for German Jewry of Great Britain (Council) made a matching grant, 1/13/39-1/17/39. The Hilfsverein der Juden in Deutschland declared itself powerless to stem the tide of German-Jewish refugees moving to Shanghai, 2/10/39 attachment to 2/22/39. The Council sent $5,000 for May to match the JDC grant, and agreed to send $10,000 per month for a span of months, 4/26/39 Hayim to Council. The list of contributors to refugee relief in Shanghai Aug. 1938, 4/6/39 attachment to 5/12/39. The JDC allocations for 1939 reached $60,000, 6/27/39. Reports and memos on the status of refugees in Shanghai: U.S. Consul General in Shanghai, attachment to 2/23/39; CAEJF, 2/10/39, 3/24/39; Leon Friedman, 2/14/39 attachment to 2/25/39; Unidentified, 3/2/39 attachment to 3/29/39; J.C. Hyman, 3/14/39; H. Katzki, 6/6/39 attachment to 6/7/39; M. Speelman, 6/13/39 attachment to memo by A. Cantor 6/21/39; Council for German Jewry, 6/30/39. For additional materials, see: EUREXCO, Reports, File 190. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, H.A. Hollzer, E. Hayim, J.C. Hyman, H. Katzki, V. Sassoon, M. Speelman, M.C. Troper, G.L. Warren.
File 458: China: Administration, General, 1939 July-Dec.
The JDC rejected as visionary the Berglas Plan for settling 100,000 refugees in Hunnan Province, 6/15/39-8/5/39, 8/23/39, 8/31/39, 9/11/31, 11/15/39. Also see: File 459, 1/26/40. The Shanghai Municipal Council restricted refugee immigration except for persons already en route on the high seas, 8/14/39, 8/15/39, 8/18/39(2) cable and letter Troper to JDC. Reports and memos on the status of refugees in Shanghai: CAEJF, 7/1/39, 10/17/39, 11/11/39, 11/16/39 attachment to 11/21/39; J.C. Hyman, 7/13/39 Hyman to Hollzer, 10/2/39(2); J.J. Schwartz, 8/24/39, 10/31/39; L. Kadoorie, 8/2/39 attachment to 9/1/39; H. Katzki, 9/11/39. Correspondence: E. Hayim, J.C. Hyman, L. Kadoorie, B. Kahn, H. Katzki, R. Pilpel, V. Sassoon, J.J. Schwartz, M. Speelman, M.C. Troper.
File 459: China: Administration, General, 1940 Jan.-June
The CAESF was reorganized following the withdrawal of Sir Victor Sassoon, 1/12/40 Speelman to Troper, 1/15/40, 1/19/40, 1/25/40, 2/3/40(2) Troper to Speelman and Troper to the JDC. Restrictions on the admission of refugees to Shanghai were modified in some degree, 1/8/40 attachment to 2/1/40, 4/25/40, 5/1/40, 5/6/40 Speelman to Troper and attachment, 6/17/40. Refugees began arriving again in numbers, 1/18/40, 3/11/40, 4/15/40, 4/26/40, 5/6/40, 5/18/40, 6/4/40, 6/14/40, 6/20/40. JDC allocations increased to $18,000 per month, 3/6/40, but were later reduced to $14,000 per month owing to world-wide financial pressures, 5/2/40 CAEJF Minutes. Minutes of the CAEJF meetings: 2/6/40 and summary, 5/1/40. Reports and memos on the status of refugees in Shanghai: Central Council for Jewish Refugees, 1/29/40; J.C. Hyman, 3/6/40 attached to 3/8/40, Hyman to Nathan; CAEJF, 4/25/40, 5/9/40, and Annual Report of the CAEJF Medical Board 1939/40. Correspondence: J.C. Hyman, S. Ishiguro, B. Kahn, E. Kann, R. Pilpel, J.J. Schwartz, M. Speelman, M.C. Troper.
File 460: China: Administration, General, 1940 July-Dec.
The CAEJF refused to forward to the JDC a Japanese request for expressions of cooperation, 9/9/40(2), but two other local Jewish organizations did so, 10/10/40, 10/21/40. The JDC agreed to increase its allocation to $16,000 per month in an attempt to reduce cuts in food rations, an aftermath to a galloping inflation, 10/24/40, 11/6/40, 11/13/40, 11/28/40. Reports and memos on the status of refugees in Shanghai: JDC memo, 8/26/40; CAEJF, 9/27/40, Summary of semi-annual report Jan.-June 1940, 11/5/40, and Annual Report 1940. Correspondence: M. Berman, J.C. Hyman, Capt. K. Inuzuka, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel, M. Speelman.
File 461: China: Administration, General, 1941 (Jan.-July)
The JDC increased its monthly allocation to $18,000, 4/1/41, and to $22,000, 5/2/41, in light of the ever growing immigration and of the Shanghai inflation. The JDC provided some 8,000 refugees per month with full support and 5,000 others with supplementary aid, 5/21/41, 7/2/41. Reports on the status of refugees in Shanghai – LL. Margolis: #4 (5/28/41), #5 (6/4/41), #7 (6/9/41), #8 (6/11/41), #10 (6/18/41), #11 (7/2/41), #12 (7/3/41), #13 (7/7/41), #16 (7/17/41), #17 (7/26/41), #18 (7/29/41), #23 (7/29/41). Other reports: 2/7/41, 2/13/41, 4/12/41 attachment to 5/1/41, 5/2/41 Leavitt to Baerwald, 5/21/41, 6/17/41. Correspondence: M. Beckelman, J.C. Hyman, M.A. Leavitt, L.L. Margolis, M. Speelman, E.J. Swift, M.C. Troper.
File 462: China: Administration, General, 1941 (Aug.-Dec.)
The JDC authorized Laura Margolis to reorganize the Shanghai aid program, 8/8/41 Minutes of Meeting, 8/8/41 cable JDC to Margolis, 8/11/41 attachment to 8/23/41, 9/10/41, 10/4/41. About 1,000 Polish refugees from Vilna were transferred to Shanghai from Japan, 9/11/41 JDC Exec. Committee The JDC increased to $26,000 its October 1941 allocation to Shanghai, 10/4/41, 10/13/41, 10/22/41. After Pearl Harbor, the JDC authorized its representative to make emergency loans locally to cover a six months budget for refugee relief at the rate of $30,000 per month, 12/13/41, 12/15/41, 12/20/41, and File 463, 5/14/42. Margolis requested the JDC to find means for transmitting funds to Shanghai via neutral countries, 12/20/41, 12/29/41. Reports on the status of refugees in Shanghai: CAEJF, 6/17/41, 10/4/41; L.L. Margolis, Numbered letters #19 (8/2/41), #20 (8/11/41), #21 (9/10/41), #22 9/14/41, #24 (10/17/41), #27 (10/26/41), #28 (10/27/41), #29 (11/5/41), #30 (11/9/41), #31 (11/11/41), #32 (11/12/41), #33 (11/14/41). For lists of refugees coming from Japan in April-May 1941, see: File 726. Correspondence: M. Beckelman, H.K. Buchman, J.C. Hyman, L.L. Margolis, R. Pilpel, M. Speelman, A. Tartakower.
File 463: China: Administration, General, 1942 - 1944
Margolis succeeded in borrowing locally the $180,000 that the JDC had authorized, 7/6/42, 9/18/42 attachments, 10/28/42, 12/22/42. Margolis pressed for a second guarantee to cover the next six months, 4/15/42, 5/14/42, and 6/27/42, but the U.S. Gov’t refused permission to complete the arrangement as a violation of the Trading With the Enemy Act, 7/20/42, 8/24/42, 12/22/42, 9/7/43. The JDC repaid $138,500 of the local $180,000 loan, under a U.S. Treasury license, 10/3/43. Report of Activities in Shanghai 12/8/41-Sept. 1943, by L.L. Margolis, 1943 undated. Margolis borrowed locally Sfr 405,000 in Feb. 1943, to meet urgent relief needs, at a time when communications with the JDC were cut, 1/12/44. The JDC authorized the Shanghai Jewish Committee to borrow locally $25,000 per month (Sfr 110,000) for 12 months, 12/24/43. Articles on Shanghai by L.L. Margolis, Survey Graphic, March 1944, and Judisk Tidskrift, Dec. 1944. For additional materials, see: SM Archives, File 59 Correspondence: P. Baerwald, M. Beckelman, J. Bitker, C. Brahn, H.K. Buchman, J.C. Hyman, M.A. Leavitt, L.L. Margolis, E.M. Morrissey, M. Peter, M. Siegel, A.M. Warren.
File 464: China: Administration, General, 1945
The Chinese Gov’t issued a restrictive proclamation covering German and Austrian residents of China, including Nazi refugees, 12/19/45 Siegel to Leavitt. Siegel urged that the UNRRA (or its Chinese affiliate CNRRA) be pressed to shoulder responsibility for the basic relief program for Shanghai refugees, so that JDC funds could be used for rehabilitation and resettlement, 10/22/45, 11/10/45, 11/15/45, 11/20/45, 12/4/45. The JDC forwarded $100,000 per month for Shanghai relief throughout 1945, 12/13/45. Reports on events and developments in Shanghai: 8/26/45, 9/25/45, 10/22/45, 11/4/45. For additional materials, see: SM Archives, File 59. Correspondence: H.K. Buchman, A.I Fine, M.A. Leavitt, J.M. Machover, R. Pilpel, S. Mayer, M. Siegel, L.H. Sobel.
File 465: China: Administration, General, 1946 Jan.-June
The Chinese Gov’t eased restrictive regulations governing Nazi refugees from Germany and Austria, 1/21/46 Jordan to Leavitt, 1/27/46, 1/28/46, 3/4/46 attachment to 3/25/46, 3/16/46, 4/4/46. The UNRRA agreed to deal with foreign DPs in China and to provide a running supply of food rations, 2/1/46(3), 2/11/46; also 1/3/46, 1/29/46, 1/31/46. The JDC increased its monthly allocation for refugee aid from $100,000 to $130,000 in response to the runaway inflation, 6/12/46. For allocations in 1946, see: File 467, 2/8/47. Statistical analysis of Shanghai refugees, 3/31/46. Reports and memos on events and developments: J. Bitker, 1/9/46; M. Siegel, 1/24/46(2), 1/31/46, 2/1/46; C. Jordan, 1/21/46, 2/16/46, 4/12/46, 4/23/46, 5/4/46, 5/28/46; G.V. Tijn, 2/4/46-3/4/46; A.I. Fine, 3/15/46. List of rabbinical groups and their families in Shanghai numbering 506 persons, 4/23/46. For additional materials, see: SM Archives, Files 59-63. Correspondence: M.W. Beckelman, M. Biehle, A.I. Fine, C.H. Jordan, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel, M. Siegel, G.V. Tijn.
File 466: China: Administration, General, 1946 July-Dec.
Statistical Analysis of 13,475 Refugees in Shanghai 1/1/46-3/31/46, 8/1/46; Statistical Summary, 12/8/46. Status of Jewish refugees in Mukden and Harbin, 12/12/46 Reports and memos on the status of refugees in Shanghai: C. Jordan, 7/12/46, 7/27/46, 8/1/46, 8/6/46, 11/18/46, 12/30/46; R. Pilpel, 10/11/46 memo on Shanghai. Correspondence: M.W. Beckelman, T.P. Cope, J.C. Hyman, C. Jordan, H. Kadoorie, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel, J. Saper, Wu Kuo-Tsung.
File 467: China: Administration, General, 1947
Reports and memos on events and developments: C. Jordan: 1/31/47, 2/5/47, 2/25/47, 3/11/47, 3/12/47, 6/3/47, 7/17/47, 8/13/47, 8/15/47, 11/2/47, 11/13/47; A. Grodsky: 2/17/47, 4/9/47 attachment to 4/9/47. Correspondence: H.K. Buchman, A. Grodsky, C.H. Jordan, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel, L.H. Sobel.
File 468: China: Administration, General, 1948
The JDC reduced its allocations to $100,000 per month, following cuts in JDC beneficiaries to 6,300 persons, 3/1/48, and then to $75,000 per month, 7/8/48. Reports and memos on events and developments: C. Jordan, 2/17/48, 2/24/48, 3/1/48 Notes on N.Y. Staff Meeting, 4/10/48; A.C. Glassgold, 7/12/48 April-June 1948. Proposals for the mass evacuation of refugees from Shanghai, in the event it fell to the Communists: 11/9/48 Glassgold to JDC N.Y. (Note: Shanghai fell 5/25/49), 11/12/48 Notes of Tel. Conversation, 11/15/48 Notes of Staff Meeting, 11/16/48(2), 11/17/48(3), 11/20/48 Notes of Tel. Conversation, 11/22/48 Notes of Staff Meeting, 11/29/48 Notes of Tel. Conversation, 11/30/48, 12/6/48(2) Cable and Notes of Staff Meeting, 12/10/48(2), 12/14/48(2), 12/20/48 JTA News, 12/21/48 Minutes. Report of Activities in Shanghai, by A.C. Glassgold, 12/10/48. Correspondence: E. Celler, E. Egle, J.H. Fisher, A.C. Glassgold, C.H. Jordan, E. Landau, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel, R.B. Resnick, J.P. Rice.
File 469: China: Administration, General, 1949
Glassgold proposed that the JDC Shanghai should close its doors, since the refugee population had dwindled, and that the IRO Shanghai should take over the rest of the migration program, 8/10/49, 8/17/49 cable. The JDC approved, 8/25/49; the IRO declined at first, 9/15/49, but later accepted 12/1/49(2). The U.S. State Dept. announced the closing of its Shanghai consulate, 10/14/49. Reports on events and developments: C. Glassgold: 1/12/49, 2/21/49, 2/25/49, 6/9/49, 9/23/49, 10/7/49, 11/7/49. Statistical tables of refugees still remaining in Shanghai, 8/29/49, 9/5/49(2) Pilpel to Kadoorie and Rice to Leavitt. Correspondence: A.C. Glassgold, C.H. Jordan, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel, J. Rice.
File 470: China: Administration, General, 1950
The JDC agreed to close its Shanghai office and to transfer its residual responsibilities to the Council of the Jewish Community, Shanghai, 2/17/50 Glassgold to JDC N.Y., 3/8/50 Pilpel to Glassgold, 3/30/50, 4/4/50, 4/13/50, 4/17/50, 4/25/50 Minutes, 5/12/50, 5/23/50, 6/8/50, 7/2/50, 8/25/50, 8/29/50; also see below: File 471, 5/2/51 attachment to 5/3/51, and File 472, 6/4/51, and 7/6/51. Analysis of the Jewish population of China Oct/Nov 1950, 10/23/50 Glassgold to Pilpel, 11/29/50. Reports on events and developments: A.C. Glassgold, 1/18/50, 2/6/50, 2/17/50, 7/5/50, 8/25/50, 9/14/50, 11/29/50. Correspondence: C.F. Andrew, M.W. Beckelman, A.C. Glassgold, C.H. Jordan, H. Kadoorie, R. Pilpel, J.P. Rice.
File 471: China: Administration, General, 1951 Jan.-May
The U.S. Treasury Dept. issued an order freezing all Chinese assets in the U.S. and forbidding the transfer of U.S. funds to China, except by special license, 1/15/51. Responsibility for the aliyah emigration from Shanghai was transferred by the JDC to the Palestine Office Far East of the Jewish Agency (Palampt); the supervision of activities was entrusted to W.J. Citron and a $30,000 ceiling was fixed on total expenditures in China chargeable to the JDC, 1/25/51 Grubel to Kadoorie, 2/13/51, 2/15/51. The JDC set up a reserve of $50,000 to enable 250 long-time residents of China, who were otherwise ineligible for aid, to emigrate, 4/3/51 Admin. Committee Minutes, 4/4/51, 4/25/51, 5/2/51 attachment to 5/3/51, 5/18/51 Glassgold to Goldberg. Glassgold received a Chinese exit permit following a 15 month delay, 5/3/51. From Hong Kong, Glassgold informed the JDC of the G.B. Shaw Memorial Fund (gold bars), which he could not communicate from Shanghai, 5/18/51 Glassgold to Pilpel; also see: File 472, 6/1/51(2), 11/26/51, File 474, 1/17/57 and attachment 7/3/56, File 475, 12/29/61 attachment to 1/2/62, 7/30/62, JDC Personnel, C. Glassgold, File 124. Correspondence: W.J. Citrin, A.C. Glassgold, H. Kadoorie, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel.
File 472: China: Administration, General, 1951 June-Dec.
Final report by Glassgold on the status of refugees in China, 7/8/51. Correspondence: E. Abraham, W.J. Citrin, A.C. Glassgold, C.H. Jordan, L. Kadoorie, A.S. Petluck, R. Pilpel, J.P. Rice, A. Stoessler.
File 473: China: Administration, General, 1952
The JDC N.Y. transferred responsibility for China operations to Paris Office, 6/23/51, 7/3/52, 7/15/52, 7/22/52(2). On events and happenings in China: 1/4/52 Jordan to Kadoorie, 1/5/52, 2/7/52, 2/14/52, 2/19/52, 2/20/52 Zerkowitz to JDC, 2/29/52, 3/10/52, 3/26/52 Citrin to Pilpel, 4/17/52, 4/17/52 attachment to 4/28/52, 5/22/52 attachment to 5/24/52, 6/5/52, 6/23/52, 7/2/52 Citrin to Jordan, 7/24/52 Rice to Jordan, 8/4/52 Rice to Jordan, 9/12/52, 9/18/52, 11/4/52. Also see: File 26, Council Reports, 1952/53. Correspondence: R.D. Abraham, N.W. Beckelman, C.J. Citrin, C.H. Jordan, H. Kadoorie, L. Kadoorie, R. Pillpel, E. Potok, J.P. Rice, D.L. Speiser, W. Tag.
File 474: China: Administration, General, 1953 - 1957
Some 250 refugees left China in 1952 with JDC aid, 5/27/53. On events and happenings in China: 8/24/53 Leavitt to Seligson, 12/22/53, 8/17/54, 1/20/55, 3/1/55, 8/10/55, 10/19/55, 11/2/55, 12/9/55, 1/17/56, 6/30/56, 7/3/56 attachment to 7/17/56, 10/2/56, 10/30/56, 1/28/57 and attachments, 9/25/57, 12/10/57. Also see: File 484, Council Reports 1952/53-1957/58. Correspondence: R.D. Abraham, A.H. Fuks, C.H. Jordan, M.A. Leavitt, I.I. Schwartzbart, P.I. Yudalevich.
File 475: China: Administration, General, 1958-1964; 1979-1983
On events and happenings in China, 10/15/58. Table of refugees in China aided by the JDC 1956-1958, 1/9/59. H. Kadoorie ended his nine-year service as the JDC representative in Hong Kong, 1/27/59-3/5/59, 3/14/59. The roll of Jewish residents in Shanghai and Tientsin, Jan. 1960. In March 1961, the Chinese authorities ordered the Council to discontinue its welfare activities and to transfer its beneficiaries to the China Relief Society, 11/21/61, 12/6/61, 12/29/61. The JDC called upon the Council to cut its expenditures in light of the shrinkage in the scope of its activities, 7/30/62, 8/23/62, 11/5/62, 11/16/62, 12/27/62. Also see: File 484, Council Reports 1957/58-1959/60. Correspondence: J. Breen, D. Lack, H. Elfenbein, C.H. Jordan, H. Kadoorie, M.A. Leavitt, G. Raymond, J.P. Rice, V.J. Zirinsky.
File 478: China: Administration, CAEJF, Financial and Statistical Reports, 1939-1940
Monthly, 1939: May 1940: May-Dec. Semi-Annual, 1/1/40-6/30/40 (attached to letter 8/7/40)
File 479: China: Administration, CAEJF, Financial and Statistical Reports, 1941
Monthly: Jan.-Oct.
File 480: China: Administration, JDC Financial Reports, Statements, and Transfers of Funds
1. Financial and Statistical Reports, JDC Shanghai, 1946 – 1947: Monthly, 1946:, April-July, Nov.; Monthly, 1947:, Feb., March. 2. Financial Statements, JDC Shanghai, 1947 – 1949: Monthly, 1947:, March, April, June, Dec.; Monthly, 1948:, Jan.-Aug., Dec.; Monthly, 1949:, Jan., March, June; Semi-Annual: 1947:, 7/1/47-12/31/47, 5/5/48; Semi-Annual: 1948:, 7/1/48-12/31/48, 3/22/49; Semi-Annual: 1949:, 1/1/49-6/30/49, 12/2/49. 3. Financial Statements and Accounting Letters, Various, 1950-1955.
File 481: China: Administration, Transfer of Funds, 1945-1951
From 1937 onward, the Chinese currency grew ever more unstable as the inflation accelerated. In the post-war years, matters worsened as the spread widened between official and unofficial exchange rates. To avoid crushing losses in official rates, the JDC sought legally to obtain local currency from holders of large accounts which could not be transferred abroad. The file also contains materials on settlements of Shanghai claims for funds advanced during the war years to the CAEJF and to the Shanghai Jewish Committee. Correspondence: A.C. Glassgold, C. Jordan, H. Kadoorie, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel, M. Siegel.
File 482: China: Administration, Publicity, 1940-1941; 1946-1950; 1966
Correspondence and publications pertaining to JDC Shanghai and to Jewish refugees there. Correspondence: A.C. Glassgold, C.H. Jordan, R. Pilpel, M. Siegel, E.E. Simke, M. Speelman.
File 483: China: Administration, Publicity, JDC Shanghai Publicity Report, 1946
File 484: China: Administration, Reports, 1952 - 1960
Council of the Jewish Communities of Shanghai. Annual Reports: 1952/53-1959/60 and several duplicates.
Series 2: China: Subject Matter
File 476: China: Subject Matter, Christian Refugees
Of the more than 25,000 Shanghai refugees aided by the JDC at the end of 1945, over 1,000 were Christians, mostly converted Jews or Christians married to Jews. Christians and Jews were aided on an equal basis and JDC financial aid to Christians took the following pattern per month, on the average (Year/Persons): 1946/800; 1947/550; 1948/350; 1949/70; 1950/50. For the Christian refugees, the JDC sought the support of U.S. Christian organizations – the Church World Service for Protestants and the National Catholic Welfare Conference for Catholics. The JDC continued to grant Christian refugees supplementary aid of various kinds, even after it began to receive reimbursement for its cash grants from the above mentioned organizations. Correspondence: W.J. Citrin, A.C. Glassgold, C.H. Jordan, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel, J.P. Rice, A.L. Warnshuis.
File 477: China: Subject Matter, Hard Core Refugees
Individual Records, 1950, 1955
File 485: China: Subject Matter, Care of the Aged
In 1946, the JDC leased a home for the aged in Shanghai accommodating some 125 persons. The price was $110,000, and the agreement called for the refund of the principal sum in 1948, upon the evacuation of the building by the JDC. The JDC took over the building when the owner proved unable to meet the payments, upon the understanding he would repay $25,000 by March 1951. By then, the Communists were in possession of Shanghai and the owner defaulted again. In 1953, the property was taken over by the Shanghai City Gov’t together with other foreign owned properties. Correspondence: E. Abraham, A.C. Glassgold, C.H. Jordan, R. Pilpel.
File 486: China: Subject Matter, Community and Youth Center
Correspondence: A.C. Glassgold, A. Grodsky, E. Philips, L.H. Sobel.
File 487: China: Subject Matter, Cultural and Religious
Passover Supplies: see File 503.1. Rabbinical Groups: Following the Nazi invasion of Poland, teachers and students at a number of Polish Yeshivot (about 1,000 persons in all) fled to Lithuania where they received JDC support. Months later, the Lithuanian authorities decreed that refugees must file their intention to accept Soviet citizenship or be declared stateless. The rabbinical groups along with thousands of other refugees rushed to secure exit visas and the JDC expended some $175,000 on transportation costs via Siberia and Japan. The rabbinical groups arrived in Japan in the summer of 1941 and most were shipped to Shanghai by the authorities in the wake of Pearl Harbor. The JDC covered the costs of their support during their entire sojourn in the Far East. They were in the vanguard of the refugees who emigrated from Shanghai in 1946 with JDC aid. For additional materials on the rabbinical groups, see: File 406 and the citations listed there. 1944 – 1947: The Vaad Hahatzala pressed the JDC to support evacuation to neutral countries of rabbis and yeshiva students in Shanghai, 10/21/44-2/27/45. The JDC defrayed the overwhelming share of the transportation costs to the U.S., Canada and South American lands of members of rabbinical groups in Shanghai, 6/21/46, 7/8/46-8/12/46, 9/4/46, 9/12/46, 10/24/46, 11/8/46, 1/30/47. Lists of rabbinical groups in Shanghai: 506 yeshiva students, rabbis and their families; students of the College Tomche-Tmimim, 1/22/46 attachment to 4/15/46; rabbinical students traveling to the U.S. to attend yeshivot, 3/12/47 attachment to 3/25/47. Also see: SM Archives, File 63. Correspondence: H.K. Buchman, S. Gourary, I. Herzog, C.H. Jordan, A. Kalmanowitz, M.A. Leavitt, L. Margolis, R. Pilpel, J.J. Schwartz. Cemeteries, 1949 – 1960: In the late 1950’s the Chinese authorities served notice on Jewish leaders in Shanghai, Harbin, and Tientsin, of their intention to take over ground occupied by Jewish cemeteries in those cities, and to provide new grounds for the graves. In Shanghai, the Chinese authorities paid the costs of the removal and the re-erection of the monuments; in Harbin relatives in the U.S. were called upon to pay, while in Tientsin the Council of the Jewish Community of Shanghai advanced the necessary funds. Schools, 1947 – 1952: In the post-war years, refugee children attended three Jewish schools which the JDC supported. By 1949, following the great refugee emigrations, only the Shanghai Jewish School remained open. By the end of 1950, a mere ten children between the age of 10-15 remained in the city. Yiddish Writers, 1946: Early in 1946, several Jewish writers from Poland opened a Yiddish newspaper in Shanghai, “Unzer Welt”, with the aid of contributions for upkeep by N.Y. colleagues and of JDC support. The newspaper folded near the close of the year when the writer-entrepreneurs emigrated.
File 488: China: Subject Matter, Emigration, 1941 (May-Dec.)
In March 1941, the U.S. Gov’t indicated a readiness to include Shanghai refugees in its immigration quotas. To expedite matters, the JDC transferred Laura Margolis, its representative in Cuba to Shanghai. She arrived in April 1941, but the Consulate issued visas at a snail’s pace owing to staff shortages. Quota restrictions and the scarcity of ships in the Far East compounded the difficulties. By Pearl Harbor, some 300 Shanghai refugees had migrated to Palestine, Australia, Canada and Burma with JDC aid. The war cut off all further emigration and it resumed again only in 1946. Between 1946-1953, the JDC aided in the emigration to overseas lands of some 16,000 DP’s from China, and they came from Shanghai predominantly. Some 6,700 DP’s were admitted to the U.S., and included several hundred persons who were in transit to third countries. The remaining DP’s went to Israel, Europe, Australia, Latin America, and Canada. 1946/1,400; 1947/6,700; 1948/3,300; 1949/3,000; 1950/750; 1951/640; 1952/235; Total/16,025. Shipping shortages in the Far East restricted emigration in 1946, but among the first to go were members of the rabbinical groups. In the following year, emigration soared to its post-war peak when the restriction eased, and emigration to the U.S. increased notably. In mid-1947, the U.S. State Dept. agreed to extend to German and Austrian DP’s in Shanghai the use of the corporate affidavit which theretofore had been restricted to Europe. That step permitted the immigration of DP’s who were otherwise eligible but who lacked relatives or friends in the U.S. who could submit acceptable individual affidavits on their behalf. The arrangement remained in effect until the U.S. closed its Consulate in Shanghai in February 1950, in the aftermath of the Communist takeover. The closing brought emigration to the U.S. from Shanghai to a virtual end. The International Refugee Organization (IRO) reimbursed the JDC, in whole or in part, for transportation costs incurred by it on behalf of many refugees. The IRO was created by the UN in 1946, to aid in the repatriation and resettlement of refugees and DPs left in the wake of W.W. II. In time, the IRO replaced existing refugee organizations such as UNRRA and the Intergovernmental Committee for Refugees (IGCR). It was dissolved in Feb. 1952. IRO reimbursements to the JDC covered only a part of the overall emigration expenditures which that agency had incurred. For emigration to Australia, see: Australia, Files 438a-438b. For emigration to Canada, see: Canada, File 455. Letters by L.L. Margolis touching on emigration problems, #4 (5/28/41), #10 (6/18/41), #18 (7/29/41), #20 (8/11/41), #27 (10/26/41), #29 (11/5/41), #31 (11/11/41). Correspondence: M. Berman, H.K. Buchman, L.L. Margolis.
File 489: China: Subject Matter, Emigration, 1946
In March 1941, the U.S. Gov’t indicated a readiness to include Shanghai refugees in its immigration quotas. To expedite matters, the JDC transferred Laura Margolis, its representative in Cuba to Shanghai. She arrived in April 1941, but the Consulate issued visas at a snail’s pace owing to staff shortages. Quota restrictions and the scarcity of ships in the Far East compounded the difficulties. By Pearl Harbor, some 300 Shanghai refugees had migrated to Palestine, Australia, Canada and Burma with JDC aid. The war cut off all further emigration and it resumed again only in 1946. Between 1946-1953, the JDC aided in the emigration to overseas lands of some 16,000 DP’s from China, and they came from Shanghai predominantly. Some 6,700 DP’s were admitted to the U.S., and included several hundred persons who were in transit to third countries. The remaining DP’s went to Israel, Europe, Australia, Latin America, and Canada. 1946/1,400; 1947/6,700; 1948/3,300; 1949/3,000; 1950/750; 1951/640; 1952/235; Total/16,025. Shipping shortages in the Far East restricted emigration in 1946, but among the first to go were members of the rabbinical groups. In the following year, emigration soared to its post-war peak when the restriction eased, and emigration to the U.S. increased notably. In mid-1947, the U.S. State Dept. agreed to extend to German and Austrian DP’s in Shanghai the use of the corporate affidavit which theretofore had been restricted to Europe. That step permitted the immigration of DP’s who were otherwise eligible but who lacked relatives or friends in the U.S. who could submit acceptable individual affidavits on their behalf. The arrangement remained in effect until the U.S. closed its Consulate in Shanghai in February 1950, in the aftermath of the Communist takeover. The closing brought emigration to the U.S. from Shanghai to a virtual end. The International Refugee Organization (IRO) reimbursed the JDC, in whole or in part, for transportation costs incurred by it on behalf of many refugees. The IRO was created by the UN in 1946, to aid in the repatriation and resettlement of refugees and DPs left in the wake of W.W. II. In time, the IRO replaced existing refugee organizations such as UNRRA and the Intergovernmental Committee for Refugees (IGCR). It was dissolved in Feb. 1952. IRO reimbursements to the JDC covered only a part of the overall emigration expenditures which that agency had incurred. For emigration to Australia, see: Australia, Files 438a-438b. For emigration to Canada, see: Canada, File 455. On the status of emigration from Shanghai, by C. Jordan: 3/16/46, 4/23/46, 7/10/46, 7/27/46, 8/1/46, 9/12/46, 10/29/46, 11/8/46, 11/14/46. Also see: Australia, Files 438a-438b. Correspondence: M.W. Beckelman, W.L. Brand, C.H. Jordan, M.A. Leavitt, R.F. Moses, R. Pilpel, D. Stern, O.E. Stone.
File 490: China: Subject Matter, Emigration, 1947
In March 1941, the U.S. Gov’t indicated a readiness to include Shanghai refugees in its immigration quotas. To expedite matters, the JDC transferred Laura Margolis, its representative in Cuba to Shanghai. She arrived in April 1941, but the Consulate issued visas at a snail’s pace owing to staff shortages. Quota restrictions and the scarcity of ships in the Far East compounded the difficulties. By Pearl Harbor, some 300 Shanghai refugees had migrated to Palestine, Australia, Canada and Burma with JDC aid. The war cut off all further emigration and it resumed again only in 1946. Between 1946-1953, the JDC aided in the emigration to overseas lands of some 16,000 DP’s from China, and they came from Shanghai predominantly. Some 6,700 DP’s were admitted to the U.S., and included several hundred persons who were in transit to third countries. The remaining DP’s went to Israel, Europe, Australia, Latin America, and Canada. 1946/1,400; 1947/6,700; 1948/3,300; 1949/3,000; 1950/750; 1951/640; 1952/235; Total/16,025. Shipping shortages in the Far East restricted emigration in 1946, but among the first to go were members of the rabbinical groups. In the following year, emigration soared to its post-war peak when the restriction eased, and emigration to the U.S. increased notably. In mid-1947, the U.S. State Dept. agreed to extend to German and Austrian DP’s in Shanghai the use of the corporate affidavit which theretofore had been restricted to Europe. That step permitted the immigration of DP’s who were otherwise eligible but who lacked relatives or friends in the U.S. who could submit acceptable individual affidavits on their behalf. The arrangement remained in effect until the U.S. closed its Consulate in Shanghai in February 1950, in the aftermath of the Communist takeover. The closing brought emigration to the U.S. from Shanghai to a virtual end. The International Refugee Organization (IRO) reimbursed the JDC, in whole or in part, for transportation costs incurred by it on behalf of many refugees. The IRO was created by the UN in 1946, to aid in the repatriation and resettlement of refugees and DPs left in the wake of W.W. II. In time, the IRO replaced existing refugee organizations such as UNRRA and the Intergovernmental Committee for Refugees (IGCR). It was dissolved in Feb. 1952. IRO reimbursements to the JDC covered only a part of the overall emigration expenditures which that agency had incurred. For emigration to Australia, see: Australia, Files 438a-438b. For emigration to Canada, see: Canada, File 455. The U.S. State Dept. approved the extension of the corporate affidavit principle to German refugees in Shanghai, 3/6/47, 3/13/47, 4/29/47, 4/28/47 attachment to 5/1/47 Resnick to Warburg, 4/30/47, 5/12/47, 5/26/47, 5/27/47, 7/12/47, 8/11/47. Relations between the JDC Shanghai and the HIAS Shanghai, 2/28/47, 3/10/47, 3/25/47, 5/27/47, 8/13/47, 8/14/47, 8/26/47 Petluck to Jordan, 11/13/47, 12/31/47. On the status of emigration from Shanghai: 1/21/47(2), 1/31/47, 7/17/47, 7/28/47, 8/13/47, 10/6/47 attachment to 10/7/47. JDC expenditures for the transportation of Shanghai emigrants to the U.S., 6/15/46-8/31/47, 9/23/47. Reports: Departure of Refugees from Shanghai 3/1/46-10/31/47 attachment to 11/3/47. Status of Refugees in Shanghai, by Quotas, as of Oct. 14, 1947, undated. Also see: Australia, File 438a. Correspondence: M.W. Beckelman, H.K. Buchman, H.M. Emerson, E.H. Jordan, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel, E. Rosenberg.
File 491: China: Subject Matter, Emigration, 1948
In March 1941, the U.S. Gov’t indicated a readiness to include Shanghai refugees in its immigration quotas. To expedite matters, the JDC transferred Laura Margolis, its representative in Cuba to Shanghai. She arrived in April 1941, but the Consulate issued visas at a snail’s pace owing to staff shortages. Quota restrictions and the scarcity of ships in the Far East compounded the difficulties. By Pearl Harbor, some 300 Shanghai refugees had migrated to Palestine, Australia, Canada and Burma with JDC aid. The war cut off all further emigration and it resumed again only in 1946. Between 1946-1953, the JDC aided in the emigration to overseas lands of some 16,000 DP’s from China, and they came from Shanghai predominantly. Some 6,700 DP’s were admitted to the U.S., and included several hundred persons who were in transit to third countries. The remaining DP’s went to Israel, Europe, Australia, Latin America, and Canada. 1946/1,400; 1947/6,700; 1948/3,300; 1949/3,000; 1950/750; 1951/640; 1952/235; Total/16,025. Shipping shortages in the Far East restricted emigration in 1946, but among the first to go were members of the rabbinical groups. In the following year, emigration soared to its post-war peak when the restriction eased, and emigration to the U.S. increased notably. In mid-1947, the U.S. State Dept. agreed to extend to German and Austrian DP’s in Shanghai the use of the corporate affidavit which theretofore had been restricted to Europe. That step permitted the immigration of DP’s who were otherwise eligible but who lacked relatives or friends in the U.S. who could submit acceptable individual affidavits on their behalf. The arrangement remained in effect until the U.S. closed its Consulate in Shanghai in February 1950, in the aftermath of the Communist takeover. The closing brought emigration to the U.S. from Shanghai to a virtual end. The International Refugee Organization (IRO) reimbursed the JDC, in whole or in part, for transportation costs incurred by it on behalf of many refugees. The IRO was created by the UN in 1946, to aid in the repatriation and resettlement of refugees and DPs left in the wake of W.W. II. In time, the IRO replaced existing refugee organizations such as UNRRA and the Intergovernmental Committee for Refugees (IGCR). It was dissolved in Feb. 1952. IRO reimbursements to the JDC covered only a part of the overall emigration expenditures which that agency had incurred. For emigration to Australia, see: Australia, Files 438a-438b. For emigration to Canada, see: Canada, File 455. On the status of emigration from Shanghai: 2/24/48, 3/1/48, 4/21/48. Summary of Shanghai Situation, 4/29/48, 7/12/48, 10/14/48, 11/1/48, 11/9/48-11/16/48, 11/23/48, 11/27/48-12/1/48 JDC N.Y. to Shanghai, 12/3/48 JDC N.Y. to Shanghai, 12/7/48-12/10/48, 12/14/48, 12/21/48-12/22/48, 12/27/48(2) Shanghai Status Report, 12/28/48 Minutes, 12/30/48 Jordan to Glassgold. Also see: Australia, File 438a Canada, Files 453-455 Correspondence: A.C. Glassgold, C.H. Jordan, M.A. Leavitt, A.S. Petluck, R. Pilpel, R.B. Resnick, P. Skorneck.
File 492: China: Subject Matter, Emigration, 1949 Jan.-May
In March 1941, the U.S. Gov’t indicated a readiness to include Shanghai refugees in its immigration quotas. To expedite matters, the JDC transferred Laura Margolis, its representative in Cuba to Shanghai. She arrived in April 1941, but the Consulate issued visas at a snail’s pace owing to staff shortages. Quota restrictions and the scarcity of ships in the Far East compounded the difficulties. By Pearl Harbor, some 300 Shanghai refugees had migrated to Palestine, Australia, Canada and Burma with JDC aid. The war cut off all further emigration and it resumed again only in 1946. Between 1946-1953, the JDC aided in the emigration to overseas lands of some 16,000 DP’s from China, and they came from Shanghai predominantly. Some 6,700 DP’s were admitted to the U.S., and included several hundred persons who were in transit to third countries. The remaining DP’s went to Israel, Europe, Australia, Latin America, and Canada. 1946/1,400; 1947/6,700; 1948/3,300; 1949/3,000; 1950/750; 1951/640; 1952/235; Total/16,025. Shipping shortages in the Far East restricted emigration in 1946, but among the first to go were members of the rabbinical groups. In the following year, emigration soared to its post-war peak when the restriction eased, and emigration to the U.S. increased notably. In mid-1947, the U.S. State Dept. agreed to extend to German and Austrian DP’s in Shanghai the use of the corporate affidavit which theretofore had been restricted to Europe. That step permitted the immigration of DP’s who were otherwise eligible but who lacked relatives or friends in the U.S. who could submit acceptable individual affidavits on their behalf. The arrangement remained in effect until the U.S. closed its Consulate in Shanghai in February 1950, in the aftermath of the Communist takeover. The closing brought emigration to the U.S. from Shanghai to a virtual end. The International Refugee Organization (IRO) reimbursed the JDC, in whole or in part, for transportation costs incurred by it on behalf of many refugees. The IRO was created by the UN in 1946, to aid in the repatriation and resettlement of refugees and DPs left in the wake of W.W. II. In time, the IRO replaced existing refugee organizations such as UNRRA and the Intergovernmental Committee for Refugees (IGCR). It was dissolved in Feb. 1952. IRO reimbursements to the JDC covered only a part of the overall emigration expenditures which that agency had incurred. For emigration to Australia, see: Australia, Files 438a-438b. For emigration to Canada, see: Canada, File 455. On the status of emigration from Shanghai: 1/4/49, 1/5/49, Pilpel to Epstein, 1/11/49-1/14/49, 1/18/49, 2/21/49(2) Letter #392 and Minutes, 2/28/49 Meeting #7-49, 3/2/49 Leavitt to Wood, 3/11/49, 3/31/49, 4/9/49, 4/15/49, 4/29/49 Press Release, 5/5/49 Leavitt memo, 5/10/49(3), 5/11/49(4), 5/17/49, 5/21/49. JDC relations with IRO, 1/19/49 Letter #365, 1/24/49-1/28/49, 2/11/49 Rice to Beckelman. Voyage of the overcrowded SS Captain Marcos Shanghai to Naples, 1/21/49(2) Letter #368 and Cable 550, 2/3/49 Wood to Leavitt, 2/7/49 Letter #385, 3/15/49, 4/21/49 attachment to 5/9/49 Pilpel to Jordan. Statements of the numbers of refugees who left Shanghai: 3/1/46-12/31/48 attachment to 2/11/49, 3/1/46-2/28/49 undated, 3/1/46-5/31/49 undated. Also see: Australia, File 438a. Correspondence: A.C. Glassgold, C.H. Jordan, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel, J.P. Rice.
File 493: China: Subject Matter, Emigration, 1949 June-Dec.
In March 1941, the U.S. Gov’t indicated a readiness to include Shanghai refugees in its immigration quotas. To expedite matters, the JDC transferred Laura Margolis, its representative in Cuba to Shanghai. She arrived in April 1941, but the Consulate issued visas at a snail’s pace owing to staff shortages. Quota restrictions and the scarcity of ships in the Far East compounded the difficulties. By Pearl Harbor, some 300 Shanghai refugees had migrated to Palestine, Australia, Canada and Burma with JDC aid. The war cut off all further emigration and it resumed again only in 1946. Between 1946-1953, the JDC aided in the emigration to overseas lands of some 16,000 DP’s from China, and they came from Shanghai predominantly. Some 6,700 DP’s were admitted to the U.S., and included several hundred persons who were in transit to third countries. The remaining DP’s went to Israel, Europe, Australia, Latin America, and Canada. 1946/1,400; 1947/6,700; 1948/3,300; 1949/3,000; 1950/750; 1951/640; 1952/235; Total/16,025. Shipping shortages in the Far East restricted emigration in 1946, but among the first to go were members of the rabbinical groups. In the following year, emigration soared to its post-war peak when the restriction eased, and emigration to the U.S. increased notably. In mid-1947, the U.S. State Dept. agreed to extend to German and Austrian DP’s in Shanghai the use of the corporate affidavit which theretofore had been restricted to Europe. That step permitted the immigration of DP’s who were otherwise eligible but who lacked relatives or friends in the U.S. who could submit acceptable individual affidavits on their behalf. The arrangement remained in effect until the U.S. closed its Consulate in Shanghai in February 1950, in the aftermath of the Communist takeover. The closing brought emigration to the U.S. from Shanghai to a virtual end. The International Refugee Organization (IRO) reimbursed the JDC, in whole or in part, for transportation costs incurred by it on behalf of many refugees. The IRO was created by the UN in 1946, to aid in the repatriation and resettlement of refugees and DPs left in the wake of W.W. II. In time, the IRO replaced existing refugee organizations such as UNRRA and the Intergovernmental Committee for Refugees (IGCR). It was dissolved in Feb. 1952. IRO reimbursements to the JDC covered only a part of the overall emigration expenditures which that agency had incurred. For emigration to Australia, see: Australia, Files 438a-438b. For emigration to Canada, see: Canada, File 455. Emigration to Israel by Tientsin Jews: 6/2/49, 6/6/49-6/9/49 and attachments, 6/16/49(3), 6/21/49, 6/28/49-7/25/49, 8/5/49-8/8/49, 8/11/49-8/15/49, 9/22/49, 9/27/49-9/29/49, 10/7/49, 10/21/49, 11/3/49, 11/18/49, 11/22/49 Pilpel to Epstein, 11/23/49 Rice to Stein, 12/1/49, 12/5/49, 12/9/49, 12/12/49, 12/20/49(2). Passenger lists: SS Gordon arriving in San Francisco 10/13/49, 10/12/49 Stein to Rice; SS Christobol bearing Tientsin passengers headed for Israel, 6/5/49 attachment to 10/12/49 Acc. Letter #810. Correspondence: A.C. Glassgold, C.H. Jordan, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel, J.P. Rice.
File 494: China: Subject Matter, Emigration, 1950 Jan.-May
In March 1941, the U.S. Gov’t indicated a readiness to include Shanghai refugees in its immigration quotas. To expedite matters, the JDC transferred Laura Margolis, its representative in Cuba to Shanghai. She arrived in April 1941, but the Consulate issued visas at a snail’s pace owing to staff shortages. Quota restrictions and the scarcity of ships in the Far East compounded the difficulties. By Pearl Harbor, some 300 Shanghai refugees had migrated to Palestine, Australia, Canada and Burma with JDC aid. The war cut off all further emigration and it resumed again only in 1946. Between 1946-1953, the JDC aided in the emigration to overseas lands of some 16,000 DP’s from China, and they came from Shanghai predominantly. Some 6,700 DP’s were admitted to the U.S., and included several hundred persons who were in transit to third countries. The remaining DP’s went to Israel, Europe, Australia, Latin America, and Canada. 1946/1,400; 1947/6,700; 1948/3,300; 1949/3,000; 1950/750; 1951/640; 1952/235; Total/16,025. Shipping shortages in the Far East restricted emigration in 1946, but among the first to go were members of the rabbinical groups. In the following year, emigration soared to its post-war peak when the restriction eased, and emigration to the U.S. increased notably. In mid-1947, the U.S. State Dept. agreed to extend to German and Austrian DP’s in Shanghai the use of the corporate affidavit which theretofore had been restricted to Europe. That step permitted the immigration of DP’s who were otherwise eligible but who lacked relatives or friends in the U.S. who could submit acceptable individual affidavits on their behalf. The arrangement remained in effect until the U.S. closed its Consulate in Shanghai in February 1950, in the aftermath of the Communist takeover. The closing brought emigration to the U.S. from Shanghai to a virtual end. The International Refugee Organization (IRO) reimbursed the JDC, in whole or in part, for transportation costs incurred by it on behalf of many refugees. The IRO was created by the UN in 1946, to aid in the repatriation and resettlement of refugees and DPs left in the wake of W.W. II. In time, the IRO replaced existing refugee organizations such as UNRRA and the Intergovernmental Committee for Refugees (IGCR). It was dissolved in Feb. 1952. IRO reimbursements to the JDC covered only a part of the overall emigration expenditures which that agency had incurred. For emigration to Australia, see: Australia, Files 438a-438b. For emigration to Canada, see: Canada, File 455. On the status of emigration from China: 3/14/50, 3/21/50 Minutes, 4/18/50, 4/24/50, 4/28/50(3), 5/12/50; also see: File 470. Reports on events and developments 1/18/50-11/29/50, Refugee flights in 1949, Shanghai to Canada and Israel, and Hong Kong to Israel, attachment to 5/18/50 Pilpel to Marshall. Passenger lists of refugees on Harbin and Tientsin flights to Israel – Flight #1: 57 passengers, 1/23/50 Glassgold to Liao; #2: 121 passengers, 3/9/50 Kadoorie to Pilpel, 3/13/50(3); #3: 68 passengers, 3/31/50 Pilpel to Kadoorie, 4/18/50 Pilpel to Kadoorie, 5/30/50 attachment; #4: 60 passengers, 5/1/50 Kadoorie to Glassgold, 5/2/50 cable, 5/4/50 attachment; #5: 62 passengers, 5/9/50 attachment Kadoorie to Glassgold, 5/2/50 cable, 5/4/50 attachment, 5/11/50, 5/18/50, 5/19/50 Pilpel to Rubenfeld, 5/20/50. For materials on Flight #6, see: File 495. Correspondence: A.C. Glassgold, C.H. Jordan, H. Kadoorie, J. Liao, R. Pilpel, J.P. Rice.
File 495: China: Subject Matter, Emigration, 1950 June-Sept.
In March 1941, the U.S. Gov’t indicated a readiness to include Shanghai refugees in its immigration quotas. To expedite matters, the JDC transferred Laura Margolis, its representative in Cuba to Shanghai. She arrived in April 1941, but the Consulate issued visas at a snail’s pace owing to staff shortages. Quota restrictions and the scarcity of ships in the Far East compounded the difficulties. By Pearl Harbor, some 300 Shanghai refugees had migrated to Palestine, Australia, Canada and Burma with JDC aid. The war cut off all further emigration and it resumed again only in 1946. Between 1946-1953, the JDC aided in the emigration to overseas lands of some 16,000 DP’s from China, and they came from Shanghai predominantly. Some 6,700 DP’s were admitted to the U.S., and included several hundred persons who were in transit to third countries. The remaining DP’s went to Israel, Europe, Australia, Latin America, and Canada. 1946/1,400; 1947/6,700; 1948/3,300; 1949/3,000; 1950/750; 1951/640; 1952/235; Total/16,025. Shipping shortages in the Far East restricted emigration in 1946, but among the first to go were members of the rabbinical groups. In the following year, emigration soared to its post-war peak when the restriction eased, and emigration to the U.S. increased notably. In mid-1947, the U.S. State Dept. agreed to extend to German and Austrian DP’s in Shanghai the use of the corporate affidavit which theretofore had been restricted to Europe. That step permitted the immigration of DP’s who were otherwise eligible but who lacked relatives or friends in the U.S. who could submit acceptable individual affidavits on their behalf. The arrangement remained in effect until the U.S. closed its Consulate in Shanghai in February 1950, in the aftermath of the Communist takeover. The closing brought emigration to the U.S. from Shanghai to a virtual end. The International Refugee Organization (IRO) reimbursed the JDC, in whole or in part, for transportation costs incurred by it on behalf of many refugees. The IRO was created by the UN in 1946, to aid in the repatriation and resettlement of refugees and DPs left in the wake of W.W. II. In time, the IRO replaced existing refugee organizations such as UNRRA and the Intergovernmental Committee for Refugees (IGCR). It was dissolved in Feb. 1952. IRO reimbursements to the JDC covered only a part of the overall emigration expenditures which that agency had incurred. For emigration to Australia, see: Australia, Files 438a-438b. For emigration to Canada, see: Canada, File 455. Refugees on Harbin-Tientsin flights to Israel-#6: 121 passengers names unavailable, 6/5/50 Kadoorie to Pilpel, 6/16/50, 6/29/50. Shanghai refugees sail for Italy in hopes of obtaining U.S. visas, 6/12/50 Glassgold to Rice, 6/16/50 Glassgold to Petluck, 6/22/50, Report on the arrival of 106 refugees from Shanghai, attachment to 7/6/50 Jordan to Thomas, 7/7/50 Leavitt to Jordan. For earlier materials, see: File 494, 4/28/50 Glassgold to Pilpel, 5/4/50, 5/12/50 and 5/19/50 Glassgold to Rice. The 55-day voyage of the overcrowded SS Anna Salen, Hong Kong to Naples: 7/3/50, 7/12/50, 7/14/50 cable, 7/18/50-7/26/50, 8/2/50 Letters #552, 553, 8/3/50, 8/8/50-8/10/50, 8/16/50, 8/25/50-9/5/50, 9/14/50, 9/18/50 Pilpel to Witkin, 9/25/50-9/29/50. For additional materials on SS Anna Salen, see: File 496. Other materials on emigration from China: 6/18/50 Letter #539, 7/5/50 Letter #543, 9/14/50 Letter #567, 9/18/50 Letter #568. Statements of Persons Who Left Shanghai May/June and July/Aug. 1950, 9/7/50. Correspondence: M.W. Beckelman, A.C. Glassgold, C.H. Jordan, H. Kadoorie, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel, J.P. Rice, J. Silverstein.
File 496: China: Subject Matter, Emigration, 1950 Oct.-Dec.
In March 1941, the U.S. Gov’t indicated a readiness to include Shanghai refugees in its immigration quotas. To expedite matters, the JDC transferred Laura Margolis, its representative in Cuba to Shanghai. She arrived in April 1941, but the Consulate issued visas at a snail’s pace owing to staff shortages. Quota restrictions and the scarcity of ships in the Far East compounded the difficulties. By Pearl Harbor, some 300 Shanghai refugees had migrated to Palestine, Australia, Canada and Burma with JDC aid. The war cut off all further emigration and it resumed again only in 1946. Between 1946-1953, the JDC aided in the emigration to overseas lands of some 16,000 DP’s from China, and they came from Shanghai predominantly. Some 6,700 DP’s were admitted to the U.S., and included several hundred persons who were in transit to third countries. The remaining DP’s went to Israel, Europe, Australia, Latin America, and Canada. 1946/1,400; 1947/6,700; 1948/3,300; 1949/3,000; 1950/750; 1951/640; 1952/235; Total/16,025. Shipping shortages in the Far East restricted emigration in 1946, but among the first to go were members of the rabbinical groups. In the following year, emigration soared to its post-war peak when the restriction eased, and emigration to the U.S. increased notably. In mid-1947, the U.S. State Dept. agreed to extend to German and Austrian DP’s in Shanghai the use of the corporate affidavit which theretofore had been restricted to Europe. That step permitted the immigration of DP’s who were otherwise eligible but who lacked relatives or friends in the U.S. who could submit acceptable individual affidavits on their behalf. The arrangement remained in effect until the U.S. closed its Consulate in Shanghai in February 1950, in the aftermath of the Communist takeover. The closing brought emigration to the U.S. from Shanghai to a virtual end. The International Refugee Organization (IRO) reimbursed the JDC, in whole or in part, for transportation costs incurred by it on behalf of many refugees. The IRO was created by the UN in 1946, to aid in the repatriation and resettlement of refugees and DPs left in the wake of W.W. II. In time, the IRO replaced existing refugee organizations such as UNRRA and the Intergovernmental Committee for Refugees (IGCR). It was dissolved in Feb. 1952. IRO reimbursements to the JDC covered only a part of the overall emigration expenditures which that agency had incurred. For emigration to Australia, see: Australia, Files 438a-438b. For emigration to Canada, see: Canada, File 455. Voyage of SS Anna Salen, Hong Kong to Naples: 10/4/50, Report 9/26/50 attachment to 10/5/50 Glassgold to Pilpel, 10/13/50, 10/20/50(2); Reception Accorded SS Anna Salen at the Panama Canal-Report by N. Witkin, 10/17/50 attachment to 10/24/50 Pilpel to Rice, 10/25/50-11/7/50 Pilpel to Gurvitch, 11/9/50-11/10/50, 11/14/50, 11/29/50, 11/30/50 Rice to Pilpel; also see: File 497, List of DPs who sailed on the SS Anna Salen, attachment to 1/3/51; for earlier materials, see: File 495. Other materials on emigration from China: 10/19/50 aliyah from China 1950/51, 11/27/50 Agreement Palamt-JDC on the operation of the aliyah, 10/28/50(2), 11/17/50, 12/1/50. Passenger lists of refugees on renewed Harbin-Tientsin flights to Israel: #1: 66 passengers, 12/19/50, 12/30/50; also see: File 497, 1/8/51 Kadoorie to Pilpel, 3/12/51 Kadoorie to Pilpel. Correspondence: M.W. Beckelman, W.J. Citrin, A.C. Glassgold, C.H. Jordan, H. Kadoorie, R. Pilpel, J.P. Rice, M. Witkin.
File 497: China: Subject Matter, Emigration, 1951 Jan.-June
In March 1941, the U.S. Gov’t indicated a readiness to include Shanghai refugees in its immigration quotas. To expedite matters, the JDC transferred Laura Margolis, its representative in Cuba to Shanghai. She arrived in April 1941, but the Consulate issued visas at a snail’s pace owing to staff shortages. Quota restrictions and the scarcity of ships in the Far East compounded the difficulties. By Pearl Harbor, some 300 Shanghai refugees had migrated to Palestine, Australia, Canada and Burma with JDC aid. The war cut off all further emigration and it resumed again only in 1946. Between 1946-1953, the JDC aided in the emigration to overseas lands of some 16,000 DP’s from China, and they came from Shanghai predominantly. Some 6,700 DP’s were admitted to the U.S., and included several hundred persons who were in transit to third countries. The remaining DP’s went to Israel, Europe, Australia, Latin America, and Canada. 1946/1,400; 1947/6,700; 1948/3,300; 1949/3,000; 1950/750; 1951/640; 1952/235; Total/16,025. Shipping shortages in the Far East restricted emigration in 1946, but among the first to go were members of the rabbinical groups. In the following year, emigration soared to its post-war peak when the restriction eased, and emigration to the U.S. increased notably. In mid-1947, the U.S. State Dept. agreed to extend to German and Austrian DP’s in Shanghai the use of the corporate affidavit which theretofore had been restricted to Europe. That step permitted the immigration of DP’s who were otherwise eligible but who lacked relatives or friends in the U.S. who could submit acceptable individual affidavits on their behalf. The arrangement remained in effect until the U.S. closed its Consulate in Shanghai in February 1950, in the aftermath of the Communist takeover. The closing brought emigration to the U.S. from Shanghai to a virtual end. The International Refugee Organization (IRO) reimbursed the JDC, in whole or in part, for transportation costs incurred by it on behalf of many refugees. The IRO was created by the UN in 1946, to aid in the repatriation and resettlement of refugees and DPs left in the wake of W.W. II. In time, the IRO replaced existing refugee organizations such as UNRRA and the Intergovernmental Committee for Refugees (IGCR). It was dissolved in Feb. 1952. IRO reimbursements to the JDC covered only a part of the overall emigration expenditures which that agency had incurred. For emigration to Australia, see: Australia, Files 438a-438b. For emigration to Canada, see: Canada, File 455. Passenger lists of refugees on Harbin-Tientsin flights to Israel: #2: 56 passengers, 2/20/51, 3/2/51; #3a: 26 passengers, 3/27/51 Citrin to Pilpel; #3b: 17 passengers, attachment to 3/30/51 Grubel to Pilpel; #4: 31 passengers, 4/14/51, 4/19/51; #5: 31 passengers, 5/17/51; #6: 45 passengers, 6/1/51, 6/28/51. Other materials on emigration: 1/16/51 Kadoorie to Pilpel, Iraqi and Iranian Jews in Shanghai, 2/21/51 and attachments 6/11/51; also see: File 498, 8/10/51 attachment to 8/31/51 Pilpel to Council. JDC earmarked $50,000 to aid in emigration of some 250 long-time Jewish residents of China, 4/3/51-4/4/51 cable, 4/11/51, 5/17/51. Correspondence: W.J. Citrin, A.C. Glassgold, A.A. Goldberg, C.H. Jordan, H. Kadoorie, R. Pilpel.
File 498: China: Subject Matter, Emigration, 1951 July-Dec.
In March 1941, the U.S. Gov’t indicated a readiness to include Shanghai refugees in its immigration quotas. To expedite matters, the JDC transferred Laura Margolis, its representative in Cuba to Shanghai. She arrived in April 1941, but the Consulate issued visas at a snail’s pace owing to staff shortages. Quota restrictions and the scarcity of ships in the Far East compounded the difficulties. By Pearl Harbor, some 300 Shanghai refugees had migrated to Palestine, Australia, Canada and Burma with JDC aid. The war cut off all further emigration and it resumed again only in 1946. Between 1946-1953, the JDC aided in the emigration to overseas lands of some 16,000 DP’s from China, and they came from Shanghai predominantly. Some 6,700 DP’s were admitted to the U.S., and included several hundred persons who were in transit to third countries. The remaining DP’s went to Israel, Europe, Australia, Latin America, and Canada. 1946/1,400; 1947/6,700; 1948/3,300; 1949/3,000; 1950/750; 1951/640; 1952/235; Total/16,025. Shipping shortages in the Far East restricted emigration in 1946, but among the first to go were members of the rabbinical groups. In the following year, emigration soared to its post-war peak when the restriction eased, and emigration to the U.S. increased notably. In mid-1947, the U.S. State Dept. agreed to extend to German and Austrian DP’s in Shanghai the use of the corporate affidavit which theretofore had been restricted to Europe. That step permitted the immigration of DP’s who were otherwise eligible but who lacked relatives or friends in the U.S. who could submit acceptable individual affidavits on their behalf. The arrangement remained in effect until the U.S. closed its Consulate in Shanghai in February 1950, in the aftermath of the Communist takeover. The closing brought emigration to the U.S. from Shanghai to a virtual end. The International Refugee Organization (IRO) reimbursed the JDC, in whole or in part, for transportation costs incurred by it on behalf of many refugees. The IRO was created by the UN in 1946, to aid in the repatriation and resettlement of refugees and DPs left in the wake of W.W. II. In time, the IRO replaced existing refugee organizations such as UNRRA and the Intergovernmental Committee for Refugees (IGCR). It was dissolved in Feb. 1952. IRO reimbursements to the JDC covered only a part of the overall emigration expenditures which that agency had incurred. For emigration to Australia, see: Australia, Files 438a-438b. For emigration to Canada, see: Canada, File 455. Passenger lists of refugees on Harbin-Tientsin movement to Israel: 7/17/51(6), July 1951(15), July-Aug. 1951(36), Aug. 1951(35), Oct. 1951(7). Other materials on emigration: 7/1/51-7/3/51, 7/8/51, 7/12/51, 8/15/51 Rice to Beckelman, 9/22/51, 9/25/51, 10/5/51(2), 10/29/51, 11/6/51, 11/20/51, 11/30/51. Correspondence: R.D. Abraham, M.W. Beckelman, W.J. Citrin, A.C. Glassgold, A.A. Goldberg, C.H. Jordan, H. Kadoorie, L. Kadoorie, H.L. Levy, P. Meyer, R. Pilpel, J.P. Rice, A.A. Stoessler.
File 499: China: Subject Matter, Emigration, 1952 - 1964
In March 1941, the U.S. Gov’t indicated a readiness to include Shanghai refugees in its immigration quotas. To expedite matters, the JDC transferred Laura Margolis, its representative in Cuba to Shanghai. She arrived in April 1941, but the Consulate issued visas at a snail’s pace owing to staff shortages. Quota restrictions and the scarcity of ships in the Far East compounded the difficulties. By Pearl Harbor, some 300 Shanghai refugees had migrated to Palestine, Australia, Canada and Burma with JDC aid. The war cut off all further emigration and it resumed again only in 1946. Between 1946-1953, the JDC aided in the emigration to overseas lands of some 16,000 DP’s from China, and they came from Shanghai predominantly. Some 6,700 DP’s were admitted to the U.S., and included several hundred persons who were in transit to third countries. The remaining DP’s went to Israel, Europe, Australia, Latin America, and Canada. 1946/1,400; 1947/6,700; 1948/3,300; 1949/3,000; 1950/750; 1951/640; 1952/235; Total/16,025. Shipping shortages in the Far East restricted emigration in 1946, but among the first to go were members of the rabbinical groups. In the following year, emigration soared to its post-war peak when the restriction eased, and emigration to the U.S. increased notably. In mid-1947, the U.S. State Dept. agreed to extend to German and Austrian DP’s in Shanghai the use of the corporate affidavit which theretofore had been restricted to Europe. That step permitted the immigration of DP’s who were otherwise eligible but who lacked relatives or friends in the U.S. who could submit acceptable individual affidavits on their behalf. The arrangement remained in effect until the U.S. closed its Consulate in Shanghai in February 1950, in the aftermath of the Communist takeover. The closing brought emigration to the U.S. from Shanghai to a virtual end. The International Refugee Organization (IRO) reimbursed the JDC, in whole or in part, for transportation costs incurred by it on behalf of many refugees. The IRO was created by the UN in 1946, to aid in the repatriation and resettlement of refugees and DPs left in the wake of W.W. II. In time, the IRO replaced existing refugee organizations such as UNRRA and the Intergovernmental Committee for Refugees (IGCR). It was dissolved in Feb. 1952. IRO reimbursements to the JDC covered only a part of the overall emigration expenditures which that agency had incurred. For emigration to Australia, see: Australia, Files 438a-438b. For emigration to Canada, see: Canada, File 455. Status report on emigration by W.J. Citrin, 4/17/52 attachment to 4/28/52. Emigration lists for various countries, 1952: Nov. 12/31/52, Dec. 2/5/53; 1953: Jan.-March, 4/15/53, May-June, 7/20/53, July, 8/10/53, August, 9/2/53, Sept., 10/6/53, Oct., 11/5/53, Nov., 12/8/53, Dec., undated; 1954: Jan., 2/1/54, Feb., 3/1/54, March, 4/1/54, April, 5/6/54, May, 6/2/54, June, 7/2/54, July, 8/4/54, Sept., 10/8/54, Oct.-Nov., 12/6/54. Other materials on emigration: 1/4/52, 1/8/52(2), 1/11/52 attachment to 1/16/52, 2/4/52, 2/15/52-2/16/52, 3/26/52 Letter MIG-98, 4/11/52-4/17/52, 4/30/52 Levy to Abraham, 5/6/52, 5/13/52, 6/16/52, 6/19/52 Levy to Deutsch, 12/16/52, 2/23/53, 7/1/53, 12/4/53, 5/27/54, 8/17/54(2), 8/19/54, 10/5/54, 12/21/54-12/28/54, 3/7/55-4/23/55, 11/2/55, 6/19/56, 10/2/56, 3/19/57, 1/14/58, 3/18/58, 1/5/59, 10/6/59, 3/2/60, 3/7/61, 6/14/62, 2/13/64. Also see: File 484. Correspondence: R.D. Abraham, A.M. Bagg, W.J. Citrin, J. Elfenbein, C.H. Jordan, H. Kadoorie, H.L. Levy, R. Pilpel, J. Rice, S.R. Toeg.
File 500: China: Subject Matter, Emigration, Shanghai Emigration Files
In March 1941, the U.S. Gov’t indicated a readiness to include Shanghai refugees in its immigration quotas. To expedite matters, the JDC transferred Laura Margolis, its representative in Cuba to Shanghai. She arrived in April 1941, but the Consulate issued visas at a snail’s pace owing to staff shortages. Quota restrictions and the scarcity of ships in the Far East compounded the difficulties. By Pearl Harbor, some 300 Shanghai refugees had migrated to Palestine, Australia, Canada and Burma with JDC aid. The war cut off all further emigration and it resumed again only in 1946. Between 1946-1953, the JDC aided in the emigration to overseas lands of some 16,000 DP’s from China, and they came from Shanghai predominantly. Some 6,700 DP’s were admitted to the U.S., and included several hundred persons who were in transit to third countries. The remaining DP’s went to Israel, Europe, Australia, Latin America, and Canada. 1946/1,400; 1947/6,700; 1948/3,300; 1949/3,000; 1950/750; 1951/640; 1952/235; Total/16,025. Shipping shortages in the Far East restricted emigration in 1946, but among the first to go were members of the rabbinical groups. In the following year, emigration soared to its post-war peak when the restriction eased, and emigration to the U.S. increased notably. In mid-1947, the U.S. State Dept. agreed to extend to German and Austrian DP’s in Shanghai the use of the corporate affidavit which theretofore had been restricted to Europe. That step permitted the immigration of DP’s who were otherwise eligible but who lacked relatives or friends in the U.S. who could submit acceptable individual affidavits on their behalf. The arrangement remained in effect until the U.S. closed its Consulate in Shanghai in February 1950, in the aftermath of the Communist takeover. The closing brought emigration to the U.S. from Shanghai to a virtual end. The International Refugee Organization (IRO) reimbursed the JDC, in whole or in part, for transportation costs incurred by it on behalf of many refugees. The IRO was created by the UN in 1946, to aid in the repatriation and resettlement of refugees and DPs left in the wake of W.W. II. In time, the IRO replaced existing refugee organizations such as UNRRA and the Intergovernmental Committee for Refugees (IGCR). It was dissolved in Feb. 1952. IRO reimbursements to the JDC covered only a part of the overall emigration expenditures which that agency had incurred. For emigration to Australia, see: Australia, Files 438a-438b. For emigration to Canada, see: Canada, File 455. List of 7,570 JDC Files of Shanghai emigrants to the U.S., Canada, South America, Europe, Israel and Australia. Shipment of the files out of Shanghai was first approved by the Chinese Communist authorities but later and finally disapproved.
File 501: China: Subject Matter, Housing, 1939; 1946 - 1949
Shanghai was beset by a severe housing shortage following the occupation of the city by the Japanese in 1937. The subsequent arrival of thousands of Jewish refugees worsened the pressure. To cope with housing needs as they arose, the JDC acquired houses and huts as well as single apartments or rooms, as they became available. High rentals and costly key money were the usual price. Annual Report 1939 of the I.C.R. Homes, 12/31/39. Status of refugee housing: 10/20/41-10/23/41, 1/29/46, 3/21/46, 4/23/46, 5/4/46, 11/18/46, 12/26/46 and attachments, 8/19/48 and attachments. Statement of Camps and Houses under the Management of the JDC, 7/5/48. The JDC appropriated $20,000 to construct a dwelling housing 135 persons, 8/26/48-11/9/48. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, A.C. Glassgold, C.H. Jordan, J. Saper, M. Speelman, Wu-Kuo-Tsung.
File 502: China: Subject Matter, Medical Aid, 1945 - 1950
For a review of the medical condition of DPs and of JDC medical facilities in Shanghai 1939-1949, see below, report by Simon Bergman, 8/9/49. Status of medical care in Shanghai for DPs: 2/13/46, 4/29/46, 6/4/46, 6/18/46, 7/5/46 J. Hamer, 6/17/47, 4/21/48, 10/21/48, 2/25/49. Reports: Medical Care of European Refugees in Shanghai 1942-1945 by T. Kunfi, 9/25/45; Shanghai Refugee Hospital Jan.-Mar. 1946, 6/15/46; Shanghai Refugee Medical Board by S. Bergman, Annual Report 1946 4/22/47, and Jan.-June 1948, 8/30/48 attachment to 9/3/48; Medical Services and Supplies by D. Stansby, 1/9/48; SR Hospital General statistics May 1948, 7/5/48, and year 1948, undated; Jewish Dp’s in China by S. Bergman, 8/9/49. Correspondence: S. Bergman, A.C. Glassgold, J.J. Golub, C.H. Jordan, T. Kunfi, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel, J. Wong.
File 503: China: Subject Matter, Relief Supplies and Vocational Training
Essential food and clothing supplies as well as education and religious articles formed the staples among JDC imports into Shanghai following W.W.II. Import licenses, hedged in by restrictions and regulations, were essential for every import even for charitable organizations, and slowed down the flow of supplies. Only UNRRA/IRO supplies came in without restriction, as they were covered by a blanket import license. See below, File 467, 4/27/48 and File 468, 6/30/48. a. General, 1945 – 1949 b. Books, 1945 – 1947 c. Passover Supplies, 1946 – 1949 2. Vocational Training, 1941 – 1948. Reports: Four years ORT Activities in Shanghai 1941-1945; Guild of Craftsmen, Shanghai, 1945-1947.
Record Group 4.67: Colombia
Series 1: Colombia : Administration
Correspondence, memos, reports, addenda.
File 1111: Colombia: Administration, General, 1937 - 1941
The REC allocated $5,000 to open a loan fund for refugees, 12/17/38 while the JDC granted $3,000 to open a constructive loan fund in 1941, 1/15/41, 1/31/41. The JDC granted $300 per month for refugee aid, 10/25/40 attachment to 10/31/40, 11/22/40, and raised it to $400 per month, 9/24/41, 10/28/41. Reports: F.W. Borchardt and D. Glick, 4/7/39; M.D. Goldsmith, 3/9/41; L. Zelwer, 8/1/40, 11/27/40, 9/5/41, 11/14/41, 12/20/41. Correspondence: F.W. Borchardt, M.D. Goldsmith, H. Halberstaedter, R. Pilpel, L. Zelwer.
File 1112: Colombia: Administration, General, 1942 - 1943 (June)
The JDC granted $500 per month for refugee aid between Jan.-Nov. 1942, 4/7/42, and raised it to $500 per month from Dec. 1942, 11/20/42. Numbered letters to the JDC – M.W. Beckelman: #245, 5/29/42; #270, 6/3/42 attachment to 6/19/42; #271, 6/3/42; #272, 6/4/42; #307, 6/25/42 L.H. Sobel: #3, 4/4/43; #8, 4/18/43; #10, 4/26/43; #11, #12, 5/6/43; #14, 5/7/43. Correspondence: N. Aronovici, M.W. Beckelman, F.W. Borchardt, A. Cohen, B. Kahn, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel, L.H. Sobel, L. Zelwer.
File 1113: Colombia: Administration, General, 1943(July) - 1944
The JDC granted $500 for refugee aid through Nov. 1944, $400 per month for Dec. 1944 and suspended it thereafter owing to the enormous and overriding needs of refugees in Europe, 11/28/44-12/21/44. Numbered letters to the JDC – J.B. Lightman: #233, 7/17/44; #262, 8/12/44; #334, 11/10/44; 355A, 12/11/44. Report: “Ten Years of Jewish Immigration to Colombia,” Aug. 1943 (German). Correspondence: H.D. Biele, A. Cohen, J.B. Lightman, R. Pilpel, L.H. Sobel, L. Zelwer.
File 1114: Colombia: Administration, General, Barranquilla
In July 1937, the JDC granted $1,000 to aid newly arrived refugees in Barranquilla in escaping the threat of deportation. The threat never materialized. Correspondence: V. Gegenherz, H. Halberstaedter, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, C. Rosenthal, D.J. Schweitzer.
File 1115: Colombia: Administration, Fund Raising
In Colombia, the JDC sought to encourage local fund-raising in support of local refugee aid. Only near the end of 1944 did it call for a drive on behalf of its own overseas aid activities. But earlier, a number of local organizations collected modest sums for overseas relief on their own initiative, e.g. the Comite de Damas, Bogota, $1,000, 10/5/42 and the Centro Israelite de Bogota, $1,170, 7/3/42. Correspondence: M.W. Beckelman, A. Cohen, I.H. Levy, J.B. Lightman, R. Pilpel, S. Rozenthal, L.H. Sobel, L. Zelwer.
Series 2: Colombia : Organizations
Centro Israelita de Beneficencia Ezrath Israel, Cali, see: File 1,116. Centro Israelita de Bogota, see: File 1,112, 4/12/42 attachment to 6/4/42, 5/29/42, 7/3/42. Centro Israelita Filantropico de Barranquilla, see: File 1,112, 6/29/42, 7/29/42; File 1,113, 4/13/44, 5/16/44 and attachments. Comite Central Hebreo de Colombia, Bogota, see: File 1,112, 3/9/43, 3/12/43. Comite de Damas Pro Aguda a las Victimas Judias de la Guerra, see: File 1,115, 10/5/42(2). Comite de Proteccion a los Inmigrantes Israelitas, Bogota, see: File 1,112, 6/27/42, 10/22/42. HIAS-ICA Emigration Association, Bogota, (HICEM), see: Files 1,111-1,113. For additional data on Colombia organizations, see: File 1,113, August 1943 pages 13-17.
File 1116: Colombia: Subject Matter, Cult. and Religious
Cult. and religious activities were subjected to the same communal fragmentation which governed all other Jewish activities in the cities of Colombia. In Cali, (Jewish population about 850) an attempt was made to establish a form of communal council but it had little to show for its efforts. In 1943, the JDC offered a loan of $2,100 to the Centro Israelita de Beneficencia Ezrath Israel, Cali, to cover the costs of bringing in a rabbi from Ecuador. Whether the project was ever carried out, is not confirmed in the file. Correspondence: M.W. Beckelman, H.K. Buchman, R. Pilpel, L.H. Sobel, L. Zelwer.
File 1117: Colombia: Subject Matter, Reconstruction Loan Funds
In Dec. 1938, the REC appropriated $5,000 to open a loan fund in Bogota to aid refugees in small business enterprises. A Committee of refugees to administer the fund was set up. By Sept. 1940, the funds had all been loaned out to 48 persons. In Jan. 1941, the JDC allocated $3,000 for the grant of constructive loans to refugees. Some 30 loans were extended in the first year, and 26 in the second, 2/8/44. Correspondence: F.W. Borchardt, H. Halberstaedter, E.H. Komlos, R. Pilpel, L.H. Sobel, L. Zelwer.
Series 3: Colombia : Subject Matter
File 1116: Colombia: Subject Matter, Cult. and Religious
Cult. and religious activities were subjected to the same communal fragmentation which governed all other Jewish activities in the cities of Colombia. In Cali, (Jewish population about 850) an attempt was made to establish a form of communal council but it had little to show for its efforts. In 1943, the JDC offered a loan of $2,100 to the Centro Israelita de Beneficencia Ezrath Israel, Cali, to cover the costs of bringing in a rabbi from Ecuador. Whether the project was ever carried out, is not confirmed in the file. Correspondence: M.W. Beckelman, H.K. Buchman, R. Pilpel, L.H. Sobel, L. Zelwer.
File 1117: Colombia: Subject Matter, Reconstruction Loan Funds
In Dec. 1938, the REC appropriated $5,000 to open a loan fund in Bogota to aid refugees in small business enterprises. A Committee of refugees to administer the fund was set up. By Sept. 1940, the funds had all been loaned out to 48 persons. In Jan. 1941, the JDC allocated $3,000 for the grant of constructive loans to refugees. Some 30 loans were extended in the first year, and 26 in the second, 2/8/44. Correspondence: F.W. Borchardt, H. Halberstaedter, E.H. Komlos, R. Pilpel, L.H. Sobel, L. Zelwer.
Record Group 4.12: Costa Rica
File 504: Costa Rica: General
Correspondence, memos, reports, addenda. Reports: 1939 – 1944 L. Feigenblatt: 1/17/39, 1/28/39 attachment to 2/2/39, 6/9/39, 7/12/39 Minute, 10/19/39, 6/1/40, 6/13/40, 6/19/40 attachment to 6/24/40, 7/12/40, 3/17/41, 12/27/41, 3/13/42, 4/22/42, 7/8/42; L.J. Obermayer: 3/7/39, 3/22/39 Obermayer to Razovsky; J.B. Lightman: 7/15/44. Correspondence: H.D. Biele, L. Feigenblatt, M.A. Leavitt, J.B. Lightman, L. J. Obermayer, R. Pilpel, C. Razovsky, J.A. Weston.
File 504a: Costa Rica: Tenorio Project
In the mid-1930s, the Refugee Economic Corp. (REC) focused on Costa Rica as the Latin -American country offering the greatest promise for the colonization and resettlement of German refugees. In August 1937, it purchased the Tenorio Ranch on which it hoped to settle some 100-400 families, following the receipt of assurances by the Costa Rican Govt. that the refugees would be admitted. The ranch contained some 50,000 acres and lay mostly in the temperate highlands of that country, at a considerable distance from larger cities and towns. Abraham J. Bruman, an experienced agronomist with the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture was engaged as the general manager. When the Costa Rican press got wind of the purchase, it kicked up a storm, on the ground that the refugees would not remain on the land and would turn instead to trade and commerce where they would compete with native establishments. The Public Registrar thereupon refused to record the deed of sale on strictly arbitrary grounds. The REC appealed to the courts, which ruled in its favor in the lower courts, but the decision was reversed on appeal. The Government thereupon aided the REC in gaining title to the property via a subsidiary, a newly organized Costa Rican corporation, but imposed the condition that new refugees should not be brought in. Moreover, to protect the property against squatter invasions, the REC found itself compelled to install a managerial staff and to add costly improvements and safeguards at various points on the property. What’s more, refugee immigration to Latin America was sharply curtailed by the outbreak of W.W. II and came to a standstill following Pearl Harbor. When W.W. II ended, proposals were repeatedly advanced for the settlement of DPs on the property and for the opening of an industrial and agricultural center, but they all came to nothing. Finally, in October, 1949, the REC sold the Tenorio Ranch to the United Fruit Co. For summary accounts of developments over the years, see below: Report by A.J. Bruman, 1937, undated. Memos: 4/18/38, 11/30/38, 3/21/40, May 1941, 11/2/45, 3/17/47, 10/20/47, 6/17/48, 10/7/48, 5/9/49, 6/22/49.
File 504b: Costa Rica, Tenouio Project, 1943-1947, June
In the mid-1930s, the Refugee Economic Corp. (REC) focused on Costa Rica as the Latin -American country offering the greatest promise for the colonization and resettlement of German refugees. In August 1937, it purchased the Tenorio Ranch on which it hoped to settle some 100-400 families, following the receipt of assurances by the Costa Rican Govt. that the refugees would be admitted. The ranch contained some 50,000 acres and lay mostly in the temperate highlands of that country, at a considerable distance from larger cities and towns. Abraham J. Bruman, an experienced agronomist with the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture was engaged as the general manager. When the Costa Rican press got wind of the purchase, it kicked up a storm, on the ground that the refugees would not remain on the land and would turn instead to trade and commerce where they would compete with native establishments. The Public Registrar thereupon refused to record the deed of sale on strictly arbitrary grounds. The REC appealed to the courts, which ruled in its favor in the lower courts, but the decision was reversed on appeal. The Government thereupon aided the REC in gaining title to the property via a subsidiary, a newly organized Costa Rican corporation, but imposed the condition that new refugees should not be brought in. Moreover, to protect the property against squatter invasions, the REC found itself compelled to install a managerial staff and to add costly improvements and safeguards at various points on the property. What’s more, refugee immigration to Latin America was sharply curtailed by the outbreak of W.W. II and came to a standstill following Pearl Harbor. When W.W. II ended, proposals were repeatedly advanced for the settlement of DPs on the property and for the opening of an industrial and agricultural center, but they all came to nothing. Finally, in October, 1949, the REC sold the Tenorio Ranch to the United Fruit Co. For summary accounts of developments over the years, see below: Report by A.J. Bruman, 1937, undated. Memos: 4/18/38, 11/30/38, 3/21/40, May 1941, 11/2/45, 3/17/47, 10/20/47, 6/17/48, 10/7/48, 5/9/49, 6/22/49.
File 504c: Costa Rica, Tenouio Project July 1947-1949
In the mid-1930s, the Refugee Economic Corp. (REC) focused on Costa Rica as the Latin -American country offering the greatest promise for the colonization and resettlement of German refugees. In August 1937, it purchased the Tenorio Ranch on which it hoped to settle some 100-400 families, following the receipt of assurances by the Costa Rican Govt. that the refugees would be admitted. The ranch contained some 50,000 acres and lay mostly in the temperate highlands of that country, at a considerable distance from larger cities and towns. Abraham J. Bruman, an experienced agronomist with the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture was engaged as the general manager. When the Costa Rican press got wind of the purchase, it kicked up a storm, on the ground that the refugees would not remain on the land and would turn instead to trade and commerce where they would compete with native establishments. The Public Registrar thereupon refused to record the deed of sale on strictly arbitrary grounds. The REC appealed to the courts, which ruled in its favor in the lower courts, but the decision was reversed on appeal. The Government thereupon aided the REC in gaining title to the property via a subsidiary, a newly organized Costa Rican corporation, but imposed the condition that new refugees should not be brought in. Moreover, to protect the property against squatter invasions, the REC found itself compelled to install a managerial staff and to add costly improvements and safeguards at various points on the property. What’s more, refugee immigration to Latin America was sharply curtailed by the outbreak of W.W. II and came to a standstill following Pearl Harbor. When W.W. II ended, proposals were repeatedly advanced for the settlement of DPs on the property and for the opening of an industrial and agricultural center, but they all came to nothing. Finally, in October, 1949, the REC sold the Tenorio Ranch to the United Fruit Co. For summary accounts of developments over the years, see below: Report by A.J. Bruman, 1937, undated. Memos: 4/18/38, 11/30/38, 3/21/40, May 1941, 11/2/45, 3/17/47, 10/20/47, 6/17/48, 10/7/48, 5/9/49, 6/22/49.
Record Group 4.13: Cuba
Series 1: Cuba: Administration
Correspondence, memos, reports and addenda.
File 505: Cuba: Administration, General, 1938
The JDC allocated $10,000 to the NCC for refugee aid in Cuba, 9/29/38, 10/12/38, and $3,000 to the JRC directly for the same purpose, 10/31/38(2), 11/3/38(3), 11/4/38 memo, 11/10/38, 12/9/38 memo Hyman to Bressler, 12/20/38 Hyman to Bressler, 12/30/38 Katzki to Razovsky. Reports and memos on events and developments: 9/18/38, 10/18/38 J. Brandon to R. Brandon, 11/2/38 Hyman to Bressler, 11/7/38 memo on agreement with JRC, 11/18/38 Brandon to Razovsky, 11/26/38 Chamberlain to Hyman, 12/20/38 Berenson to NCC, 12/30/38 Bressler to Razovsky, 12/31, 38. Correspondence: L. Berenson, J. Brandon, D. Bressler, J.C. Hyman, A.H. Kates, H. Katzki, C. Razovsky, Wm. Rosenwald.
File 506: Cuba: Administration, General, 1939 (Jan.-May)
The JDC allocated $10,000 for refugee aid in Cuba, 1/6/39. JDC costs for refugee aid in Cuba for 1939 were estimated at $100,000, 2/16/39 D. Bressler report, 3/21/39(2) memo and Hyman to Margolis. Refugee costs were running at $3,500 per week on a budget of $2,000 per week, 2/15/39 Margolis to Razovsky. The JDC allocated $50,000 for refugee aid in the first six months of 1939, 5/1/39 and granted $1,000 per week in addition effective 4/10/39, 4/7/39, 5/25/39. Reports and memos on events and developments: 1/2/39, 1/5/39, 1/7/39 and 1/10/39 Bressler to Razovsky, 1/12/39(2), 1/21/39, 3/10/39 memo, 3/17/39(2) Maduro to Bressler and Margolis to Razovsky, 3/21/39(2) memo and Razovsky to Bressler, 3/23/39, 3/24/39 Margolis to Razovsky, 3/27/39, 3/28/39(2) Margolis to Razovsky and Maduro to Bressler, 3/29/39 Margolis to Razovsky, 4/8/39, 4/15/39(2), 4/17/39, 5/3/39, 5/19/39. Special Reports: On Cuba, David Bressler, 2/16/39; On the Situation of Refugees in Havana, Edward Hochhauser, 3/3/29. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, L. Berenson, D. Bressler, M.D. Goldsmith, J.C. Hyman, A.H. Kates, L.L. Margolis. S.L. Maduro, E. Perlman, C. Razovsky.
File 507: Cuba: Administration, General, 1939 (June-Aug.)
The JDC allocated $78,000 for refugee aid covering the second half of 1939, 7/27/39 Morrissey to Lew. Reports and memos on events and developments: 6/13/39, 6/15/39 Bressler to Maduro, 6/20/39 Hyman to Rosenwald attachment, 6/23/39 Margolis to Razovsky, 6/26/39 Jaretzki to Montes, 7/19/39, 8/10/39, 8/15/39 Montes to Pilpel, 8/16/39 Schwartz to Vorenberg. Correspondence: L. Berenson, D.M. Bressler, J.P. Chamberlain, M.D. Goldsmith, J.C. Hyman, A. Jaretski Jr., A.H. Kates, S.L. Maduro, L.L. Margolis, J.G. Montes, R. Pilpel, C. Razovsky, J.J. Schwartz.
File 508: Cuba: Administration, General, 1939 (Sept.-Dec.)
The JRC was incorporated so that American staff members could work in Havana and M.D. Goldsmith was elected president, 9/13/39, 10/9/39 (Note: Cuban labor laws forbade the employment of foreigners in Cuba unless they were officers, or members of the B. of D.). Reports and memos on events and developments: 9/1/39, 9/7/39 Goldsmith to Schwartz, 9/11/39 Goldsmith to Pilpel, 9/21/39, 9/30/39 attachment to 10/12/39, 10/23/39. Special report on the visit to Havana by F.N. Trager 8/12/39-8/25/39 attachment to 10/13/39, Amendment to Cuban Immigration Law proposed in legislature to permit seizure of bond moneys deposited by refugees, 11/14/39-11/28/39. Proposal defeated 12/13/39-12/14/39, 12/18/39, 12/19/39. Also see below: File 509, 1/11/40 memo, 1/12/40 Jaretzki to Montes, 1/17/40 Montes to Jaretzki, 1/27/40, 1/30/40, 1/31/40, 2/1/40; and SS Orinoco, File 388. Correspondence: M.D. Goldsmith, J.C. Hyman, P.C. Jessup, A.H. Kates, J. Kleiman, E.S. Margolis, J.G. Montes, R.T. Pell, R. Pilpel, J.J. Schwartz.
File 509: Cuba: Administration, General, 1940 (Jan.-June)
The JDC allocated $98,300 for refugee aid covering the first half of 1940, 1/15/40, 2/23/40, 3/21/40, 5/9/40, 5/18/40. Reports and memos on events and developments: 1/13/40, 1/18/40 Hyman to Goldsmith, 1/18/40 memo, 2/24/40, 2/27/40, 2/29/40, 3/11/40 Pilpel to Hersey, 4/3/40, 5/8/40, 5/9/40, 5/20/40, 5/22/40, 6/18/40. Also see: File 130, 4/26/76 pp. 7-13. Correspondence: M.D. Goldsmith, J.C. Hyman, A.H. Kates, A. Jaretzki Jr., L.L. Margolis, R. Pilpel, J.J. Schwartz.
File 510: Cuba: Administration, General, 1940 (July-Dec.)
The JDC allocated $79,500 for refugee aid covering the second half of 1940, 5/18/40, 7/15/40, 9/21/40, 10/25/40, 11/20/40. Voluntary registration of refugees in Cuba came to 1,636 persons, of whom 828 were beneficiaries of JRC relief aid, 8/8/40. Reports and memos on events and developments: 7/22/40(2), 8/8/40, 8/16/40 memo, 8/20/40, 8/28/40(2), 9/5/40, 9/10/40, 9/13/40, 9/16/40, 9/23/40, 10/1/40(2), 10/16/40, 10/21/40, 10/29/40(2) Margolis to Pilpel, 10/31/40, 11/21/40, 12/11/40. Special Report: Study of Change of Status Cases Jan. 1937 – Oct. 1940, by M. Siegel and L. Veissid, 12/1/40. Correspondence: J.C. Hyman, A.H. Kates, M.A. Leavitt, L.L. Margolis, A. Mayerson, R. Pilpel, C. Razovsky, A. Teitelbaum.
File 511: Cuba: Administration, General, 1941 (Jan.-Sept.)
Reports and memos on events and developments: 2/3/41, 2/17/41 F.R. Adlerstein, 3/25/41, 5/5/41, 5/21/41, 5/30/41(2), SS Marques de Comillas, 9/8/41. Also see: File 376, SS Navemar 9/9/41 Pilpel to Adlerstein, File 130, 4/26/76 pp. 12-13. Correspondence: F.R. Adlerstein, J.C. Hyman, M.A. Leavitt, L.L. Margolis, R. Pilpel, M. Siegel.
File 512: Cuba: Administration, General, 1941 (Oct.-Dec.)
Reports and memos on events and developments: 10/15/41 Pilpel to Mayerson, 10/22/41 and 10/31/41 Pilpel to Brochard, 11/1/41 Leavitt to Pilpel, 12/15/41 memo on makeup of refugees in Havana, 12/20/41 Jordan to Pilpel, 12/31/41 Pilpel to Adlerstein. Correspondence: F.W. Borchard, C.H. Jordan, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel, M. Siegel, M. Stephany.
File 513: Cuba: Administration, General, 1942 (Jan.-May)
Reports and memos on events and developments: 1/5/42 Troper to Stephany, 1/13/42 and attachment; nearly 2,000 refugees arrived in Cuba during December 1941, 1/23/42, 2/7/42, 2/14/42, 2/25/42, 3/2/42 Pilpel to Jordan, 3/16/42(2), 4/10/42, 4/11/42 Jordan to Pilpel, 4/15/42 memo, 4/16/42 memo, 4/19/42 telegram, 4/20/42 memo, 5/1/42 R. Pilpel, 5/6/42; also see: File 388, SS San Thome. Statistical summary of 2,396 refugees registered at the JDC, 5/22/42, 5/26/42, 5/28/42. Special Report: Observations on Visit to Cuba 3/26/42-4/2/42, M.A. Leavitt, 4/13/42. Correspondence: O. Gurfinkel, J.C. Hyman, C.H. Jordan, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel, C. Razovsky, M.C. Troper.
File 514: Cuba: Administration, General, 1942 (June-Dec.)
Reports and memos on events and developments: 6/8/42(2), 6/11/42, 7/15/42(2), 8/5/42, 8/17/42 memo, 9/1/42, 9/2/42, 9/8/42, 9/16/42, 9/25/42, 10/1/42 Pilpel to Bernstein, 10/3/42, 10/6/42, 10/23/42, 10/28/42 memo, 11/3/42. Lists of refugee arrivals in Florida from Cuba, by months, June-December 1942. Correspondence: J.C. Hyman, C.H. Jordan, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel.
File 515: Cuba: Administration, General, 1943
Reports and memos on events and developments: 2/1/43 Pilpel to Frank, 3/8/43 Jordan to Pilpel, 3/24/43, 3/29/43, 4/12/43, 4/21/43, 5/10/43, 5/29/43, 6/8/43, 6/14/43, 8/9/43, 11/25/43, 11/30/43, 12/17/43. Lists of refugee arrivals in Florida from Cuba, by months, Jan.-Dec. 1943. Correspondence: S. Braden, O. Gurfinkel, C.H. Jordan, R. Pilpel, R. Rabinoff, G.L. Warren.
File 516: Cuba: Administration, General, 1944
Reports and memos on events and developments: 2/17/44, 2/25/44, 3/1/44, 3/3/44, 3/9/44, 3/10/44, 3/13/44 Gurfinkel to Leavitt, 3/27/44 and attachment, 5/11/44 and 5/18/44 Gurfinkel to Sobel, 6/8/44, 7/7/44, 8/7/44, 12/5/44. Lists of refugees arrivals in Florida from Cuba, by months Jan.-Nov. 1944. The JDC Emergency Admin. Committee set up a deferred commitment of $500,000 as a maintenance guarantee in that sum, if the Cuban Gov’t would admit 1,000 refugee children, 5/2/44, 5/16/44, 6/18/44 memo #2598. Correspondence: H.D. Beale, S. Braden, O. Gurfinkel, J.C. Hyman, L.H. Sobel.
File 517: Cuba: Administration, General, 1945 - 1959
Reports and memos on events and developments: 1/23/45, 1/25/45, 3/27/45, 7/4/46, 2/6/47, 6/30/47, 6/30/48-8/6/48, 9/13/48, 5/1/56. Report on visit to Havana 10/6/48-10/22/48, by Philip Skorneck, 10/22/48. For data on years following 1959, see: Correspondence: A. Gurfinkel, A. Hartman, C.H. Jordan, A.H. Kates, J. Landau, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel, P. Skorneck, A.Z. Weinstein.
File 522: Cuba: Administration, Financial, 1938 - 1939
Monthly Financial and Statistical Reports: 1939: June (7/12/39), August-December Financial and Statistical Report, M.A. Goldsmith, undated (Nov. 1939).
File 523: Cuba: Administration, Financial, 1940
Monthly Financial and Statistical Reports: 1940: January-December Suspense Account Between the NRS and the JDC, 7/5/40. Loeb and Troper Field Audit, Joint Relief Committee 1939-1940.
File 524: Cuba: Administration, Financial, 1941
Monthly Financial and Statistical Reports: 1941: January-December Loeb and Troper Field Audit, Joint Relief Committee, 1941. LandP Field Audit Letters #21-27, 5/28/41.
File 525: Cuba: Administration, Financial, 1942 - 1943
Monthly Financial and Statistical Reports: 1942: January-December; 1943: January-December Weekly Financial Summaries #1-15, 9/22/43-12/29/43. Loeb and Troper Field Audit Letters, 1942: #10, 5/13/42; #11, 5/15/42; #12, 5/20/42; #13, 5/22/42.
File 526: Cuba: Administration, Financial, 1944
Monthly Financial and Statistical Reports: 1944: January-December. Weekly Financial Summaries #16-30, 1/5/44-4/12/44, #32-36, 4/26/44-12/20/44 (many gaps). Loeb and Troper Field Audit Letters 1944: #5, 4/20/44; #6, 4/24/44.
File 527: Cuba: Administration, Financial, 1945 - 1946
Monthly Financial and Statistical Reports: 1945: Jan.-July, November; 1946: December. Loeb and Troper Field Audit Letters 1945: #4, 5/2/45; #5, 5/7/45; #6, 5/10/45. 1946: #4, 4/29/46, #5, 5/3/46.
File 528: Cuba: Administration, Financial, 1947 - 1950
Monthly Financial and Statistical Reports: 1947: May, Sept., Oct.
File 529: Cuba: Administration, Fund-Raising, 1938 - 1944
The Jewish population of Cuba was fragmented into three major segments: the English speakers who stemmed from the U.S. mostly, the East Europeans and the Sephardis. Between them, communication and cooperation were minimal at best or non-existent. When the tide of Central European refugees began to pour into Cuba, the JDC called upon the Jewish community to participate in refugee relief, via local fund-raising, but the results were meager. Three years of local fund-raising, 1940-1942, produced a mere $7,900 all told. Only in 1945, under the stress of the holocaust, did local fund-raising for European refugees achieve significance. In that year, the JDC conducted its own campaign and collections reached $77,000; George Greenspun came in to serve as coordinator (see: File 531, 2/28/46, 3/6/46, 6/22/46). Thereafter, JDC collections fell off in the face of competing campaigns conducted by the Keren Hayesod, the HIAS, the Histadruth, the WJC and other organizations (1946: $45,000; 1947; $35,000). In 1948, a $500,000 campaign was launched in Cuba; Israel was named the major beneficiary while the JDC was excluded. In the next years, the JDC conducted limited campaigns and collected modest sums. Correspondence: H.D. Biele, O. Gurfinkel, J.C. Hyman, L.L. Margolis, M. Siegel.
File 530: Cuba: Administration, Fund-Raising, 1945
The Jewish population of Cuba was fragmented into three major segments: the English speakers who stemmed from the U.S. mostly, the East Europeans and the Sephardis. Between them, communication and cooperation were minimal at best or non-existent. When the tide of Central European refugees began to pour into Cuba, the JDC called upon the Jewish community to participate in refugee relief, via local fund-raising, but the results were meager. Three years of local fund-raising, 1940-1942, produced a mere $7,900 all told. Only in 1945, under the stress of the holocaust, did local fund-raising for European refugees achieve significance. In that year, the JDC conducted its own campaign and collections reached $77,000; George Greenspun came in to serve as coordinator (see: File 531, 2/28/46, 3/6/46, 6/22/46). Thereafter, JDC collections fell off in the face of competing campaigns conducted by the Keren Hayesod, the HIAS, the Histadruth, the WJC and other organizations (1946: $45,000; 1947; $35,000). In 1948, a $500,000 campaign was launched in Cuba; Israel was named the major beneficiary while the JDC was excluded. In the next years, the JDC conducted limited campaigns and collected modest sums. Correspondence: G. Greenspun, O. Gurfinkel, A. Hartman, J.C. Hyman, R. Pilpel, L.H. Sobel.
File 531: Cuba: Administration, Fund-Raising, 1946 - 1947
The Jewish population of Cuba was fragmented into three major segments: the English speakers who stemmed from the U.S. mostly, the East Europeans and the Sephardis. Between them, communication and cooperation were minimal at best or non-existent. When the tide of Central European refugees began to pour into Cuba, the JDC called upon the Jewish community to participate in refugee relief, via local fund-raising, but the results were meager. Three years of local fund-raising, 1940-1942, produced a mere $7,900 all told. Only in 1945, under the stress of the holocaust, did local fund-raising for European refugees achieve significance. In that year, the JDC conducted its own campaign and collections reached $77,000; George Greenspun came in to serve as coordinator (see: File 531, 2/28/46, 3/6/46, 6/22/46). Thereafter, JDC collections fell off in the face of competing campaigns conducted by the Keren Hayesod, the HIAS, the Histadruth, the WJC and other organizations (1946: $45,000; 1947; $35,000). In 1948, a $500,000 campaign was launched in Cuba; Israel was named the major beneficiary while the JDC was excluded. In the next years, the JDC conducted limited campaigns and collected modest sums. Correspondence: G. Greenspun, O. Gurfinkel, J.B. Lightman, R. Pilpel, P. Skorneck.
File 532: Cuba: Administration, Fund-Raising, 1948 - 1951
The Jewish population of Cuba was fragmented into three major segments: the English speakers who stemmed from the U.S. mostly, the East Europeans and the Sephardis. Between them, communication and cooperation were minimal at best or non-existent. When the tide of Central European refugees began to pour into Cuba, the JDC called upon the Jewish community to participate in refugee relief, via local fund-raising, but the results were meager. Three years of local fund-raising, 1940-1942, produced a mere $7,900 all told. Only in 1945, under the stress of the holocaust, did local fund-raising for European refugees achieve significance. In that year, the JDC conducted its own campaign and collections reached $77,000; George Greenspun came in to serve as coordinator (see: File 531, 2/28/46, 3/6/46, 6/22/46). Thereafter, JDC collections fell off in the face of competing campaigns conducted by the Keren Hayesod, the HIAS, the Histadruth, the WJC and other organizations (1946: $45,000; 1947; $35,000). In 1948, a $500,000 campaign was launched in Cuba; Israel was named the major beneficiary while the JDC was excluded. In the next years, the JDC conducted limited campaigns and collected modest sums. Correspondence: O. Gurfinkel, M.A. Leavitt, J.B. Lightman, R. Pilpel, P. Skorneck, E.M.M. Warburg.
Series 2: Cuba: Organizations
American Friends Service Committee, see below: File 518. Asociacion Democratica de Refugiados Hebreos de la Habana, see General, File 515, 5/24/43, 6/1/43 and File 516, 2/3/44. Joint Relief Committee, see Cuba: Introductory section.
File 518: American Friends Service Committee (Friends)
In July 1939, the Friends opened a work camp and school, on the outskirts of Havana, for the informal training in trade and agriculture of some 50 young refugees. The Friends expended $3,500 for the equipment and upkeep of the establishment. The JDC granted allocations for maintenance and tuition of $4,000 in 1940 and $9,900 in 1941. The work camp closed its gates in March 1942. Correspondence: H.J. Cadbury, M.D. Goldsmith, J.C. Hyman, H. Kraus, L.L. Margolis, C. Pickett, R. Pilpel, J.J. Schwartz.
Series 3: Cuba: Subject Matter
File 519: Cuba: Subject Matter, Repatriation of Cuban Jews
A group of twenty naturalized Cuban Jews fled to Spain from France following the Nazi occupation, and awaited their repatriation in exchange for German nationals interned in Cuba. The repatriation was cancelled and their departure overseas was delayed until Feb. 1945. The JDC supported them during their entire sojourn in Spain and met the costs of their ocean crossing to Cuba.
File 520: Special Historical Project on the History of the Jews in Cuba
Ever since the depression 1930’s, Cuban law barred the labor market to foreigners. In April 1943, the JDC underwrote a form of WPA Federal Writer’s Project for the many professional and white collar workers among the unemployed refugees. Materials collected and prepared by them on the History of the Jews in Cuba up to circa 1933, will be found in the JDC Archives 1921-1932, Files 184-185. Materials bearing upon the post-1933 years will be found below. The project was supervised by Boris Sapir. Correspondence: H.D. Biele, O. Gurfinkel, C. Jordan, R. Pilpel, R. Rabinoff, B. Sapir, L.H. Sobel.
File 521: Special Historical Project on the History of the Jews in Cuba, Manuscript
Ever since the depression 1930’s, Cuban law barred the labor market to foreigners. In April 1943, the JDC underwrote a form of WPA Federal Writer’s Project for the many professional and white collar workers among the unemployed refugees. Materials collected and prepared by them on the History of the Jews in Cuba up to circa 1933, will be found in the JDC Archives 1921-1932, Files 184-185. Materials bearing upon the post-1933 years will be found below. The project was supervised by Boris Sapir. “Is There a Jewish Question in Cuba”, W. Berger, 1944.
Record Group 4.14: Curacao
File 533: Curacao
In 1939, some 800 Jewish families made their homes in Curacao, and all but 100 were of Sephardi descent. In 1940, following the fall of Holland, the Dutch Gov’t-in-Exile interned as enemy aliens a number of Jewish refugees arriving in Curacao. In Nov. 1941, the Dutch Gov’t allowed 83 refugees from the SS Cabo de Hornos to land in Curacao for 90 days, from the notorious voyage of that vessel in Oct.-Nov. 1941. The JDC shouldered responsibility for the costs of maintenance and for placing the refugees in permanent homes elsewhere. For materials on the voyage of the SS Cabo de Hornos and on the 83 refugees who landed in Curacao, see: Emigration, Files 370-371. Milton H.M. Maduro served as the unpaid JDC representative in Curacao, from 11/19/41 until the end of W.W. II. Rabbi I.J. Cardozo headed the local relief committee, Joodsch Hulp-Comite, which aided the refugees throughout the war. In the post-war years, the Jewish community of Curacao became a JDC contributor. For materials, see: Curacao, Fund-Raising. Correspondence: I.S. Cardozo, M.A. Leavitt, I.H. Levy, M.H.L. Maduro, R. Pilpel.
Record Group 4.15: Czechoslovakia
Series 1: Czechoslovakia: Administration
Correspondence, memos, reports, addenda.
File 534: Czechoslovakia: Administration, General, 1934 - 1938
Reports and memos on the Situation of the Jews in Czechoslovakia: 2/7/34, 7/11/34, 2/10/36; 10/29/38 and attachments; November 1938(2) N. Aronovici, in English and German; HICEM Prague, 11/18/38 attachment to 12/1/38; HIAS-ICA, Paris, attachment to 12/9/38 Asofsky to Hyman. Correspondence: N. Aronovici, P. Baerwald, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, N. Katz.
File 535: Czechoslovakia: Administration, General, 1939 - 1940 (June)
Reports and memos on the Situation of the Jews in Czechoslovakia: Boris Smolar, 3/17/39; Bohemia – Moravia, 6/7/39; Slovakia, 6/8/39; Jewish Political Situation in Moravia and Bohemia, F. Ullmann, 11/7/39 attachment to 11/9/39; Review of Pre-War Czechoslovakia, undated; Slovakia, 2/8/40, 2/9/40; Bohemia – Moravia, 2/23/40. Correspondence: H.K. Buchman, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, H. Katzki, O Newmann, M. Schmolka, H. Steiner, M.C. Troper.
File 536: Czechoslovakia: Administration, General, 1940 (June) - 1944; 1945
Reports and memos on the Situation of the Jews in Czechoslovakia: The Czech Gov’t-in-Exile, undated (Aug. 1940); JDC Budapest, 10/16/40 and attachments to 10/25/40; Federation of Czechoslovakian Jews, June 1942; Deportation of Jews from Slovakia, undated, (1943); F. Kohn, 3/17/44; CICR, 12/19/44; Review of Pre-War Czechoslovakia, Aronovici and Tarshansky, 1/12/45. List of 1,200 Theresienstadt inmates who arrived in Switzerland in Feb. 1945, undated; for additional materials, see: SM Archives, File 21. Correspondence: J. Becko, J. Blum, P.T. Culbertson, R.K. Fueredi, G. Fleischmann, J.C. Hyman, S.B. Jacobson, J. Katzki, M. Rosenbluth, H. Schwartz, M.R. Springer, M.C. Troper.
File 537: Czechoslovakia: Administration, Financial
a. General, 1939 – 1941: Correspondence: F. Friedman, L. Rosner, M.C. Troper. b. Transfer of Funds, 1938 – 1942: Clearance arrangements for the transfer of funds: 9/9/38, 1/6/39, 2/13/39, 3/29/39, 8/8/39, 8/22/39, 2/14/40. Correspondence: J.C. Hyman, H. Katzki, E.M. Morrissey, J. Robbins, J.J. Schwartz, D.J. Schweitzer, M.C. Troper.
Series 2: Czechoslovakia: Organizations
Comite International de la Croix Rouge a Geneve, see below: File 542. Czechoslovak Jewish Representative Committee, New York (affiliated with the WJC), see below: Files 542, 544. Federation of Czechoslovakian Jews, (FCJ), London, see below: Files 536, 544, 545. Masaryk – Gaster Fund, London, (affiliated with the FCJ), see below: Files 536, 538, 541, 558. School for Domestic Science, Mukacevo, see below: File 534. Sozialer Hilfsverein fuer Juden der Slovakei, Kosice, see below: File 534.
Series 3: Czechoslovakia: Subject Matter
Concentration Camps, see Files 542-544.
File 538: Czechoslovakia: Subject Matter, Emigration, General, 1938 - 1942
Urgency of Jewish emigration from B-M, 11/7/39. JDC expenditures for emigration from B-M, 7/24/40. Status of emigration to the U.S., 6/26/41 attachment to 6/27/41, 7/18/41, 7/24/41. For materials on the Kladovo episode, see: SM Archives, File 31. Correspondence: G. Fleischmann, F. Friedmann, R.K. Fueredi, J.C. Hyman, C.H. Jordan, H. Katzki, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel, I. Rosen, J.J. Schwartz, M.R. Springer, H. Steiner, M.C. Troper.
File 539: Czechoslovakia: Subject Matter, Emigration, Individuals, 1933 - 1944
1. Kettner, L. and H. 2. Robitschek, J. and L. 3. Sabl, Karoline
File 540: Czechoslovakia: Subject Matter, Reconstruction, 1935 - 1939; 1970
Cooperatives, 1935 – 1939; 1970 – Report: Jewish Cooperatives in Czechoslovakia (between the two World Wars), Moshe Ussoskin, 1970. Correspondence: J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, H. Katzki, I. Millstein, L. Oungre, M. Ussoskin.
File 541: Czechoslovakia: Subject Matter, Refugees, 1933 - 1944
Jews in “no-man’s-lands” along the various Czech frontiers, 11/1/38, 11/28/38, 12/12/38 – 1/6/39, 1/23/39, 2/7/39. Situation of refugees in Czechoslovakia: Memo, Nov. 1938; Report, Feb. 1939. JDC aided refugees from Czechoslovakia who were stranded in Rumania, 11/18/39 – 1/5/40. For earlier materials, see: Germany, File 628, 11/14/34 attachment to 11/21/34 pp. 22-24. For additional materials, 1938, 1939, see: EUREXCO, Files 179-181. Correspondence: E. Jabotinski, E. Kafka, R. Katz, H. Katzki, M.A. Leavitt, M.R. Springer, J.J. Schwartz, M. Schmolka, M.C. Troper.
File 542: Czechoslovakia: Subject Matter, Relief Supplies, General
In Nov. 1941, the Nazis proceeded to transform the fortress city of Terezin (Theresienstadt), to the northwest of Prague, into a Jewish ghetto under the supervision of the Gestapo. Jews in the tens of thousands were shipped in, initially from Germany, Austria and Czechoslovakia and later from other countries too. At first, conditions were less intolerable than in other ghettos and concentration camps, but in time grave shortages in food, clothing and medicaments cropped up, epidemics broke out and mortality rates mushroomed. In May 1943, the JDC was authorized by the U.S. Treasury to transfer $12,000 per month to its Lisbon office, for the shipment of individual food parcels to non-Czech inmates of Theresienstadt. The inmates were restricted to the receipt of two parcels per month, weighing no more than one pound each. In May 1944, the JDC enlarged the monthly allocations to $14,000 and in August to $16,000. In addition, the Lisbon office supervised the shipment of some 5,000 parcels per month to Czech nationals in Theresienstadt. These parcels were shipped via the Czech representative in Lisbon, and were paid for by the British Board of Guardians. Moreover, in April 1944, Saly Mayer, with JDC funds, began to ship 2,000 parcels per month to Theresienstadt from Switzerland via the CICR, and the number expanded greatly by the year’s end. Lists of individual inmates for the receipt of parcels were submitted by a number of organizations, and mainly the Federation of Czechoslovakian Jews, the Self-Help of Emigres from Central Europe, the Czechoslovak Jewish Representative Committee, and the Agudas Israel. Correspondence, memos, reports and addenda. Reports and memos on food parcel shipments to Theresienstadt: 9/2/43 Katzki to JDC N.Y., 11/8/43, 1/26/44, 7/7/44, 8/8/44, 1/31/45, 2/9/45. Reports and memos on conditions in Theresienstadt: 8/27/43, 9/15/43 attachment, 6/23/44 attachment to 10/26/44, 8/1/44, 10/13/44(2), 4/23/45 attachment to 7/3/45, 5/24/45, 5/26/45 attachment to 6/11/45, 6/4/45(2), July 1945, 7/25/45, 9/22/45. For a small pin bearing the words in Czech: “In Memoriam Theresienstadt”, see R.K. Correspondence: Leo Baeck, P. Baerwald, P.F. Dunand, E. Frischer, C. Huber, H. Katzki, A.L. Kubowitzki, M.A. Leavitt, H. Linder, L.L. Margolis, R. McClelland, R. Pilpel, M. Rossel, J.J. Schwartz.
File 543: Czechoslovakia: Subject Matter, Relief Supplies, Food package lists for Theresienstadt
In Nov. 1941, the Nazis proceeded to transform the fortress city of Terezin (Theresienstadt), to the northwest of Prague, into a Jewish ghetto under the supervision of the Gestapo. Jews in the tens of thousands were shipped in, initially from Germany, Austria and Czechoslovakia and later from other countries too. At first, conditions were less intolerable than in other ghettos and concentration camps, but in time grave shortages in food, clothing and medicaments cropped up, epidemics broke out and mortality rates mushroomed. In May 1943, the JDC was authorized by the U.S. Treasury to transfer $12,000 per month to its Lisbon office, for the shipment of individual food parcels to non-Czech inmates of Theresienstadt. The inmates were restricted to the receipt of two parcels per month, weighing no more than one pound each. In May 1944, the JDC enlarged the monthly allocations to $14,000 and in August to $16,000. In addition, the Lisbon office supervised the shipment of some 5,000 parcels per month to Czech nationals in Theresienstadt. These parcels were shipped via the Czech representative in Lisbon, and were paid for by the British Board of Guardians. Moreover, in April 1944, Saly Mayer, with JDC funds, began to ship 2,000 parcels per month to Theresienstadt from Switzerland via the CICR, and the number expanded greatly by the year’s end. Lists of individual inmates for the receipt of parcels were submitted by a number of organizations, and mainly the Federation of Czechoslovakian Jews, the Self-Help of Emigres from Central Europe, the Czechoslovak Jewish Representative Committee, and the Agudas Israel. 1. Self-Help of Emigres from Central Europe, #1-21, 1943 – 1944. 2. JDC list #12, the names of 3,589 persons in receipt of JDC packages, 2/23/44. 3. JTA lists, Czechoslovakia, undated. 4. Federation of Czechoslovakian Jews, lists #24-28, 1944.
File 544: Czechoslovakia: Subject Matter, Relief Supplies, Czechoslovakian Jewish Representative Committee,
In Nov. 1941, the Nazis proceeded to transform the fortress city of Terezin (Theresienstadt), to the northwest of Prague, into a Jewish ghetto under the supervision of the Gestapo. Jews in the tens of thousands were shipped in, initially from Germany, Austria and Czechoslovakia and later from other countries too. At first, conditions were less intolerable than in other ghettos and concentration camps, but in time grave shortages in food, clothing and medicaments cropped up, epidemics broke out and mortality rates mushroomed. In May 1943, the JDC was authorized by the U.S. Treasury to transfer $12,000 per month to its Lisbon office, for the shipment of individual food parcels to non-Czech inmates of Theresienstadt. The inmates were restricted to the receipt of two parcels per month, weighing no more than one pound each. In May 1944, the JDC enlarged the monthly allocations to $14,000 and in August to $16,000. In addition, the Lisbon office supervised the shipment of some 5,000 parcels per month to Czech nationals in Theresienstadt. These parcels were shipped via the Czech representative in Lisbon, and were paid for by the British Board of Guardians. Moreover, in April 1944, Saly Mayer, with JDC funds, began to ship 2,000 parcels per month to Theresienstadt from Switzerland via the CICR, and the number expanded greatly by the year’s end. Lists of individual inmates for the receipt of parcels were submitted by a number of organizations, and mainly the Federation of Czechoslovakian Jews, the Self-Help of Emigres from Central Europe, the Czechoslovak Jewish Representative Committee, and the Agudas Israel.
File 545: Czechoslovakia: Subject Matter, Relief Supplies, Food package lists of Czech Jews in Slovakia, Polish Ghettos and Upper Silesia
Agudas Israel Organization, #15 (1942), #23 (1943); Federation of Czechoslovakian Jews, #1-19, 1942; Lists from Gisi Fleischmann, Bratislava, 1942 – 1944; Unidentified, 1944.
Series 4: Czechoslovakia: Localities
Terezin (Theresienstadt), see Files 542 – 544.
Record Group 4.16: Danzig
File 546: Danzig: Reports on the Situation in Danzig:
Neville Laski, 8/12/34 attachment to 10/15/34; I. Gitermann, 7/24/35 attachment to 8/12/35, 11/4/37 attachment, 12/12/37, 12/14/37 and attachments, January 1938, 12/30/38, 5/2/39; Dr. Berendt, 11/28/36(2); M. Rosenblueth, 12/24/37; Jewish Community of Danzig, 1/4/39, 8/22/39; M. Ausuebel, 10/4/39 attachment to 10/8/39; B. Kahn, 3/7/40. Correspondence: C. Adler, I. Gitermann, O.I. Hirsch, D. Jonas, B. Kahn, N. Katz, Neville Laski, M. Rosenblueth, J.J. Schwartz, M.C. Troper.
File 547: Danzig: Danzig Museum
Record Group 4.17: Denmark
File 548: Denmark
Reports on the Situation in Denmark: 1/30/41 (anonymous); S. Adler-Rudel April 1943, attachment to 8/18/43. The JDC allocated $25,000 to the Mosaiska Foersamlingen Stockholm for the aid of Danish refugees in Sweden 10/13/43(5), and a second $25,000 12/13/43. Correspondence: D. Adler-Rudel, J. Blum, J.C. Hyman, M.A. Leavitt, J.J. Schwartz, B. Shor.
Record Group 4.18: Dominican Republic
Series 1: Dominican Republic: Administration
Correspondence, memos, reports, addenda.
File 549: Dominican Republic: Administration, General, 1930; 1937 - 1939
On refugee events and developments: 4/21/38, 8/15/39, 12/5/39. Fin. and Statistical Reps. by the JRC, 1939: June-July, Aug., Sept., Nov. Correspondence: L. Berenson, W.A. Frey, J.C. Hyman, L.L. Margolis, R. Pilpel, A. Staiman, E.J. Swift.
File 550: Dominican Republic: Administration, General, 1940 - 1941
On refugee events and developments: 2/19/41, 6/16/41, 10/31/41. Narrative reports: W. Baum, 3/1/41; M. Wischnitzer, 3/10/41; M. Siegel, 7/10/41 attachment to 7/14/41; M.C. Troper, 9/25/41. Fin. and statistical Reports: L and T Field Audit of JRC 3/22/39 – 12/31/41, 6/1/42; J.M. Brossa Audit 4/1/39 – 12/31/40; JRC 1940 (consolidated): Jan.-June, July-Dec., 1/24/41 attachment to 1/28/41; 1941: March 4/18/41, April 5/14/41, December 12/31/41. Correspondence: W. Baum, E. Birnbaum, L. Falk Jr., E.M. Morrissey, R. Pilpel, J.N. Rosenberg, D.J. Schweitzer, M. Siegel, A. Staiman, M.C. Troper, G.L. Warren.
File 551: Dominican Republic: Administration, General, 1942
On refugee events and developments: 1/10/42, 1/14/42 minutes of meeting, 2/4/42, 2/5/42, 2/13/42, 2/17/42, 7/19/42 attachment to 7/30/42 Baum to Pilpel, 12/7/42. Fin. and statistical reps.-JRC 1942: Jan., Feb., May 6/11/42, July 7/13/42, Oct. 11/10/42; L and T Field Letters #3-5, 3/20/42, #6-7, 5/5/42. Correspondence: S. Arons, W. Baum, J.C. Hyman, C.H. Jordan, B. Kahn, E.M. Morrissey, R. Pilpel, D.J. Schweitzer.
File 552: Dominican Republic: Administration, General, 1943
On refugee events and developments: 1/9/43, 1/26/43, 3/30/43 Baum to Pilpel, 8/9/43 report on discussions with C.H. Jordan. Report: Refugees in the Dominican Republic, R. Pilpel, 7/16/43. Fin. and Statistical Reports: Loeb and Troper (L and T) Field Audit for 1943, 4/12/44, L and T Field Letters #1-4 attachments to 5/10/43 and #14-15, 5/15/43, JRC 1943: Feb. attachment to 3/19/43. Correspondence: W. Baum, J.C. Hyman, C.H. Jordan, R. Pilpel.
File 553: Dominican Republic: Administration, General, 1944
On refugee events and developments: 3/17/44 attachment to 3/30/44, 3/25/44, 4/22/44, 5/8/44, 7/10/44(2), 9/2/44, 9/16/44. Fin. and statistical Reports: JRC, 9/5/44 attachment to 10/10/44, Sept. 1944 attachment to 10/11/44, on Batey Admin. 4/1/44 – 10/31/44, 11/30/44; L and T Field Letters #1-3a, 3/23/44. Correspondence: N. Aronovici, W. Baum, W.L. Bein, H.D. Biele, M.B. Hexter, L.H. Sobel.
Series 2: Dominican Republic: Subject Matter
File 554: Dominican Republic: Subject Matter, Cultural and Religious
In 1939, the newly arrived immigrants established the Jewish Community of the D.R. (Parroquia Israelita de la Republica Dominicana). Beginning in 1939, the JDC Cultural Committee made small grants for cultural and religious projects, to the Parroquia in the main, and these continued until the end of 1947. In all, the allocations ran beyond $15,000, but their modest size failed to reflect the wide-ranging efforts undertaken by the JDC to aid in making the projects possible and in developing communal unity. In addition, the JDC provided the Jewish community with a range of matzos, prayer books, Torah scrolls and other religious articles as well as books of Jewish interest. Besides the usual religious, cultural and linguistic dissensions that fragmented communities of recent immigrants, a single ruthless individual, F. Steinmetz, managed to divide the Ciudad Trujillo community into pro and anti-Steinmetz factions. His machinations served to paralyze Jewish communal initiative for several years, until finally he succeeded in driving off even his staunchest partisans. Reports and memos on developments in the Jewish Community: M. Wischnitzer, 3/10/41, 4/15/41; J. Engel, 11/6/41, 12/29/42. Correspondence: S. Arons, W. Baum, H.K. Buchman, J. Engel, J.A. Rosen, J. Rosenheim, F. Steinmetz, D.J. Schweitzer, M. Wischnitzer.
File 555: Dominican Republic: Subject Matter, Cultural and Religious
In 1939, the newly arrived immigrants established the Jewish Community of the D.R. (Parroquia Israelita de la Republica Dominicana). Beginning in 1939, the JDC Cultural Committee made small grants for cultural and religious projects, to the Parroquia in the main, and these continued until the end of 1947. In all, the allocations ran beyond $15,000, but their modest size failed to reflect the wide-ranging efforts undertaken by the JDC to aid in making the projects possible and in developing communal unity. In addition, the JDC provided the Jewish community with a range of matzos, prayer books, Torah scrolls and other religious articles as well as books of Jewish interest. Besides the usual religious, cultural and linguistic dissensions that fragmented communities of recent immigrants, a single ruthless individual, F. Steinmetz, managed to divide the Ciudad Trujillo community into pro and anti-Steinmetz factions. His machinations served to paralyze Jewish communal initiative for several years, until finally he succeeded in driving off even his staunchest partisans. Reports and memos on developments in the Jewish Community: C.H. Jordan, 2/25/43, 7/11/43. Fin. and statistical repts.: Parroquia Israelita de la Republica Dominicana, Quarterly, 1943 – 1945 (some omissions). Correspondence: S. Arons, W. Baum, H.K. Buchman, A. Horwitz, C.H. Jordan, E. Phillips, J. Rosenheim, F. Steinmetz, D. Stern.
Record Group 4.68: Ecuador
Series 1: Ecuador: Administration
Correspondence, reports, memos, addenda.
File 1118: Ecuador: Administration, General, 1936 - 1941 (Apr.)
Negotiations with the Ecuadorean Gov’t for the admission of 50 refugee boys (Floersheimische Stiftung), 6/3/40, 11/1/40, 1/10/41, 3/7/41, 3/11/41-3/21/41. Reports: L. Ettlinger, 6/3/36. C.Q. Henriques and A. Golodetz, 8/17/36-1/13/37, 6/13/37. Anon., 6/19/37. F.W. Borchardt and D. Glick, 4/20/39. S. Arons, “Ecuador, Its Climate and Agricultural Regions,” 6/26/39. L. Zelwer, 6/24/39 attachment to 8/25/39. F.W. Borchardt, 7/8/40. M.D. Goldsmith, 3/4/41. Emergency aid for refugee landings: SS Koenigstein, 2/28/39-3/7/39. SS Rakuyo Maru, 10/8/40, 10/17/40(2) cable and telephone conversation, 10/19/40, 10/22/40, 11/12/40. SS Ginyo Maru and SS Hie Maru, 12/28/40, 1/2/41, 1/8/41, 1/10/41, 1/21/41, 1/28/41, 2/14/41, 2/26/41(2), 3/11/41. Correspondence: F.W. Borchardt, M.D. Goldsmith, C.J. Liebman, R. Pilpel, O. Rocca, L. Zelwer.
File 1119: Ecuador: Administration, General, 1941 (May-Dec.)
Further negotiations for the admission of the 50 refugee boys (Floersheimische Stiftung), 7/9/41, 8/14/41, 8/19/41, 10/3/41, 10/7/41 HICEM to the JDC, 10/9/41, 10/13/41, 12/6/41. Memos by A.J. Bruman on agricultural settlement for refugees, 6/6/41, 7/12/41 attachment to 7/30/41. Correspondence: N. Aronovici, F.W. Borchardt, A.J. Bruman, C. Jordan, B. Kahn, B. Mellibovsky, R. Pilpel, O. Rocca, L. Zelwer.
File 1120: Ecuador: Administration, General, 1942 - 1943 (Sept.)
The JDC allocated $2,840 in one-time grants to organizations in Quito and Guayaquil, 5/21/43, 6/3/43. Numbered Letters to the JDC – M.W. Beckelman: #289, 6/7/43 – L.H. Sobel: #17, 5/8/43, #18, 5/9/43, #47, 7/27/43, #73, 9/7/43. HICEM Annual Reports: 1941, 12/31/41; 1942, 12/31/42. Correspondence: M.W. Beckelman, C. Jordan, R. Pilpel, L. Sobel, O. Rocca.
File 1121: Ecuador: Administration, General, 1943 Oct. - 1945
The JDC allocated $875 in one-time grants to organizations in Quito and Guayaquil, 3/24/44, 4/27/44, 5/22/44. Numbered letters to the JDC – L.H. Sobel: #93, 10/28/43; J.B. Lightman: #165, 5/15/44. Reports and Memos – D. Stern, “Ecuador,” Jan. 1945 attachment to 1/24/45; S. Guttman, “The Jewish Community of Guayaquil” attach. 1/24/45. HICEM Annual Report: 1943, and Summary, Dec. 1943 and 12/27/43. HICEM Monthly Reports – 1944: April-Dec.; 1945, Jan., March, April. Correspondence: H.D. Biele, I.H. Levy, J.B. Lightman, R. Pilpel, G. Pinsky, O. Rocca, J. Rosenstock, L.H. Sobel, D. Stern, M. Weiser.
File 1122: Ecuador: Administration, Fund Raising
In 1944, the Jewish community of Quito forwarded to the JDC $1,500 raised by it for European relief, see below: 8/31/44-10/11/44. In 1945, the Jewish community of Guayaquil followed with $1,200 for the same purpose, 5/11/45-6/5/45. From 1947 onward, united fund-raising campaigns got under way. The JDC repeatedly protested that the distribution formula of the funds was grossly inequitable to the needs of its programs vis-a-vis those granted to the HIAS and the WJC. In 1947, the JDC agreed to permit its campaign share, some $2,000, to be used for the aid of refugee newcomers to Ecuador, 5/28/47-6/27/47, 11/19/47. In 1951, $500 in campaign funds were forwarded to the JDC, 5/30/51. Correspondence: I.H. Levy, J.B. Lightman, J. Lomnitz, R. Pilpel, G. Pinsky, O. Rocca, J. Rosenstock, P. Skorneck, L.H. Sobel, E.M.M. Warburg, M. Weiser.
Series 2: Ecuador: Organizations
Asociacion de Beneficencia Israelita, Quito, see: Files 1,120-1,122, 1,123.3. Comite de Proteccion a los Inmigrantes Israelitas, Quito and Guayaquil, see: Files 1,118-1,121. Comite de Socorro para los Israelitas sobrevivientes en Europa, Quito, see: File 1,122, 1944. Comite pro Ayuda a las Victimas del Nazismo en Europa, Guayaquil, see: File 1,122, 1945. Comunidad de Culto Israelita, Guayaquil, see: File 1,123.2. Cooperativa de Credito para Agricultura, Industria y Comercio, Quito, see: Files 1,120, 1,121, 1,124-1,126. HIAS-ICA Emigration Association, HICEM, Quito, Files 1,118-1,121. Maccabi, Quito, see: File 1,120. Sociedad de Beneficencia Israelita, Guayaquil, see: Files 1,120, 1,121, 1,122. Sociedad de Senoras Israelitas, Guayaquil, see: File 1,121.
Series 3: Ecuador: Subject Matter
Reconstruction — The Cooperative de Credito para Agricultura, Industria y Comercio, Quito (Cooperativa), was the first credit cooperative in S.A. opened with the aid of the JDC. Operations began in Feb. 1942, and the JDC allocated $3,000 in matching funds for the extension of reconstruction loans to refugees. The first president was Giorgio Levy and he was succeeded soon after by Hans D. Rothschild. Max Weiser served as Manager.
File 1123: Ecuador: Subject Matter, Cult. and Religious
1. Cuenca, 1940: The JDC forwarded a Sefer Torah and a Shofar to a newly organized Jewish Congregation in Cuenca, established there by 25 refugee families. 2. Guayaquil, 1941 – 1944: The JDC forwarded a Sefer Torah and other religious articles to the Comunidad de Culto Israelita, Guayaquil. The Comunidad appealed to the JDC for aid in meeting the immigration expenses of a qualified cantor/teacher and his family along with a monthly subsidy of $35, both on a matching basis. The Comunidad ultimately expressed its unwillingness to incur a debt of the size needed for its matching share, and the project fell through. 3. Quito, 1940 – 1944: The JDC forwarded a Sefer Torah and a variety of other religious articles as well as a collection of volumes of Jewish interest to the Asociacion Beneficencia Israelita, Quito. The JDC also granted a monthly subsidy of $50 for cultural activities and a loan of $1,650 to establish a Jewish cemetery, 5/8/43-8/5/43.
File 1124: Ecuador: Subject Matter, Reconstruction, Loan Funds, 1939 - 1942
The JDC granted $700 to the Cooperativa and a credit of $1,500 to aid in opening a branch in Guayaquil, 9/17/42, 9/23/42. The REC earmarked $25,000 for providing agricultural settlers in Ecuador with long-term credits, 8/26/42, 9/9/42, 10/13/42, 10/29/42, 11/12/42. Reports and Memos: On the organization of the Cooperativa by Noel Aronovici, 11/30/41; Short Summary of the Work of the Recon. Committee, 7/15/42; Activities report by Max Weiser, 8/20/42 attachment to 8/24/42; Summary of the Activities of the Cooperativa in Quito in 1942, 3/11/43. Monthly Statistical Reports and Fin. Statements by the Cooperativa, 1942: March, attachment to 4/16/42; April, attach. 5/15/42; May, attach. 6/18/42; June, attach. 8/11/42; July, attach. 8/14/42; Aug., attach. 9/10/42; Sept., attach. 10/12/42; Oct., attach. 11/12/42; Nov., attach. 12/15/42; Dec., attach. 1/13/42. Correspondence: N. Aronovici, A.J. Bruman, A.A. Landesco, G. Levi, R. Pilpel, O. Rocca, H.D. Rothschild, M. Weiser.
File 1125: Ecuador: Subject Matter, Reconstruction, Loan Funds, 1943
The JDC allocated $1,000 plus a one-time grant of $300 to the Cooperativa, 9/22/43. Leadership personality quarrels threatened to disrupt the Cooperativa, but a settlement was finally reached in Feb. 1943, 1/4/43-3/8/43(2). For earlier materials, see: File 1,124, 11/22/42-12/27/42; (Note: The materials from Quito are all in German or Spanish). The JDC earmarked $3,000 for the grant of agricultural loans to refugees, 2/24/43, 3/9/43 Aronovici to the Cooperativa, 3/16/43, 4/8/43(2), 4/23/43 Landesco to the Cooperativa and attachment, 5/8/43 cable, 5/14/43, 6/2/43, 6/8/43, 10/22/43, 11/24/43, 12/6/43, 12/21/43. Reports and Memos: JDC Auditor’s Field Letters: #1, 6/4/43, #2, 6/5/43. Summary of Activities of the Cooperativa 1/1/43-7/31/43, 9/22/43. Statement by the Cooperativa Manager on 8/26/43, 9/23/43. Summary of Activities of the Recon. Committee in S.A., 10/22/43. Statistical Reports and Fin. Statements by the Cooperativa, 1943: Jan., 1/31/43, attach. 2/11/43; Feb., 2/28/43; 3/5/43; May, attach. 6/11/43; June, attach, 7/12/43, 7/15/43; July, 7/31/43, 8/27/43; Aug., attach. 12/2/43 Aronovici to Cooperativa; Sept., attach. 10/16/43; Oct., attach. 11/5/43 and 12/2/43 Landesco to Cooperativa; Nov., attach. 12/9/43 and 12/27/43; Dec. 12/31/43, also see: File 1,126, attach. 1/25/44. Correspondence: N. Aronovici, E. Kreismann, A.A. Landesco, J. Lowenstein, O. Rocca, H.D. Rothschild, L.H. Sobel, M. Weiser.
File 1126: Ecuador: Subject Matter, Reconstruction, Loan Funds, 1944
The JDC allocated two grants of $300 each, 1/26/44 Landesco to Weiser, 3/16/43 and 9/13/44. Agricultural loans and settlement prospects: 1/14/44, 8/25/44 attachment to 9/14/44, 9/25/44, 10/31/44, 11/9/44, 1/5/45; for materials on agric. settlement prospects, see below: File 1,121, Report by David Stern attach. 1/24/45. Reports: Cooperativa, Feb. 1944 attach. 3/21/44, presenting biographical accounts of 20 borrowers. Statistical Reports and Fin. Statements by the Cooperativa, 1944: Jan., attach. 2/2/44; Feb., 2/29/44, attach. 3/24/44; March, attach. 4/5/44 and 4/15/44; April, attach. 5/12/44; May, attach. 6/9/44 and 7/14/44; June, attach. 7/21/44; July, attach. 8/11/44, 8/17/44; Sept., 9/30/44, 10/4/44; Oct. attach, 11/29/44. Correspondence: N. Aronovici, A.A. Landesco, J.B. Lightman, C. Rosenberg, H.D. Rothschild, M. Weiser.
Record Group 4.19: Egypt
File 556: Egypt
The JDC made no allocations for use in Egypt, but during W.W. II it made efforts to purchase food and other supplies in that country for shipment to Teheran. The efforts foundered, owing to wartime restrictions on exports form Egypt. General, 1942 – 1944: Reports on visits to Cairo: Harry Viteles, 2/3/43 – 2/13/43, 2/22/43; Reuben B. Resnik 1/15/44 – 1/25/44, 1/29/44, 2/17/44.
Record Group 4.20: England
Series 1: England: Administration
File 557: England: Administration, General and Financial
a. General, 1940; 1942 – 1944: Correspondence: S. Adler – Rudel, J.C. Hyman, M.A. Leavitt, O.M. Schiff, J.J. Schwartz, M. Stephany, D. Sulzberger, E.M.M. Warburg. b. Financial: Transfer of Funds, 1940 – 1942.
Series 2: England: Organizations
Materials on the following organizations will be found in the general files below, unless noted otherwise. The organizations all have their seats in London. Organizations preceded by an asterisk have separate listings, while the others are found below: Academic Assistance Council, 1935; 1940; Anglo-HICEM, see: German-Jewish Emigration Council; Central British Fund for German Jewry and Central British Fund for Relief and Rehabilitation, see: Files 559-570: In May 1933, the CBF was organized to conduct a united appeal for emergency aid to Jewish victims of Nazi persecution. It formed an Allocations Committee (see: Files 560-562) for the distribution of the funds, and a Jewish Refugees Committee as a case-working body to aid needy Jewish refugees in the U.K. A second appeal was launched in 1936 and a third in 1938 following the Anschluss, and these were conducted in the name of the Council for Germany Jewry. For financial purposes, the CBF and the Council must be treated as one and the same. For details on the structure, aims and a summary of the activities of the CBF, see below: File 559, Report for 1933 – 1943. In 1944, the CBF was reorganized and became the Central British Fund for Relief and Rehabilitation. Osmond d’Avigdor Goldsmid served as Chairman of the Exec. Committee from 1933 until his death in 1940 and was succeeded by Anthony de Rothschild. Between 1933 – 1940, the CBF/Council for German Jewry, the ICA and the HIAS agreed to cover transportation costs and landing fees of Nazi victim emigrants incurred by the HICEM. Those expenditures ranged into the millions of dollars over the years. Wartime restrictions cut off the flow of funds from the CBF/Council, and the JDC shouldered their share in full until the war ended. In pre-war Germany and Shanghai the bulk of the funds coming from abroad stemmed from the JDC, although the CBF/Council also contributed. The JDC shouldered the latter’s share as well, following the outbreak of the war. Early in 1934, the JDC and the CBF arranged for an exchange of information on their respective programs of refugee and emigration aid to Nazi victims. The same arrangement was continued subsequently between the JDC and the Council for German Jewry. Central Bureau for the Settlement of German Jews of the Jewish Agency, see: Palestine, Files 765-766; Central Council for Jewish Refugees, see: Council for Germany Jewry: In Jan. 1936, a delegation of Anglo-Jewish leaders – Viscount Bearsted, Mr. Simon Marks and Sir. Herbert Samuel – visited the U.S. to discuss plans for a projected $15,000,000 fund to finance the massmigration of German Jews. The projected plan fell through, but the visit led to the formation of the Council, in March 1936. The Council was designed to serve as a central committee for the exchange of plans and recommendations. The JDC, the UPA and the REC were invited to cooperate with the Council. The Exec. Committee comprised ten members – five British and five American. The British members were: Sir Herbert Samuel, Chairman, Viscount Bearsted, Mr. Simon Marks, Dr. Chaim Weitzmann and Sir Osmond d’Avigdor Goldsmid. The American members were: Felix M. Warburg, Paul Baerwald, Charles J. Liebman, Rabbi Stephen S. Wise and Morris Rothenberg. Lewis L. Strauss joined the Committee following the death of Felix Warburg, and Sir Herbert Samuel was succeeded as Chairman by Lord Reading in Feb. 1939. Following the outbreak of W.W. II, the Council became the Central Council for Jewish Refugees. The American members thereupon resigned from the Council as a political gesture, but JDC-Council cooperation continued as theretofore. In 1944, the Central Council joined with the CBF to form the Central British Fund for Relief and Rehabilitation. Chief Rabbis Religious Emergency Council, 1938 – 1944; Council for Germany Jewry, 1936 – 1944, see: Files 571-585; Federation of Jewish Relief Organizations, 1943 – 1944; Friends Food Fund, 1937 – 1938; German-Jewish Emigration Council, 1933 – 1934, see: File 586; German Refugee Aid Committee, see: Files 587-588; German-Jewish Aid Committee, see: Files 587-588; Jewish Refugee Committee, see: Files 587-588; Inter-Aid Committee for Children from Germany, 1936; 1938 – 1940, see: File 589; Jewish Committee for Relief Abroad, 1943 – 1944; Jewish Refugee Committee, see: German Refugee Aid Committee; Jewish Resettlements Inc., 1935; 1938; Joint British Committee ORT-OSE, 1936 – 1939; Joint Orthodox Jewish Refugee Committee, 1940; Maccabi World Union, 1939 – 1940, see: File 590; Masaryk-Gaster Fund, 1941 – 1942, also see: Files 536, 538, 541; Movement for the Care of the Children from Germany, see: File 589; Polish-Jewish Refugee Fund, 1940 – 1941; Refugee Children’s Movement, see: Inter-Aid Committee for Children; World Union for Progressive Judaism, 1937 – 1940.
File 558: England: Organizations, Miscellaneous
File 559: England: Organizations, Central British Fund (CBF), General, 1933 - 1940; 1944
On CBF/JDC Relations: 5/30/33, 11/2/33, 12/1/33, 2/26/34, 3/13/34 Kahn to Goldsmid excerpts, 3/14/34, 4/16/34, 5/18/34(2) – 6/18/34, 7/3/34, 8/8/34 – 9/21/34, 3/12/35 – 5/1/35, 5/10/35 – 6/5/35, 6/3/36, 3/23/44 – 8/30/44. Report: CBF Report for 1933 – 1943. Minutes of Meetings: 2/28/44 attachment to 3/23/44, 10/4/44, 10/12/44, 10/31/44, 11/33/44. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, D.M. Bressler, O.E. d’Avigdor Goldsmid, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, E.M. Morrissey, O. Schiff, J.J. Schwartz, J. Simon, M. Stephany, F.M. Warburg.
File 560: England: Organizations, Central British Fund (CBF), Allocations Committee, General
The Allocations Committee of the CBF functioned between 1933 and Dec. 1934, and had seven members – three Zionists, three non-Zionists and an impartial Chairman, Osmond d’Avigdor Goldsmid. At the close of 1934, the CBF was incorporated and it was governed thereafter by a Council which consisted of the members of the Allocations Committee, plus the Chief Rabbi of England and O.E. d’Avigdor Goldsmid. Reports of Alloc. Comm: 1/28/34, 2/4/35 Correspondence: C. Adler, E.O. d’Avigdor Goldsmid, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, E.M. Morrissey, L. de Rothschild.
File 561: England: Organizations, Central British Fund (CBF), Allocations Committee, Minutes of Meetings, 1934 (Jan.-June)
The Allocations Committee of the CBF functioned between 1933 and Dec. 1934, and had seven members – three Zionists, three non-Zionists and an impartial Chairman, Osmond d’Avigdor Goldsmid. At the close of 1934, the CBF was incorporated and it was governed thereafter by a Council which consisted of the members of the Allocations Committee, plus the Chief Rabbi of England and O.E. d’Avigdor Goldsmid. 2/5/34, 3/15/34, 3/22/34, 4/10/34, 4/16/34, 4/23/34, 5/7/34, 5/22/34, 5/29/34, 6/11/34, 6/25/34.
File 562: England: Organizations, Central British Fund (CBF), Allocations Committee, Minutes of Meetings, 1934 (July-Dec.)
The Allocations Committee of the CBF functioned between 1933 and Dec. 1934, and had seven members – three Zionists, three non-Zionists and an impartial Chairman, Osmond d’Avigdor Goldsmid. At the close of 1934, the CBF was incorporated and it was governed thereafter by a Council which consisted of the members of the Allocations Committee, plus the Chief Rabbi of England and O.E. d’Avigdor Goldsmid. 7/9/34, 7/25/34, 9/3/34, 10/3/34, 10/30/34, 11/20/34, 12/11/34.
File 563: England: Organizations, Central British Fund (CBF), Fin. Statements, 1934 - 1937
Annual: 12/31/35, 12/31/36, 12/31/37 Intermittent: 5/28/34, 6/20/34, 7/18/34, 8/17/34, 9/27/34, 10/25/34, 11/13/34, 12/5/34, 12/31/34(2), 4/30/35, 5/31/35, 6/30/35, 9/7/35, 10/9/35, 10/31/35, 12/3/35, 12/31/35, 2/5/36, 3/5/36, 5/21/36, 8/31/36.
File 564: England: Organizations, Central British Fund (CBF), Building Scheme Accounts, 1934 - 1935
1/26/34, 7/26/34, 9/30/34, 11/30/34, 12/31/34, 1/31/35, 2/28/35, 3/31/35, 4/30/35, 5/31/35, 6/30/35, 7/31/35, 8/31/35
File 565: England: Organizations, Central British Fund (CBF), Building Scheme Accounts, 1935 - 1937
9/30/35, 10/31/35, 11/30/35, 12/31/35, 1/31/36, 2/29/36, 3/31/36, 4/30/36, 5/31/36, 6/30/36, 7/31/36, 8/1/36, 9/30/36, 12/31/36, 3/31/37.
File 566: England: Organizations, Central British Fund (CBF), Training Scheme Accounts, 1934 - 1937
9/30/34, 11/30/34, 12/31/34, 1/31/35, 2/28/35, 4/30/35, 5/31/35, 6/30/35, 7/31/35, 8/31/35, 9/30/35, 10/31/35, 11/30/35, 12/31/35, 1/31/36, 2/29/36, 3/31/36, 4/30/36, 5/31/36, 6/30/36, 7/31/36, 8/31/36, 9/30/36, 12/31/36, 3/31/37.
File 567: England: Organizations, Central British Fund (CBF), Training Scheme Accounts, 1937 - 1938
Consolidated Accounts, Quarterly Building/Training Schemes: 6/30/37, 9/30/37, 12/31/37, 3/31/38, 6/30/38, 9/30/38, 12/31/38.
File 568: England: Organizations, Central British Fund (CBF), Exec. Committee, Minutes of Meetings, 1934 (Dec.) - 1935 (May)
These minutes focus on the period between June 1935 – Dec. 1936. For the years 1937 – 1939 there are many omissions, and the reader should also consult the Exec. Committee Minutes of the Council for German Jewry. For Minutes of 1944, see above: File 559. 12/19/34, 1/14/35, 2/4/35, 2/25/35, 3/18/35, 4/9/35, 5/13/35, 5/31/35.
File 569: England: Organizations, Central British Fund (CBF), Exec. Committee, Minutes of Meetings, 1935 (June-Dec.)
These minutes focus on the period between June 1935 – Dec. 1936. For the years 1937 – 1939 there are many omissions, and the reader should also consult the Exec. Committee Minutes of the Council for German Jewry. For Minutes of 1944, see above: File 559. 7/8/35, 7/29/35, 9/17/35, 10/15/35, 11/5/35, 10/10/35. For summaries of earlier meetings in 1935, see above: File 559, 3/7/35, 5/27/35.
File 570: England: Organizations, Central British Fund (CBF), Exec. Committee, Minutes of Meetings, 1936 - 1939
These minutes focus on the period between June 1935 – Dec. 1936. For the years 1937 – 1939 there are many omissions, and the reader should also consult the Exec. Committee Minutes of the Council for German Jewry. For Minutes of 1944, see above: File 559. 1/14/36, 2/11/36, 3/10/36, 4/20/36, 5/25/36, 6/22/36, 7/23/36, 12/16/36, 7/7/37, 12/30/37, 2/21/38, 9/12/38, 9/18/39.
File 571: England: Organizations, Central Council for Jewish Refugees, General, 1936 (Jan.-Feb.)
On the visit to the U.S. of the British delegation: 1/22/36, Steno report of the reception by the JDC 1/28/36, 1/29/36, 2/5/36 – 2/6/36. Memo on the visit by the delegation 2/7/36, 2/10/36, 2/13/36. Statement Concerning the Plans of the English Delegation and the Relationship of the JDC to the Proposals, 2/23/36. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, J.N. Rosenberg, H. Samuel, F. Warburg, S.S. Wise.
File 572: England: Organizations, Central Council for Jewish Refugees, General, 1936 (March-June)
On the organization of the Council and the JDC response: 3/16/36 Hyman to Snyder, 3/30/36, 4/2/36 Cable Kahn to N.Y., 4/6/36 Warburg to Bentwich, 4/9/36 attachment to 4/14/36, 4/24/36, 4/28/36, 4/29/36 Rosenberg to Baerwald, 5/4/36(3), 5/14/36(2), 5/15/36 Baerwald to Hyman, 5/21/36, 6/3/36, 6/7/36 – 6/16/36 Baerwald to Warburg. Report: Diary of Mission to Europe by D.M. Bressler, 6/26/36. Also see below: Minutes of Meetings 1936 – 1937. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, N. Bentwich, D. Bressler, O.E. d’Avigdor Goldsmid, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, J.N. Rosenberg, Wm. Rosenwald, H. Samuel, M. Stephany, B.C. Vladeck, F. Warburg, M. Warburg, S. Warburg, Ch. Weizmann.
File 573: England: Organizations, Central Council for Jewish Refugees, General, 1936 (July-Dec.)
Report to JDC Exec. Committee by D.M. Bressler, 7/2/36. Article in the American Hebrew 7/17/36 attachment to 7/22/36. The JDC and the Council each allocated L 8,000 ($40,000) to cover the transportation costs of some 650 German emigrants, so they could enter the Union of South Africa before new legal restrictions entered into effect. Also see: Union of South Africa, File 1,053. Reports by the Council: Interim Report Dec. 1936; Report for 1936, 5/25/37. Other data on Council/JDC Relations: 8/10/36, 8/14/36, 8/18/36, 8/28/36 attachment to 9/3/36, 9/16/36, 9/28/36, 9/30/36(2), 10/20/36 attachment to 11/2/36, 12/1/36, 12/4/36(2), 12/11/36, 12/17/36. Also see below: File 581. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, C.J. Liebman, H. Samuel, F.M. Warburg.
File 574: England: Organizations, Central Council for Jewish Refugees, General, 1937
The JDC and the Council agreed to allot: $50,000 each for German emigration and $7,500 each to aid professional groups in Israel, 1/15/37(2), 2/3/37; and $15,000 each (plus the same sum by the ICA) to the HICEM. E.S. Harkness donated $100,000 to the JDC for the aid of German refugees, 1/8/37(2), 1/29/37 Warburg to Bearsted, 2/16/37. Also see below: File 575, 2/1/38(2), 3/8/38, 3/30/38. JDC contributions to programs aided by the Council, 3/26/37. Other data on Council/JDC relations: 4/7/37, 4/21/37, 5/28/37 attachment to 7/8/37, 9/29/37 attachment to 10/6/37 Hyman to Council, 10/18/37. Attack by Prof. L.B. Namier on JDC activities in Germany and the JDC rebuttal, 6/3/37 – 6/10/37 Hyman to Warburg. Report by the Council: 1937, 2/28/38. Also see below: File 581. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, D.M. Bressler, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, N. Katz, H. Katzki, L.B. Namier, D.J. Schweitzer, M. Stephany, F.M. Warburg.
File 575: England: Organizations, Central Council for Jewish Refugees, General, 1938 - 1939 (Aug.)
On expenditures of the Harkness Fund, 2/1/38(2), 3/8/38, 3/30/38; for earlier data see: File 574. Report on M.C. Troper trip to London 12/6/38 – 12/12/38, 12/26/38. Council Report for 1938, Feb. 1939. The Council proposed to open in England a camp for refugees and requested JDC cooperation, 1/11/39. Other data on Council/JDC relations: 3/8/38, 4/25/38, 6/9/38(2), 6/14/38(2), 9/9/38(2), 9/14/38, 1/17/39(2), 2/17/39(2) – 2/22/39. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, N. Bentwich, J.C. Hyman, A. Jaretzki, B. Kahn, N. Katz, M. Stephany, M.C. Troper, J.B. Wise, B.M. Woolf.
File 576: England: Organizations, Central Council for Jewish Refugees, General, 1939 (Sept.) - 1944
The American members resigned from the Council following the outbreak of the war in Sept. 1939, 9/27/39, 9/29/39(3), 10/16/39. The JDC offered aid to the Council to help it cope with wartime currency restrictions, and the Council’s responses, 11/3/39, 11/7/39, 11/8/39 Troper to N.Y., 11/21/39, 1/29/40 Cable 357, 1/29/40 memo. The Central Council joined the CBF, 3/23/44, 8/8/44, 8/25/44. Other data on Council/JDC relations: 1/27/41, 4/4/41, 4/28/41, 7/4/41, 7/17/41, 9/8/41. Correspondence: S. Adler – Rudel, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, J.J. Schwartz, M. Stephany, L.L. Strauss, M.C. Troper.
File 577: England: Organizations, Central Council for Jewish Refugees, Agricultural Committee, 1939 - 1940
The Committee was established at the start of 1939 to aid in providing agricultural training in England for refugees from Germany and Austria. Following the outbreak of the war, the number of trainees decreased sharply, as industry absorbed increasing numbers of refugees.
File 578: England: Organizations, Central Council for Jewish Refugees, Financial Statements, 1936 - 1941
Monthly: 12/31/36, 11/30/37, 12/31/37, 1/3/38, 2/28/38, 3/28/38, 4/30/38, 5/31/38, 7/12/38, 8/31/38(2)*, 9/30/38(2)*, 10/31/38(2)*, 12/31/38(2)*. *Note: The second fin. statements in the last four entries pertain to the Austrian Appeal of the Council. Intermittent: 4/30/39, 5/31/39, 9/1/39, 11/30/39, 12/31/39, 3/31/40, 12/31/40. Annual: Income and Expenditure Account: 1937, 1938, 1939, 1940. Fin. Statement for the years: 1938, 1939, 1940. Statements of Receipts and Payments of Funds Administered for the Council by the Jewish Agency for Palestine
File 579: England: Organizations, Central Council for Jewish Refugees, Financial Statements, 1936 - 1937
7/30/36-9/30/36, 10/31/36, 11/30/36, 12/31/36, 1/31/37, 2/28/37, 3/31/37, 4/30/37, 5/31/37, 6/30/37, 7/31/37, 8/31/37, 9/30/37, 10/31/37, 11/30/37, 12/31/37.
File 580: England: Organizations, Central Council for Jewish Refugees, Financial Statements, 1938
1/31/38, 2/28/38, 3/31/38, 5/31/38, 6/30/38, 7/31/38, 8/31/38, 9/30/38, 10/31/38, 11/30/38, 12/31/38.
File 581: England: Organizations, Central Council for Jewish Refugees, Exec. Committee, Minutes of Meetings, 1936 - 1937
1936: 3/18/36, 3/23/36; 9/22/36, 10/13/36, 11/3/36, 11/18/36, 12/4/36, 12/8/36, 12/17/36. 1937: 1/12/37, 2/9/37, 3/2/37, 3/16/37, 3/22/37, 3/23/37, 3/24/37, 4/13/37, 5/4/37, 5/25/37, 7/6/37, 9/13/37, 10/28/37, 11/22/37, 12/7/37, 12/20/37, 12/30/37 (Agenda only).
File 582: England: Organizations, Central Council for Jewish Refugees, Exec. Committee, Minutes of Meetings, 1938
1/24/38, 2/21/38, 3/15/38, 3/29/38, 4/4/38, 5/10/38, 5/16/38, 6/13/38, 6/27/38, 7/25/38, 9/12/38, 10/3/38, 10/24/38, 11/17/38, 11/28/38, 12/1/38, 12/12/38, 12/29/38.
File 583: England: Organizations, Central Council for Jewish Refugees, Exec. Committee, Minutes of Meetings, 1939 (Jan.-May)
1/5/39, 1/18/39, 1/25/39, 2/6/39, 2/20/39, 3/14/39, 3/27/39, 4/13/39, 5/1/39, 5/18/39.
File 584: England: Organizations, Central Council for Jewish Refugees, Exec. Committee, Minutes of Meetings, 1939 (June-Dec.)
6/1/39, 6/19/39, 7/10/39, 8/10/39, 9/13/39, 9/26/39, 10/10/39, 11/14/39, 11/21/39, 12/1/39, 12/12/39, 12/14/39 (Agenda only), 12/21/39, 12/28/39.
File 585: England: Organizations, Central Council for Jewish Refugees, Exec. Committee, Minutes of Meetings, 1940 - 1941
1/4/40, 1/10/40, 1/18/40, 2/8/40, 2/22/40, 3/19/40, 4/11/40, 4/18/40, 4/25/40, 5/1/40, 5/9/40, 5/22/40, 6/5/40, 6/14/40, 6/20/40, 6/26/40, 7/10/40, 7/24/40, 8/8/40, 8/16/40, 8/21/40, 9/18/40, 10/15/40, 11/13/40, 12/31/40, 2/14/41, 3/19/41, 5/15/41, 6/24/41.
File 586: England: Organizations, German-Jewish Emigration Council, London (Anglo HICEM)
The Council was formed in Dec. 1933 so as to coordinate the activities of HICEM Paris with refugee emigration needs in England and other countries. Sir Osmond d’Avigdor Goldsmid and Mr. Otto M. Schiff were among the principal sponsors. In Nov. 1934, the Council transferred its refugee emigration activities to the Jewish Refugee Committee, London, since the prospects of any mass migration to overseas lands had grown dim. 1933 – 1934: Minutes of Meetings: 12/15/33, 1/24/34, 2/2/34 and Summary, 3/1/34, 3/22/34, 4/19/34, 5/7/34, 5/24/34, 6/12/34, 7/10/34, 11/8/34. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, O.E. d’Avigdor Goldsmid, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn.
File 587: England: Organizations, Jewish Refugee Committee, London, 1938 - 1939 (June)
The German Refugee Committee was established in 1933, became subsequently the German-Jewish Aid Committee and following the outbreak of the war, the Jewish Refugee Committee The funds distributed by it stemmed from the Council for German Jewry and in growing measure from the British Gov’t. Reports: Narrative and Statistical, 1/1/38-2/1/39; Monthly 1939: Feb., March, April, May, June. Fin. Report: 6/5/39.
File 588: England: Organizations, Jewish Refugee Committee, London, 1939 (July) - 1941 (Feb.)
The German Refugee Committee was established in 1933, became subsequently the German-Jewish Aid Committee and following the outbreak of the war, the Jewish Refugee Committee The funds distributed by it stemmed from the Council for German Jewry and in growing measure from the British Gov’t. Reports: Narrative and Statistical, monthly: 1939, July; 1940, March and Supplement, April, Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec., Supp. Rep. for 1940; 1941, Jan., Feb.
File 589: England: Organizations, Inter-Aid Committee for Children from Germany, London (Movement)
Also know as: Movement for the Care of the Children from Germany, London Refugee Children’s Movement, London The non-sectarian Inter-Aid Committee was formed in 1936, renamed in the wake of the Kristalnacht, and again following the outbreak of the war. It brought to England some 9,300 children from Germany and Austria. About 90% were Jewish and all but a handful came in following the events of the Kristalnacht. The children were cared for by local committees formed on denominational lines. In May 1938, the Council for German Jewry and the JDC joined in a grant of and7,500, but subsequent support stemmed from the Baldwin Fund and the Council General, 1936; 1938 – 1940: Reports: “Organizations in Great Britain for the Care of Children from Germany”, attachment to 12/19/38; 4/21/39 attachment to 5/13/39, 5/18/39, 5/25/39, “Second Annual Report 1939-1940”, 3/31/41.
File 590: England: Organizations, Maccabi World Union, London, 1939 - 1940
The Maccabi World Union applied to the JDC for aid in conducting projects for illegal immigrants to Palestine from Vienna and for colonization in Bolivia. Both projects fell through when the JDC refused to grant the funds requested because it viewed them as unsound. For data on these projects, see: 2/13/40-5/1/40. For data on a project by an affiliate organization, Svaz Makabi Prague, see: SM Archives, File 31.
Series 3: England: Subject Matter
Child Care, See Organizations: Inter-Aid Committee for Children from Germany. Cultural and Religious, See File 558, Friends Food Fund (for shipments of kosher meat to Germany), and World Union for Progressive Judaism. Emigration, See Organizations: German-Jewish Emigration Council Central British Fund Council for German Jewry Vocational Training See above: File 558, Joint British Committee ORT-OSE. (Transfer of ORT vocational school and student body from Berlin to Leeds.)
File 591: England: Subject Matter, Refugees, General, 1938 - 1941; 1945
Aid for the upkeep of German-Jewish refugees in England was distributed via the German-Jewish Aid Committee/Jewish Refugee Committee For materials, see above: Files 587-588. For other materials on refugees, see above: Organizations, German-Jewish Emigration Council, Central British Fund, Central Council for Jewish Refugees, Federation of Jewish Relief Organizations, Joint Orthodox Jewish Refugee Committee, Masaryk-Gaster Fund, Polish-Jewish Refugee Fund and Academic Assistance Council. Situation of Jewish refugees in England: 7/5/39, 8/22/39, 10/12/39, 11/24/39, 1/4/40, 1/17/40, 1/18/40, 2/29/40, 3/1/40, 4/12/40, 8/6/40, 12/30/40, 7/4/41, 12/5/41, 2/6/45. Correspondence: S. Adler – Rudel, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel, J.J. Schwartz, M.C. Troper.
File 592: England: Subject Matter, Refugees, Kitchener Camp, 1938 - 1940
Aid for the upkeep of German-Jewish refugees in England was distributed via the German-Jewish Aid Committee/Jewish Refugee Committee For materials, see above: Files 587-588. For other materials on refugees, see above: Organizations, German-Jewish Emigration Council, Central British Fund, Central Council for Jewish Refugees, Federation of Jewish Relief Organizations, Joint Orthodox Jewish Refugee Committee, Masaryk-Gaster Fund, Polish-Jewish Refugee Fund and Academic Assistance Council. Early in 1939, in the wake of the Kristalnacht, the Council for German Jewry opened a refugee transit camp on the English south coast (Kitchener Camp) to accommodate German and Austrian refugees in transit to overseas countries. Some 3,500 refugees were accommodated there and the JDC shouldered some 20% of the upkeep costs ($77,282). The camp closed its gates in May 1940, for by then the residents had emigrated or had volunteered for national service, following the outbreak of the war. Reports: 12/28/38, 4/26/39, 8/2/39, 11/21/39. Publications: “Some Victims of the Nazi Terror”, attached to 10/27/39. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, N. Bentwich, J.C. Hyman, M. Stephany, M.C. Troper.
Record Group 4.21: Finland
File 593: Finland, General, 1939 - 1944
Reports: Jews and Jewish Refugees in Finland April 1943, S. Adler-Rudel, attachment to 8/18/43; Finnish and Stateless Refugees from Finland, L.L. Margolis, Nov. 1944; Report from the Finnish Section, Mosaiska Foersamlingen Stockholm, as of 12/31/44, attachment to 2/28/45. Also see: EUREXCO, Files 189-191. Correspondence: S. Adler-Rudel, L.L. Margolis, S. Rubenstein.
Record Group 4.22: France
Series 1: France: Administration
File 594: France: Administration, General, 1939 - 1940
On the situation of the Jews in France: Report by H. Katzki on a 10-day visit to unoccupied France, 7/3/40 attachment to 8/31/40. Telephone conversations with J.J. Schwartz 9/4/40, 9/13/40, 8/14/40 Hyman to Chamberlain, 9/18/40, 10/18/40, 10/21/40, 11/12/40 Schwartz to N.Y. and enclosure by Katzki, 11/13/40 attachment to 11/19/40 Pehle to Linder. Activities of foreign non-Jewish relief organizations working in unoccupied France, 12/30/40. Also see: File 597. Correspondence: N. Aronovici, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, G. Kahn, H. Katzki, H.F. Linder, Robert D. Murphy, J.J. Schwartz, M.C. Troper.
File 595: France: Administration, General, 1941
On the situation of the Jews in France: Present Situation in France, memo H. Katzki 3/22/41, JDC Press Release 5/9/41, Letter to M.C. Troper 7/21/41, Reports by J. Jefroykin – July-Aug. 1941 (8/31/41) and Sept.-Oct. (10/31/41), Statements by H. Katzki 10/9/41, 10/11/41, 10/14/41, 12/31/41. Also see: File 597. Correspondence: B. Kahn, H. Katzki, M.A. Leavitt, J.J. Schwartz.
File 596: France: Administration, General, 1942 - 1944
The France Gov’t created a new Jewish organization, Union Generale des Israelites de France (UGIF), dissolved all existing Jewish organizations, and transferred all their properties to the UGIF, 4/6/42; for additional materials, see below: File 608. The JDC approved the budgets of its beneficiary organizations for the first 6 months of 1943 directly following the Nazi occupation of the Unoccupied Zone, 11/14/42. The JDC authorized the raising of $600,000 in Ffr, 9/21/43 (also see: SM Archives, File 34(1)). J. Jefroykin reached Spain from France, 5/16/44. Report on General Situation in France Nov. 1942 – June 1944 by J. Jefroykin, August 1944. Illegal JDC activities in occupied France 1942 – 1944, 12/5/44. Other materials on the situation of the Jews in France: 5/1/42, 7/7/42, 7/30/42, 8/13/42, 7/15/43 – 8/6/43, 9/17/43, 12/31/43, 2/25/44, 9/4/44, 9/6/44, 9/8/44, 9/20/44, 11/24/44, 12/31/44. Also see: File 597. Correspondence: N. Aronovici, M. Brener, J.C. Hyman, J. Jefroykin, B. Kahn, H. Katzki, J.J. Schwartz, H.K. Travers, E.M.M. Warburg.
File 597: France: Administration, Reports, 1940 - 1944
Note: For the most part, reports by JDC representatives or on JDC activities will be found in Files 594-596, while reports on the general situation of Jews in France, and notably those prepared by non-JDC representatives, may be looked for in this file. “The Situation of the Jews in the Occupied Zone” (March (?) 1941) and English summary, 6/19/41. “Judaism in France” (two parts), by Professor Halphen of Paris, June 1941. “Work Companies in France”, 6/25/42. “Social Services of Europe: (France), 3/13/44. “La Situation Generale en France, Nov. 1942 – June 1944”, by J. Jefroykin, Aug. 1944.
File 598: France: Administration, Financial, 1940 - 1944
General: Accumulative statement of income and expenditures in 1941 by CAR, Federation, OSE and Camp Commission, 11/24/42. Expenditures in France June 1942 – April 1944 (as reported by J. Jefroykin), 4/30/44 – summary thereof 10/27/44. Transfer of Funds: In the course of W.W. II, the JDC raised greater sums in France for local use, via its private clearing system, than in any other country. A number of large lenders, organizations and individuals came forward. In some of these instances, and notably when the JDC was pressed for local funds, it arranged for earlier repayments. For additional materials, see: SM Archives, File 34(1).
File 599: France: Administration, Financial, 1940 - 1941 (June)
Correspondence: H. Katzki, M.A. Leavitt, E.M. Morrissey, J.J. Schwartz.
File 600: France: Administration, Financial, 1942 (July) - 1945
1. Deposits by Individuals: Between June-Nov. 1942, individuals in France deposited $1,088,988 in Ffr. for JDC aided activities, 12/22/42. The JDC authorized the raising of $600,000 in Ffr. to support aid programs for 6 months, 9/21/43; for additional materials, see: SM Archives, File 34(1). J. Jefroykin raised $1,600,000 in Ffr. in 1st half of 1944, 7/14/44. Status of French clearances as of 10/13/44. 2. Lists of depositors in Ffr. to JDC aided activities in France: Feb. 1941 – Oct. 1942, undated. For additional materials, see: SM Archives, File 34(1). Correspondence: H. Katzki, M.A. Leavitt, D.J. Reagan, J.J. Schwartz, M.C. Troper.
Series 2: France: Organizations
Comite Teitel, 1943 – 1945, see: SM Archives, File 35a. Oeuvres d’Aide Sociale Israelite, Perigueux, 1941 – 1944. For materials, see: File 625, Alsace-Lorraine. Les Oeuvres de la Guette, see: File 609, 4/2/41, 8/21/41, 9/13/41. Secours Suisse aux Enfants, see: File 609, 12/20/40. Union for Refugees in France, see: File 619, 5/28/41. Union OSE France, see: Files 610-612. Also see: Files 326-329, and SM Archives, File 35a.
File 601: France: Organizations, Miscellaneous 1
Agriculture et Artisanat, Paris, 1933 – 1935: The organization was organized in 1933 to train Jewish refugees from Germany in trades and agriculture. It was a JDC beneficiary, receiving $16,300 in 1934 and $5,100 in 1935. Alliance Israelite Universelle, Paris, 1940 – 1941. Assistance Medicale aux Enfants d’Emigres, Paris, 1937 – 1940: The organization was organized in 1934 to provide young refugee children with medical aid. It was a JDC beneficiary. Correspondence: D.M. Bressler, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, J.G. McDonald, E.M. Morrissey Association des Israelites Pratiquants, Marseilles, 1942. Association Nationale Intercorporative du Commerce de L’ Industrie et de L’ Artisinat, Paris, 1944. Association pour le Retablissement des Institutions et Oeuvres Juives en France et dans ses Possessions d’ Outremer (ARIF), 1944. Caisse Israelite de Prets, Paris, 1934 – 1935: The Caisse Israelite was created in 1935 to provide German refugees in Paris with rehabilitation loans. The JDC Foundation and the ICA contributed most of the operating funds. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, B. Flexner, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn. Central Commission of Social Organizations, Marseilles, 1941: The Central Commission was created in 1940 as a coordinating body for ten Franco-Jewish organizations conducting relief activities in the Unoccupied Zone, among them the Federation of Jewish Societies in France, ORT, OSE et al. The Chief Rabbi of France served as President. Centre de Reclassement Professionnel, 1939 – 1945. Comite National de Secours aux Refugies Allemands, Paris, 1933 – 1944: The Comite came into existence in 1933 to aid German refugees in France and it became a JDC beneficiary. But it failed to meet refugee problems and it was succeeded by the CAR in July 1936. Correspondence: J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn. Consistoire Central des Israelites de France, Paris/Marseilles, 1933 – 1944: The Consistoire was the religious organization of the Jewish Communities of France. Correspondence: J. Helbronner, J. Jefroykin, H. Katzki. Czechoslovakian Relief Center, Marseilles, 1941
File 602: France: Organizations, Miscellaneous 2
Eclaireurs Israelites de France (EIF), 1941: For additional materials, see: SM Archives, File 35a. Hehaloutz, Paris, 1935: The Hehaloutz received JDC allocations for the equipment of farms used for the training of young German refugees for aliyah to Palestine. Jeuness Juive de France, Marseille, 1941. Jewish Einheit Committee, Paris, 1944. Oeuvres d’Aide Sociale Israelite, Marseilles, 1941. ORT France. Le Renouven (Chateau de Born), 1934 – 1936: Correspondence: P. Baerwald, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn. Service Juridique pour les Refugees Allemand, Paris, 1935. Tiomkin Ambulatory, 1940. Unitarian Service Committee (USC), Boston, 1941 – 1943: The USC was established in 1940 to help refugees escape from Nazi occupied lands. In W.W. II, it maintained a branch office in Unoccupied France, but transferred it to Switzerland following the occupation. It provided medical aid in the main, and about one-half its beneficiaries in France were Jews. In 1942, the JDC contributed $15,000 to the USC activities in France. For additional materials, see: File 337. Correspondence: R.C. Dexter, J.C. Hyman, C.R. Joy, M.A. Leavitt, M.C. Troper. Workmen’s Circle, Paris, 1939 – 1940.
File 603: France: Organizations, Miscellaneous 3
American Relief for France (ARF), 1944: The ARF was organized in mid-1944 as a national organization representing the American people in the matter of French relief. J.C. Hyman served as an incorporator and as a Board member, but acted as a private person and not a JDC representative. The JDC maintained a close liaison with the ARF but was neither a contributor nor a financial beneficiary.
File 604: France: Organizations, Comite d' Assistance aux Refugees (CAR)
The CAR was the principal committee for aiding refugees in France (Germany, Austria and Czechoslovakia, in the main). It was organized in July 1936 as the successor to the Comite National Francais. Following the fall of France, it evacuated its headquarters to Marseilles and continued operations in the Unoccupied Zone. It extended aid as well via some 20-25 local affiliates, and maintained its independent standing until it was forcibly merged into the UGIF in 1942. Albert Levy served as President and Gaston Kahn as Director. In 1939, CAR beneficiaries doubled in number, (January: 2,750, December: 5,500), at an annual cost of some Ffr. 30,700,000. Some 70% (Ffr. 21,825,000) came from the JDC. In 1941, beneficiaries increased to 12,000 and the JDC contribution reached some Ffr. 24,000,000. Correspondence: H. Katzki, A. Levy, H.C. Troper.
File 605: France: Organizations, Comite d' Assistance aux Refugees (CAR), Reports
1936: Jan. -Oct.; 7/20/36 – 6/30/37. 1938: Jan.-March 1939: Annual 1940: Annual 1941: Jan.-June; General statistical data, 1941 1942: Feb.
File 606: France: Organizations, Committee for the Defense of the Rights of Jews in Central and Eastern Europe and Union for the Protection of the Human Person, 1933 - 1944
The first organization was established in Paris in 1933 and concerned itself with refugees in France largely, the second was established in 1938 and was more international in character. Both organizations were really one in fact (Director, Boris Gourevitch), and over the years the JDC extended small allocations to the one or the other. During W.W. II, the organizations sought to conduct independent fund-raising campaigns in the U.S. and came into conflict with the JDC and the UJA. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, B. Gourevitch, J. Hadamard, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, H.S. Leiper, J.A. Rosen, M.C. Troper.
File 607: France: Organizations, Federation de Societes Juives de France (FSJF) and Comite de Coordination et de Federation
Federation de Societes Juives de France (FSJF), Paris/Lyon, 1939 – 1942. Comite de Coordination et de Federation The FSJF extended aid to artisans, intellectuals, students and religious functionaries, members of the professions et al, stemming from Eastern Europe, in the main. (Presidents: J. Jefroykin and M. Jarblum). The Comite was the coordinating committee among the organizations and local committees affiliated with the Federation. Reports: Semi-Annual – 1/1/41 – 6/30/41, 1/1/42, 6/30/42. Reports: Quarterly – 1941: 3rd Quarter Reports: Monthly – 1941: Feb., July, August, Sept., Oct. Correspondence: M. Jarblum, H. Katzki, J.J. Schwartz, M.C. Troper.
File 608: France: Organizations, Union Generale des Israelites de France (UGIF), Marseilles, 1941 - 1944
In March 1942, the Vichy Gov’t decreed that the UGIF should become the sole representative Jewish body in the field of philanthropy. Albert Levy, President of the CAR, served as the UGIF Pres. until he escaped to Switzerland in Nov. 1942 following the Nazi occupation of the Unoccupied Zone. The Consistoire deplored the alleged role played by Levy and by R.R. Lambert (Secy-Gen. of CAR) in the establishment of the UGIF, and feelings ran high for a time. Gradually, the controversy subsided at the realization that matters would have gotten far worse had Levy and Lambert followed any other course. Correspondence: H. Katzki, J.J. Schwartz
Series 3: France: Subject Matter
Camps (Transient and Detention): JDC aid to transient and detention camps (food and clothing) was distributed largely via the America Friends Service Committee (Quakers), and medical supplies via the Unitarian Service Committee The distribution was non-sectarian, but beneficiaries were mainly Jews. The materials on the camps listed below will be found in the section on Refugees. For lists of deportees shipped to unknown destinations from transient and concentration camps, see: File 615. Drancy: 1941 (July-Dec.), 1942 – 1944; Gurs: 1940 (July-Dec.), 1941 (2), 1942 – 1944; Camp des Milles: 1941 (July-Dec.); Recebedou: 1941 (July-Dec.), 1942 – 1944; Riencros: 1941 (Jan.-June); St. Cyprien: 1940 (July-Dec.); Vernet: 1940 (Jan.-June), 1941(2). Loan Fund, See: File 601, Caisse Israelite de Prets, Paris. Medical Aid, See: File 601, Assistance Medicale aux Enfants d’Emigres, File 602; Unitarian Service Committee and Tiomkin Ambulatory; also see: Files 205-209, 325-330 and 337. Vocational Training, see: File 601, Centre de Reclassement Professionnel.
File 609: France: Subject Matter, Canteens, 1940 - 1942
Following the fall of Paris, JDC funds continued to support four canteens in Paris where needy refugees got free meals or at reduced prices, 8/10/40, 10/21/40, 12/27/40, 12/31/40. Monthly reports on the canteens – 1941: Jan. (3/6/41), Feb. (4/17/41 attachment to 4/24/41), June (undated), July (undated), 1942: Feb. (undated).
File 610: France: Subject Matter, Child Care, General, 1936; 1940 - 1942 (Sept.)
Following the fall of France, three Jewish organizations provided child care in the Unoccupied Zone: Union OSE France (the major agency in this field), CAR, and FSJF. All three were JDC beneficiaries over the years. In addition, the ARC and the AFSC (Quakers), conducted child care activities on behalf of the JDC at a number of concentration camps and detention centers. Moreover, the U.S. Committee for the Care of European Children aided in the emigration of refugee children to the U.S. from western and central Europe, and in the major undertakings the JDC shouldered a substantial share of the costs. For additional materials, see: Files 343-345. Union OSE France: 2/29/40, 9/30/40, 10/31/40, Fin. Statement for 1941. Summary of Activities Oct. 1940, Dec. 1941 and Jan. 1942, 5/1/42(2), 5/4/42, 7/28/42, 8/26/42 Schwartz to Leavitt, 8/28/42. For additional materials on Union OSE France, see: Files 326-329 and SM Archives, File 35a. CAR: 1/16/41, 2/20/41, 4/20/41. AFSC: 11/4/41, 2/20/42. U.S. Comm: 4/13/42 attachment to 4/15/42, 9/4/42, 9/8/42, 9/15/42 Hyman to Warren, 9/21/42(2), 9/22/42 Leavitt to Schwartz, 9/23/42(2), 9/26/42(2). Correspondence: P. Baerwald, S. Hayes, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, H. Katzki, M.A. Leavitt, J.N. Rosenberg, Guy de Rothschild, J.J. Schwartz, A.M. Warren, G.L. Warren.
File 611: France: Subject Matter, Child Care, General, 1942 (Oct.) - 1944
Following the fall of France, three Jewish organizations provided child care in the Unoccupied Zone: Union OSE France (the major agency in this field), CAR, and FSJF. All three were JDC beneficiaries over the years. In addition, the ARC and the AFSC (Quakers), conducted child care activities on behalf of the JDC at a number of concentration camps and detention centers. Moreover, the U.S. Committee for the Care of European Children aided in the emigration of refugee children to the U.S. from western and central Europe, and in the major undertakings the JDC shouldered a substantial share of the costs. For additional materials, see: Files 343-345. The U.S. Gov’t agreed to admit 5,000 refugee children from France under the sponsorship of the U.S. Committee The JDC undertook to cover up to 45% of the costs ($2,000,000), and the U.S. Committee was to cover the rest, 10/9/42, 10/14/42, 10/15/42, 10/16/42 Leavitt to Baerwald, 10/22/42, 10/23/42, 10/26/42 Schwartz to Leavitt. The Vichy Gov’t authorized exit visas for only 500 children and delayed additional ones indefinitely, 10/29/42, 10/30/42(4), 11/4/42 memo, 11/12/42 and 11/13/42 Schwartz to Leavitt, 12/14/42 Leavitt to Schulman, 1/14/43 Schwartz to N.Y., 3/10/43, 5/25/43, 8/6/43, 12/30/43, 5/18/44, 12/7/44. Offers to admit children from France made by various Govts. in 1942, 3/7/44. Correspondence: F.R. Adlerstein, M. Brener, P. Dreyfus, S. Hayes, J.C. Hyman, M.A. Leavitt, D.A. Lowrie, J.J. Schwartz, J.B. Wise, L.Wulman.
File 612: France: Subject Matter, Child Care, Letters to OSE
Following the fall of France, three Jewish organizations provided child care in the Unoccupied Zone: Union OSE France (the major agency in this field), CAR, and FSJF. All three were JDC beneficiaries over the years. In addition, the ARC and the AFSC (Quakers), conducted child care activities on behalf of the JDC at a number of concentration camps and detention centers. Moreover, the U.S. Committee for the Care of European Children aided in the emigration of refugee children to the U.S. from western and central Europe, and in the major undertakings the JDC shouldered a substantial share of the costs. For additional materials, see: Files 343-345. Letters written in 1941 by refugee children and teenagers in France.
File 613: France: Subject Matter, Cultural and Religious, 1933; 1937; 1939 - 1942
Also see: File 601, Association des Israelites Pratiquants, and Consistoire Central des Israelites de France. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, H.K. Buchman, S.M. Cohen, J.J. Schwartz.
File 614: France: Subject Matter, Deportations, General, 1942 - 1945
On the deportations from France: 8/10/42, 8/11/42(4), 8/18/42, 8/19/42 Wells to Baerwald, 8/27/42 (2), 9/6/42 attachment to 9/24/42 Schwartz to JDC N.Y., 9/9/42 Schwartz to JDC N.Y., 9/14/42 (2), 9/19/42 attachment to 11/21/42, 9/26/42 attachment to 10/15/42, 10/1/42, 10/21/42, 10/25/42, 10/26/42, 10/11/43, 11/5/43, 3/12/45. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, J.C. Hyman, H. Katzki, M.A. Leavitt, D.A. Lowrie, R. McClelland, J.J. Schwartz, G.L. Warren, Sumner Wells.
File 615: France: Subject Matter, Deportations, Lists of Deportees, Aug./Sept. 1942
Lists of deportees to unknown destinations from camps and detention centers in the Unoccupied Zone-Agde, Gurs, Camp des Milles, Recebedou, Rivesaltes.
File 616: France: Subject Matter, Emigration, 1940 - 1945
On the status of emigration from France: 8/14/40, 9/17/40, 10/21/40, 12/18/40, 2/21/41 Troper to Perlman, 2/21/41 cable, 2/28/41, 4/3/41, 4/19/41, 5/27/41, 5/30/41, 6/6/41; on the SS Alsina and the followup, see: Files 370-372, 6/9/41 and attachments, 6/27/41 HICEM Activities April/May 1941, 6/30/41 Schwartz to Warren, 8/5/41, 8/11/42 Schwartz to JDC, 8/13/42, 8/19/42, 8/21/42, 8/28/42 (2), 9/25/42 (2), 9/25/42, 12/21/42. Correspondence: J.C. Hyman, H. Katzki, R. Pilpel, J.J. Schwartz, M. Siegel, M.C. Troper.
File 617: France: Subject Matter, Refugees, 1933 - 1940 (June)
In Sept. 1939, the French Gov’t set up detention camps for the internment of aliens, and notably enemy aliens. The latter were virtually all Jewish refugees from Germany. Following the fall of France, the Nazis proceeded to deport thousands of Jews from southwest Germany to Unoccupied France, and the Vichy Gov’t promptly clapped them into Gurs and other detention centers. Disease, pollution, bad sanitation and hunger were widespread, and conditions worsened with time. In the summer of 1942, many thousands were deported eastward from the camps. In Nov., the Nazis abolished the Unoccupied Zone and assumed full jurisdiction over the camps. For additional materials, see: Files 604, 605, 607, 608 and 601, Central Commission of Social Organizations. On the status of refugees in France: 8/8/33 attachment to 8/24/33, 10/16/33 Hyman to Wineman, 10/25/33, 3/8/34, Oct. 1934, 2/15/35, 5/8/36, 7/15/36, 8/1/36, June 1937 undated, 9/23/38(2), 2/28/39, Aug. 1939 undated, 10/9/39, Nov. 1939 undated, 12/18/39, 1/12/40, 1/16/40, 1/29/40, 2/8/40, 2/14/40, 3/15/40, 4/16/40, 4/27/40, 5/31/40. Also see: Germany, File 628, 11/14/34 attachment to 11/21/34 pp. 31-41. For additional data 1938, 1939, see: EUREXCO, Files 188-191. Individual Camps – Vernet: Feb. 1940, attachment to 3/15/40, 5/17/40 Publication “Friday”. Correspondence: J.L. Cohen, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, G. Kahn, H. Katzki, P. Kurgass, C.J. Liebman, J.G. McDonald, E.M. Morrissey, M.C. Troper.
File 618: France: Subject Matter, Refugees, 1940 (July-Dec.)
In Sept. 1939, the French Gov’t set up detention camps for the internment of aliens, and notably enemy aliens. The latter were virtually all Jewish refugees from Germany. Following the fall of France, the Nazis proceeded to deport thousands of Jews from southwest Germany to Unoccupied France, and the Vichy Gov’t promptly clapped them into Gurs and other detention centers. Disease, pollution, bad sanitation and hunger were widespread, and conditions worsened with time. In the summer of 1942, many thousands were deported eastward from the camps. In Nov., the Nazis abolished the Unoccupied Zone and assumed full jurisdiction over the camps. For additional materials, see: Files 604, 605, 607, 608 and 601, Central Commission of Social Organizations. On the status of refugees in France: 7/13/40, 7/19/40, 7/22/40(3), Report on Situation in France by H. Katzki 7/23/40 attachment to 8/31/40, 8/14/40, 8/15/40, 8/16/40 Leavitt to Kochmann, 8/30/40(2), Report on Jewish Refugees from Belgium in France 9/8/40 attachment to 10/7/40, 10/27/40 attachment to 11/18/40 Troper to JDC, 11/5/40 Hyman to Pickett, 11/8/40, 11/9/40, 11/26/40, 12/6/40, Report by W. Baum 12/10/40, 12/13/40, 12/20/40. Individual Camps – St. Cyprien: 9/8/40, 9/16/40, 9/17/40, 9/26/40, 9/30/40 memo, 12/14/40 Schwartz to JDC. Gurs: 10/27/40 attachment to 11/18/40 Troper to JDC, 11/4/40, 11/8/40, 11/15/40 Katzki to JDC, 11/27/40, 12/9/40 Schwartz to Leavitt, 12/10/40, 12/20/40, 12/28/40. Correspondence: W. Baum, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, H. Katzki, M.A. Leavitt, J.J. Schwartz, M.C. Troper.
File 619: France: Subject Matter, Refugees, 1941 (Jan.-June)
In Sept. 1939, the French Gov’t set up detention camps for the internment of aliens, and notably enemy aliens. The latter were virtually all Jewish refugees from Germany. Following the fall of France, the Nazis proceeded to deport thousands of Jews from southwest Germany to Unoccupied France, and the Vichy Gov’t promptly clapped them into Gurs and other detention centers. Disease, pollution, bad sanitation and hunger were widespread, and conditions worsened with time. In the summer of 1942, many thousands were deported eastward from the camps. In Nov., the Nazis abolished the Unoccupied Zone and assumed full jurisdiction over the camps. For additional materials, see: Files 604, 605, 607, 608 and 601, Central Commission of Social Organizations. On the status of refugees in France: 1/8/41, 2/16/41, 2/24/41, 2/28/41, 3/3/41, 3/21/41, 3/22/41, 4/5/41 – 4/8/41, April 1941, 5/5/41, 5/7/41, 6/12/41(2). Individual Camps – Gurs: 12/9/40, 12/28/40 attachment to 1/30/41, 1/7/41 attachment to 3/14/41, 1/15/41 attachment to 2/12/41, 2/18/41, 2/19/41 Report, 3/4/41, Report Feb. 1941 attachment to 3/6/41, 3/20/41, 4/3/41, 4/4/41 N.Y. Times, 4/28/41, 5/9/41(2), 5/28/41, 6/11/41 attachment to 6/12/41. Vernet: March 1941, 4/25/41 attachment to 3/14/41, March 1941. Rieucross: March 1941 attachment to 4/2/41. Rivesaltes: March 1941 attachment to 4/2/41, 6/11/41 attachment to 6/12/41. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, R.C. Dexter, G. Kahn, C. Hirsch, J.C. Hyman, H. Katzki, M.A. Leavitt, A. Levy, H. Mueller, R. Pilpel, J.J. Schwartz, M.M. Warburg.
File 620: France: Subject Matter, Refugees, 1941 (July-Dec.)
In Sept. 1939, the French Gov’t set up detention camps for the internment of aliens, and notably enemy aliens. The latter were virtually all Jewish refugees from Germany. Following the fall of France, the Nazis proceeded to deport thousands of Jews from southwest Germany to Unoccupied France, and the Vichy Gov’t promptly clapped them into Gurs and other detention centers. Disease, pollution, bad sanitation and hunger were widespread, and conditions worsened with time. In the summer of 1942, many thousands were deported eastward from the camps. In Nov., the Nazis abolished the Unoccupied Zone and assumed full jurisdiction over the camps. For additional materials, see: Files 604, 605, 607, 608 and 601, Central Commission of Social Organizations. On the status of refugees in France: 7/4/41, List of Camps 7/20/41, 7/21/41, 8/12/41 attachment to 9/18/41, 9/3/41, 9/30/41 and attachment, 10/9/41 Katzki statement, 10/9/41 Jefroykin to JDC, 10/21/41, 10/23/41, 10/31/41, 11/5/41 Report, 12/1/41 – 12/3/41, Reports Dec. 1941(2). Individual Camps – Drancy: 10/10/41, 11/6/41, 11/9/41, 11/10/41. Gurs: 2/25/41 attachment to 9/18/41, Aug. 1941, Oct. 1941, 11/7/41. Camp des Milles: 10/9/41 Fullerton to Hull, List of literary men at des Milles, undated, 12/16/41. Recebedou: Dec. 1941 attachment to 12/26/41. Rivesaltes: July 1941, 10/8/41 attachment to 12/23/41, 11/5/41 Report, 11/15/41, 12/3/41. Vernet: Dec. 1941. Correspondence: B. Gourevitch, J.C. Hyman, G. Kahn, H. Katzki, J. Rosenheim, J.J. Schwartz.
File 621: France: Subject Matter, Refugees, 1942 - 1944
In Sept. 1939, the French Gov’t set up detention camps for the internment of aliens, and notably enemy aliens. The latter were virtually all Jewish refugees from Germany. Following the fall of France, the Nazis proceeded to deport thousands of Jews from southwest Germany to Unoccupied France, and the Vichy Gov’t promptly clapped them into Gurs and other detention centers. Disease, pollution, bad sanitation and hunger were widespread, and conditions worsened with time. In the summer of 1942, many thousands were deported eastward from the camps. In Nov., the Nazis abolished the Unoccupied Zone and assumed full jurisdiction over the camps. For additional materials, see: Files 604, 605, 607, 608 and 601, Central Commission of Social Organizations. On the status of refugees in France: 1/8/42(2), 2/4/42, 3/17/42 Marvel to Katzki and attachment, 3/31/42 and attachments, March 1942, 4/15/42, 5/20/42, 6/5/42, 7/15/42, 7/27/42 – 8/13/42, 8/24/42, 9/28/42, 9/29/42, 10/25/42, 10/29/42, 11/16/42, 10/11/43, 11/4/43, 7/28/43, 10/11/43, 11/4/43. Individual Camps – Drancy: Feb. 1943 (?) undated, 11/4/43. Gurs: 4/20/42, 5/15/42. Recebedou: 4/20/42. For lists of deportees from camps and detention centers Aug./Sept. 1943, see: File 615. Correspondence: J.C. Hyman, J. Jefroykin, B. Kahn, H. Katzki, M.A. Leavitt, D.A. Lowrie, L. Meiss, R. Pilpel, M.C. Troper, J.J. Schwartz, B. Weil.
File 622: France: Subject Matter, Refugees, Financial and Statistical Statements on Refugees
In Sept. 1939, the French Gov’t set up detention camps for the internment of aliens, and notably enemy aliens. The latter were virtually all Jewish refugees from Germany. Following the fall of France, the Nazis proceeded to deport thousands of Jews from southwest Germany to Unoccupied France, and the Vichy Gov’t promptly clapped them into Gurs and other detention centers. Disease, pollution, bad sanitation and hunger were widespread, and conditions worsened with time. In the summer of 1942, many thousands were deported eastward from the camps. In Nov., the Nazis abolished the Unoccupied Zone and assumed full jurisdiction over the camps. For additional materials, see: Files 604, 605, 607, 608 and 601, Central Commission of Social Organizations. Statements by individual local committees affiliated with the CAR.
File 623: France: Subject Matter, Refugees, Report on the Food Situation in the Camps of the Unoccupied Zone,
In Sept. 1939, the French Gov’t set up detention camps for the internment of aliens, and notably enemy aliens. The latter were virtually all Jewish refugees from Germany. Following the fall of France, the Nazis proceeded to deport thousands of Jews from southwest Germany to Unoccupied France, and the Vichy Gov’t promptly clapped them into Gurs and other detention centers. Disease, pollution, bad sanitation and hunger were widespread, and conditions worsened with time. In the summer of 1942, many thousands were deported eastward from the camps. In Nov., the Nazis abolished the Unoccupied Zone and assumed full jurisdiction over the camps. For additional materials, see: Files 604, 605, 607, 608 and 601, Central Commission of Social Organizations. Report: 7/1/42, by the Commission d’Hygiene du Comite de Coordination pour L’Assistance dans les Camps.
File 624: France: Subject Matter, Refugees, Scientists
In Sept. 1939, the French Gov’t set up detention camps for the internment of aliens, and notably enemy aliens. The latter were virtually all Jewish refugees from Germany. Following the fall of France, the Nazis proceeded to deport thousands of Jews from southwest Germany to Unoccupied France, and the Vichy Gov’t promptly clapped them into Gurs and other detention centers. Disease, pollution, bad sanitation and hunger were widespread, and conditions worsened with time. In the summer of 1942, many thousands were deported eastward from the camps. In Nov., the Nazis abolished the Unoccupied Zone and assumed full jurisdiction over the camps. For additional materials, see: Files 604, 605, 607, 608 and 601, Central Commission of Social Organizations. Correspondence: J.C. Hyman, M.A. Leavitt, M.S. Perlaman, L. Rapkine.
Series 4: France: Localities
File 625: France: Localities
Alsace-Lorraine, 1940 – 1945; Drancy, See: Camps; Guerry, 1944 – 1945; Gurs, See: Camps; Camp des Milles, See: Camps; Paris, 1941; Recebedou, See: Camps; Rivesaltes, See: Camps; Rieucross, See: Camps; St. Cyprien, See: Camps; Vernet, See: Camps; Vittel, See: File 621, 8/1/44 – 12/18/44.
Record Group 4.23: Germany
Series 1: Germany: Administration
File 626: Germany: Administration, General, 1933 (March-July)
On the situation of the Jews in Germany: 4/1/33, 4/23/33 Kahn to the JDC; Reports and memos – 4/28/33 (B. Kahn), 5/3/33 (B. Kahn), 5/13/33 (Henry Goldman), 6/5/33 (J.C. Hyman), 6/27/33 and supp. 7/10/33 (B. Kahn), June 1933 (J.A. Rosen), 7/14/33 (J.C. Hyman), 7/31/33 (General Summary, German Situation). The JDC moved its European Hq. from Berlin to Paris, but retained an office in Berlin, 3/18/33, 3/21/33(3), 3/27/33 Phillips to Baerwald, 4/2/33 Baerwald to Kahn, 4/4/33 Hyman letter, 4/21/33, 4/23/33 Kahn to JDC, 5/12/33. JDC allocations for German emergency relief: $20,000 4/5/33, $20,000 4/13/33, $55,000 7/7/33, $200,000 7/21/33. Discussions between the JDC and Anglo-Jewish leaders on a possible pooling of resources for German relief between the U.S. and Gt. Britain, 3/30/33, 6/2/33 Baerwald to Goldsmid, 7/21/33 Goldsmid to Warburg. Correspondence: C. Adler, P. Baerwald, O.E. d’ Avigdor Goldsmid, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, M.J. Kohler, E.M. Morrissey, J.A. Rosen, J.N. Rosenberg, W.J. Senator, O. Schiff, F. Warburg.
File 627: Germany: Administration, General, 1933 (Aug.-Dec.)
On the situation of the Jews in Germany, reports and memos: 9/29/33 (B.Kahn), 9/30/33 German Emergency Funds and Summary Fin. Report, 10/18/33 (D.J. Schweitzer), 11/7/33 Statistical Material on the Jewish Question, 12/12/33 (J.C. Hyman). JDC discussions with English and French leaders in London on aid to German refugees, 8/8/33, 8/10/33 – 8/14/33 B. Kahn to JDC. The JDC earmarked $200,000 for relief and recon. within Germany and $100,000 for refugee emigration aid outside of Germany, 11/16/33, 11/17/33, 11/28/33. Correspondence: J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, E.M. Morrissey, D.J. Schweitzer, W.J. Senator, M.C. Troper.
File 628: Germany: Administration, General, 1934
On the situation of the Jews in Germany, reports and memos: 1/4/34 (J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, M. Troper), 3/5/34 (D.J. Schweitzer), 3/28/34 (B. Kahn), 8/22/34 (B. Kahn), 9/26/34 (J.B. Lightman). JDC aid to Jews in Germany and German refugees: Memo, 1/17/34; JDC appropriations 1st half of 1934, 3/28/34; for the periods 12/1/33 – 4/1/34 (4/17/34, 4/24/34), April-Sept. 1934 (10/23/34 attachment to 10/26/34), April-Oct. 1934 (11/14/34 attachment to 11/21/34); Memo for the Secretary’s report to the JDC Exec. Committee meeting, 12/6/34. Statement on a Proposed JDC policy bearing on the German-Jewish Situation, 4/18/34, 4/20/34. Statements on the Zentralausschuss and its activities, 6/1/34, 10/2/34, 10/3/34, 10/19/34. Statistical Material on the Jewish Question, 11/7/34. For additional materials, see below: Files 645-646. Correspondence: J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, M. Kreutzberger, J.B. Lightman, E.M. Morrissey, D.J. Schweitzer.
File 629: Germany: Administration, General, 1935
On the situation of the Jews in Germany: Reports and memos by B. Kahn – 1/7/35, 2/15/35, 5/11/35, 11/10/35, 11/29/35 attachment to 12/24/35. On JDC fiscal policy in German aid, 2/23/35 Kahn to Morrissey. JDC Paris Monthly Bulletins: Jan. and Feb., 3/6/35, March and April, 6/3/35. JDC expenditures in Germany and for Jewish refugees from Germany, 11/21/35. Summary of JDC Activities – Jewish Problems in Germany and Eastern Europe since 1933, 11/25/35. Correspondence: J.C. Hyman. B. Khan, J.B. Lightman, D.J. Schweitzer.
File 630: Germany: Administration, General, 1936 - 1937
On the situation of the Jews in Germany: 2/5/36 (Anon), 2/15/36 (F. Borchardt), 3/12/36 (A.J. Committee), 3/31/36 (O. Brodnitz), 10/20/36, 12/1/36, 5/11/37 (B. Kahn). On the Work and Organization of the JDC Especially as it Refers to the German Situation, 1/15/36. The Zentralausschuss views on schools, professional and vocational retraining and Hachsharah abroad, 2/25/36. The JDC and its relations with other major Jewish organizations in the aid of German Jews, 3/3/36. JDC Report and Bulletin 1936 #2, April 1936. F. Borchardt defended record of German Jews in Jewish fund-raising, 6/8/37. For a visit to the U.S. (1936: Jan.-Feb.) by Anglo-Jewish delegation (Bearsted, Marks, Samuel), see: England, File 571. For Jewish Winterhilfe 1934 – 1937, see below: File 639.5. For an attack on the JDC by Prof. Namier and the JDC rebuttal, see: England, File 574, 6/3/37 – 6/10/37. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, F. Borchardt, Sherwood Eddy, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, M.S. Lazaron, E.M. Morrissey.
File 631: Germany: Administration, General, 1938 - 1944
On the situation of the Jews in Germany: 8/25/38 attached to 9/18/38, 12/2/38 (G. Rooby), 11/30/38 attachment to 12/24/38 (M.C. Troper), 3/17/39 (J.C. Hyman), March 1939 (Mark Wischnitzer), 9/20/39 and 10/18/39 (G.v. Tijn), 9/24/40, 11/22/40, 5/11/41, 6/18/41, 11/30/43 attachment to 12/6/43, Oct. 1945. Report of M.C. Troper’s visit to London 12/8/38 – 12/12/38 to attend a meeting of Council for German Jewry, 12/26/38 attachment to 12/28/38, 1/17/39. Statements on JDC aid for Jews of central Europe and refugees from these countries: 12/8/38, 12/16/39, 2/5/40. Discussions of aid between H. Katzki and P. Meyerheim (Reichsvereinigung) in Brussels, 5/21/40. The JDC closed its Berlin office 6/7/41, 6/10/41, 9/5/41, and disposed of the records, 7/21/41, 8/6/41. For materials on the Kristalnacht, 1938 – 1939, see the following file. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, H. Katzki, M.A. Leavitt, J.J. Schwartz, G.v. Tijn, M.C. Troper, M. Wischnitzer.
File 632: Germany: Administration, Kristalnacht, 1938 - 1939
Reports: The Excesses of Nov. 10, 1938 and their Consequences, attachment to 2/24/39. On Trip to Germany by George Rooby, attachment to 12/2/38. The Events in Nuremberg on 11/10/38, attachment to 12/2/38. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, G. Rooby, M.C. Troper. Winterhilfe, Jewish, See: File 639.5.
File 633: Germany: Administration, Financial, Transfer of Funds, General, 1933 - 1936
JDC aid reached German Jews by means of financial clearance arrangements whereby the funds themselves were never sent into Germany. Reichsmarks in various categories were paid to the Z.A. and the RJD to cover the costs of their communal programs, while the JDC provided dollar equivalents for expenditures in other countries. Several kinds of clearance arrangements were used over the years. The most important were: Emigration, see below: Files 633-635. Student Clearances, see below: File 636. Transmissions via Intria, see below: File 635. Hachscharah, see below: File 684. Status and Changes, Transfer of Funds: 1/5/34, 11/7/34, 3/18/35, 4/11/35, 4/12/35, 4/26/35, 5/10/35, 7/8/35, 9/24/35, 10/1/35, 10/17/35, 10/23/35 Schweitzer to Morrissey, 5/12/36, 12/15/36. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, J.B. Lightman, E.M. Morrissey, D.J. Schweitzer, F.M. Warburg.
File 634: Germany: Administration, Financial, Transfer of Funds, General, 1937 - 1941
JDC aid reached German Jews by means of financial clearance arrangements whereby the funds themselves were never sent into Germany. Reichsmarks in various categories were paid to the Z.A. and the RJD to cover the costs of their communal programs, while the JDC provided dollar equivalents for expenditures in other countries. Several kinds of clearance arrangements were used over the years. The most important were: Emigration, see below: Files 633-635. Student Clearances, see below: File 636. Transmissions via Intria, see below: File 635. Hachscharah, see below: File 684. Status and Change, Transfer of Funds: 3/3/37(2), 6/16/37(2), 10/26/37(2), 2/17/38, 6/8/38, 12/19/38, 1/6/39 Hyman to Blaustein, 2/27/39, 3/30/39, 6/2/39, 6/20/39, 7/11/39, 9/20/39, 10/18/40, 2/28/41, 4/8/41, 10/28/41. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, F.W. Borchardt, I.E. Goldwasser, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, E.M. Morrissey, I. Rosen, D.J. Schweitzer.
File 635: Germany: Administration, Financial, Haavara, 1935-1941
The Haavara Transfer Agreement concluded in 1933 permitted German Jews who wished to emigrate to Palestine under the capitalist category to take along up to $5,000. In March 1936, the International Trade and Investment Agency (Intria), was established in London in an attempt to stimulate the emigration of German Jews to Palestine and to enlarge the transfer possibilities. The Zentral Auschuss played an active role in the undertaking. In May 1938, the Transfer Agreement was extended to permit the sending of benevolent remittances to Germany and Austria at a favorable rate. The arrangement remained in effect until mid-1941. Status and Changes, Haavara Arrangements: 4/10/36, 4/14/36, 7/1/36, Sept. 1936, 10/7/36 Hyman to Renard, 10/13/36, 11/6/36, 11/10/36, 2/17/37, 3/3/37, 4/15/37, 6/16/37, 7/17/37-7/22/37, 9/29/37, 1/16/37, 11/29/37, 12/27/37, 2/16/38, 2/17/38, 3/11/38, May 1938, 7/12/38, 9/13/38, 2/27/39, 12/15/39, 1/4/40, 4/1/40, 5/31/40 Rosen to Morrissey, 3/20/41, 7/17/41. Also see below: File 678, brochure, “Five Years Immigration from Germany and the Haavara Transfer”, Dr. Werner Feilchenfeld. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, H.K. Buchman, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, H. Katzki, E.M. Morrissey, R. Pilpel, I. Rosen, M. Schlesinger, D.J. Schweitzer.
File 636: Germany: Administration, Financial, Students Clearances, 1936; 1939 - 1944
Status and Changes, Students Clearances: 7/27/36, 3/18/40, 9/10/40, 11/27/40, 11/28/40, 8/22/41. Also see: Switzerland, Files 1,028-1,032. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, C.S. Bertheim, P. Meyerheim, E.M. Morrissey.
Series 2: Germany: Organizations
Council for German Jewry, London, see: England, Files 571-585. HICEM: See: Files 674-676. For additional materials, see: HIAS, Files 244-248. ICA, File 260. Emigration, Introduction, File 389. Anglo-HICEM, File 586. Hilfsverein der Juden in Deutschland, Berlin, see: Files 640-641. International Trade and Investment Agency, London (Intria), see: File 635 Juedische Heimspeisung, Berlin, 1933-1939, see: File 652. Palaestina Amt, see: Files 677-678. Reichsverinigung der Juden in Deutschland see: Files 642-644a. Reichsvertretung der deutschen Juden see: Files 642-644a. Reichsvertretung der Juden in Deutschland see: Files 642-644a. Trust and transfer Office Haavara Ltd., see: Haavara, File 635. Vereinigung fuer das religios-liberale Judentum, see: File 558, World Union for Progressive Judaism. Zentral Ausschuss der deutschen Juden fuer Hilfe and Aufbau, see: Files 645-651a. Zentralstelle fuer juedischer Darlehnskassen in Deutschland, 1934-1939, see: File 685.
File 637: Germany: Organizations, General
Report: “The Structure of Jewish Emergency Relief in Germany-a Guide to Existing Institutions and Organizations”, Status Dec. 1936, JDC Paris. (Plus two duplicate copies)
File 638: Germany: Organizations, Miscellaneous 1
1. Floersheimische Stiftung, Frankfurt a/Main, 1940-1942, Correspondence: N. Aronovici, R. Pilpel, O. Rocca S., L. Zelwer. 2. Gesellschaft zur Foerderung Wirtschftlicher Interessen von in Deutschland Wohnhaften oder Wohnhft Gewesenen Juden, Berlin, 1936-1937 (Society for the Promotion of Economic Interests of the Jewish Residents or Former Residents in German). 3. Israelitische Gartenbauschule, Ahlem, 1933-1934. For earlier materials, see: Archives 1921-1932, File 205, Correspondence: J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, M. Kreutzberger. 4. Juedische Gemeinde, Berlin, 1934, 1937. 5. Lehranstalt fuer die Wissenschaft des Judentums, Berlin, 1934-1941, Correspondence: C. Adler, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn.
File 639: Germany: Organizations, Miscellaneous 2
1. Samson Raphael Hirsch Schule, Frankfurt a/Main, 1933. 2. Thora-Lehranstalt Jeschiwah, Frankfurt a/Main, 1936-1939, Correspondence: C. Adler, P. Baerwald, M. Hackenbroch, J.C. Hyman, L. Jung, B. Kahn. 3. Union of Russian Jews in Berlin, 1934-1935. For earlier materials, see: Archives, 1921-1932, File 208. 4. Verein der Israelitische Realschule, Fuerth, 1933-1937. For earlier materials, see: Archives, 1921-1932, File 205, Correspondence: C. Adler, P. Baerwald, H.K. Buchman, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn. 5. Zentralwohlfahrtsstelle bei der Reichsvertretung der Juden in Deutschland, Berlin, 1934-1937. (Deals mainly with Juedische Winterhilfe)
File 640: Germany: Organizations, Hilfsverein der Juden in Deutschland, Emigration Statistics, 1936 - 1939
(Relief Organization of Jews in Germany) The Hilfsverein played a major role in international Jewish relief from the turn of the century until the close of W.W. I. In the Nazi era it focused on extending migration aid to German Jews going to countries other than Palestine. It was officially dissolved in 1939, but its activities continued until 1941 as an emigration section of the RdJD. On emigration assisted by the Hilfsverein: 5/25/36, 7/22/36, 9/30/36, 12/31/37, 9/6/38, 3/17/39.
File 641: Germany: Organizations, Hilfsverein der Juden in Deutschland, Reports
(Relief Organization of Jews in Germany) The Hilfsverein played a major role in international Jewish relief from the turn of the century until the close of W.W. I. In the Nazi era it focused on extending migration aid to German Jews going to countries other than Palestine. It was officially dissolved in 1939, but its activities continued until 1941 as an emigration section of the RdJD. Korrespondenzblatt ueber Auswanderungs und Siedlungswesen, 1933-1935. Juedische Auswanderung, 1936, 1938.
File 642: Germany: Organizations, Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland (RdJD), General, 1935 - 1943
Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland (RdJD) (National Union of Jews in Germany) Reichsvertretung der deutschen Juden (RdJ) (National Representation of German Jews) Reichsvertretung der Juden in Deutschland (RJD) (National Representation of Jews in Germany). The RdJ was organized early in 1933. It became the RJD following a reorganization in April 1935, and the RdJD early in 1939. The Jewish communities (Berlin excepted) and the leading Jewish organizations in welfare, economic, education and emigration aid affiliated themselves with it. In Nov. 1936 they numbered twenty. The Zentral Auschuss became its leading arm in those fields, while the Jewish communities retained autonomy only in religious matters. The RJD closed briefly in Nov. 1938, but reopened soon after by order of the Gestapo. Early in 1939, it was reorganized by gov’t decree and became the RdJD. Sole responsibility was vested in it for Jewish emigration, education and welfare aid. Until Pearl Harbor, the JDC was the chief source of the funds that came to it from abroad. The RdJD was finally dissolved in June 1943 when but a few thousand Jews were left in Germany. Dr. Leo Baeck was president of the RdJ, the RJD and the RdJD, from first to last. Organizations comprising the RJD, 10/8/36. Fin. Statements-Receipts and Expenditures: Jan.-Aug. 1940, 12/1/40; Jan.-Sept. 1940, 11/15/40; Jan.-Oct. 1941, 11/20/41; Annual 1941, 11/6/42. “The Origin of the RJD and its Activities”, Yivo Colloquium 12/2/67-12/3/67. For additional materials, see below: Files 643-644. Correspondence: L. Baeck, P. Baerwald, C.S. Berliner, P. Epstein, J.C. Hyman, O. Hirsch, P. Meyerheim, M.C. Troper.
File 643: Germany: Organizations, Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland (RdJD), Information Bulletins, 1933 - 1936
Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland (RdJD) (National Union of Jews in Germany) Reichsvertretung der deutschen Juden (RdJ) (National Representation of German Jews) Reichsvertretung der Juden in Deutschland (RJD) (National Representation of Jews in Germany) The RdJ was organized early in 1933. It became the RJD following a reorganization in April 1935, and the RdJD early in 1939. The Jewish communities (Berlin excepted) and the leading Jewish organizations in welfare, economic, education and emigration aid affiliated themselves with it. In Nov. 1936 they numbered twenty. The Zentral Auschuss became its leading arm in those fields, while the Jewish communities retained autonomy only in religious matters. The RJD closed briefly in Nov. 1938, but reopened soon after by order of the Gestapo. Early in 1939, it was reorganized by gov’t decree and became the RdJD. Sole responsibility was vested in it for Jewish emigration, education and welfare aid. Until Pearl Harbor, the JDC was the chief source of the funds that came to it from abroad. The RdJD was finally dissolved in June 1943 when but a few thousand Jews were left in Germany. Dr. Leo Baeck was president of the RdJ, the RJD and the RdJD, from first to last. The Information Bulletins were published every few weeks, starting in May 1933. Until March 1935, they were prepared by the Zentralwohlfahrtsstelle der Juden in Deutschland (ZJD) and issued by the Z.A., and thereafter by the RJD. Some of the bulletins are accompanied by English translations or summaries of contents. The file also contains five bulletins (1933, May-June)issued by the Statistical Section of the ZJD, each with a brief summary of contents, in English. 1933: #1-16 (including a duplicate set); 1934: #1-9 and Index for 1933-1934; 1935: #1-11 and Index for 1935; 1936: #1-12.
File 644: Germany: Organizations, Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland (RdJD), Reports
Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland (RdJD) (National Union of Jews in Germany) Reichsvertretung der deutschen Juden (RdJ) (National Representation of German Jews) Reichsvertretung der Juden in Deutschland (RJD) (National Representation of Jews in Germany) The RdJ was organized early in 1933. It became the RJD following a reorganization in April 1935, and the RdJD early in 1939. The Jewish communities (Berlin excepted) and the leading Jewish organizations in welfare, economic, education and emigration aid affiliated themselves with it. In Nov. 1936 they numbered twenty. The Zentral Auschuss became its leading arm in those fields, while the Jewish communities retained autonomy only in religious matters. The RJD closed briefly in Nov. 1938, but reopened soon after by order of the Gestapo. Early in 1939, it was reorganized by gov’t decree and became the RdJD. Sole responsibility was vested in it for Jewish emigration, education and welfare aid. Until Pearl Harbor, the JDC was the chief source of the funds that came to it from abroad. The RdJD was finally dissolved in June 1943 when but a few thousand Jews were left in Germany. Dr. Leo Baeck was president of the RdJ, the RJD and the RdJD, from first to last. (Note: Reports with duplicate copies bear an asterisk.) 1937: Annual, in German and English; 1938: Annual, in German*; 1939: Annual, in German, and English*;
File 644a: Germany: Organizations, Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland (RdJD), Reports and Information Bulletins, duplicate copies
Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland (RdJD) (National Union of Jews in Germany) Reichsvertretung der deutschen Juden (RdJ) (National Representation of German Jews) Reichsvertretung der Juden in Deutschland (RJD) (National Representation of Jews in Germany) The RdJ was organized early in 1933. It became the RJD following a reorganization in April 1935, and the RdJD early in 1939. The Jewish communities (Berlin excepted) and the leading Jewish organizations in welfare, economic, education and emigration aid affiliated themselves with it. In Nov. 1936 they numbered twenty. The Zentral Auschuss became its leading arm in those fields, while the Jewish communities retained autonomy only in religious matters. The RJD closed briefly in Nov. 1938, but reopened soon after by order of the Gestapo. Early in 1939, it was reorganized by gov’t decree and became the RdJD. Sole responsibility was vested in it for Jewish emigration, education and welfare aid. Until Pearl Harbor, the JDC was the chief source of the funds that came to it from abroad. The RdJD was finally dissolved in June 1943 when but a few thousand Jews were left in Germany. Dr. Leo Baeck was president of the RdJ, the RJD and the RdJD, from first to last. Reports and Information Bulletins, duplicate copies.
File 645: Germany: Organizations, Zentral Ausschuss der deutschen Juden fuer Hilfe und Aufbau (Z.A.), General, 1933 - 1934 (June)
Short Z.A. reports, in German with English translations or summaries: #1, 5/22/33. #2, 5/23/33. #3, 5/30/33. #4, July 1933. Z.A. Budget Proposals for 1934 first half, 12/14/33. Report on visit to the Z.A. by J.L. Cohen, 9/24/33. Also see: File 647, 4/1/33-12/31/33; File 648, 1/1/34-6/30/34. Correspondence: D.M. Bressler, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, M. Kreutzberger. Zentral Ausschuss der deutschen Juden fuer Hilfe und Aufbau (Z.A.) (Central Committee of the German Jews for Help and Reconstruction) The Z.A. was organized in April 1933 as an umbrella organization that coordinated the activities of established agencies in the fields of social welfare aid, economic assistance, emigration, education and professional and vocational training and retraining. It had many local branches and was strictly non-partisan. Dr. Leo Baeck served as Chairman. Ludwig Tietz was the first Executive Secretary, and following his untimely death he was succeeded by Max Kreutzberger (1934-1935), and Friedrich Borchardt (1935-1936). Between 1933-1937, the Z.A. received allocations from the JDC, the ICA, the Central British Fund, (CBF), and the Council for German Jewry (CGJ), in addition to funds raised locally in Germany. In those years, over one-half of the funds from abroad, $1,670,000, came from the JDC. The rest stemmed from the ICA, $686,000, the CBF, $468,000 and the CGJ, $376,000. In Nov. 1938, the Z.A. was closed along with every other Jewish organization. It never reopened, although selected affiliated organizations, e.g., the Hilfsverein der Juden in Deutschland, did reopen subsequently. They received a new affiliation, with the Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland.
File 646: Germany: Organizations, Zentral Ausschuss der deutschen Juden fuer Hilfe und Aufbau (Z.A.), General, 1934 (July) - 1938
On the aims and activities of the Z.A.: 9/30/34, 10/2/34, 10/19/34, 12/13/34, 3/20/35, 2/15/36, 3/26/37. English summaries of Z.A. Annual or Semi-Annual Reports: 1934, 2/25/35 CBF minutes; 1935: Fin. Report only 3/2/36; 1936: March 1937; 1937: 1/1/37-6/30/37, June 1937; for the full reports see below: Files 647-651. JDC allocations to the Z.A. for 1935: 1st half-$155,000 (6/13/35 draft memo), 2nd half-$180,000 (7/26/35). Correspondence: L. Baeck, F. Borchardt, M. Brodnitz, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, H. Katzki, M. Kreutzberger, E.M. Morrissey, M.C. Troper. Zentral Ausschuss der deutschen Juden fuer Hilfe und Aufbau (Z.A.) (Central Committee of the German Jews for Help and Reconstruction) The Z.A. was organized in April 1933 as an umbrella organization that coordinated the activities of established agencies in the fields of social welfare aid, economic assistance, emigration, education and professional and vocational training and retraining. It had many local branches and was strictly non-partisan. Dr. Leo Baeck served as Chairman. Ludwig Tietz was the first Executive Secretary, and following his untimely death he was succeeded by Max Kreutzberger (1934-1935), and Friedrich Borchardt (1935-1936). Between 1933-1937, the Z.A. received allocations from the JDC, the ICA, the Central British Fund, (CBF), and the Council for German Jewry (CGJ), in addition to funds raised locally in Germany. In those years, over one-half of the funds from abroad, $1,670,000, came from the JDC. The rest stemmed from the ICA, $686,000, the CBF, $468,000 and the CGJ, $376,000. In Nov. 1938, the Z.A. was closed along with every other Jewish organization. It never reopened, although selected affiliated organizations, e.g., the Hilfsverein der Juden in Deutschland, did reopen subsequently. They received a new affiliation, with the Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland.
File 647: Germany: Organizations, Zentral Ausschuss der deutschen Juden fuer Hilfe und Aufbau (Z.A.), Reports, 1933
Reports: 4/1/33-12/31/33, in German and English Zentral Ausschuss der deutschen Juden fuer Hilfe und Aufbau (Z.A.) (Central Committee of the German Jews for Help and Reconstruction) The Z.A. was organized in April 1933 as an umbrella organization that coordinated the activities of established agencies in the fields of social welfare aid, economic assistance, emigration, education and professional and vocational training and retraining. It had many local branches and was strictly non-partisan. Dr. Leo Baeck served as Chairman. Ludwig Tietz was the first Executive Secretary, and following his untimely death he was succeeded by Max Kreutzberger (1934-1935), and Friedrich Borchardt (1935-1936). Between 1933-1937, the Z.A. received allocations from the JDC, the ICA, the Central British Fund, (CBF), and the Council for German Jewry (CGJ), in addition to funds raised locally in Germany. In those years, over one-half of the funds from abroad, $1,670,000, came from the JDC. The rest stemmed from the ICA, $686,000, the CBF, $468,000 and the CGJ, $376,000. In Nov. 1938, the Z.A. was closed along with every other Jewish organization. It never reopened, although selected affiliated organizations, e.g., the Hilfsverein der Juden in Deutschland, did reopen subsequently. They received a new affiliation, with the Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland.
File 648: Germany: Organizations, Zentral Ausschuss der deutschen Juden fuer Hilfe und Aufbau (Z.A.), Reports, 1934
Semi-Annual: 1/1/34-6/30/34, in German* and English* Semi-Annual: 7/1/34-12/31/34, in German and English* Zentral Ausschuss der deutschen Juden fuer Hilfe und Aufbau (Z.A.) (Central Committee of the German Jews for Help and Reconstruction) The Z.A. was organized in April 1933 as an umbrella organization that coordinated the activities of established agencies in the fields of social welfare aid, economic assistance, emigration, education and professional and vocational training and retraining. It had many local branches and was strictly non-partisan. Dr. Leo Baeck served as Chairman. Ludwig Tietz was the first Executive Secretary, and following his untimely death he was succeeded by Max Kreutzberger (1934-1935), and Friedrich Borchardt (1935-1936). Between 1933-1937, the Z.A. received allocations from the JDC, the ICA, the Central British Fund, (CBF), and the Council for German Jewry (CGJ), in addition to funds raised locally in Germany. In those years, over one-half of the funds from abroad, $1,670,000, came from the JDC. The rest stemmed from the ICA, $686,000, the CBF, $468,000 and the CGJ, $376,000. In Nov. 1938, the Z.A. was closed along with every other Jewish organization. It never reopened, although selected affiliated organizations, e.g., the Hilfsverein der Juden in Deutschland, did reopen subsequently. They received a new affiliation, with the Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland.
File 648a: Germany: Organizations, Zentral Ausschuss der deutschen Juden fuer Hilfe und Aufbau (Z.A.), Reports, 1934, Duplicates
Duplicate copies, German and English Zentral Ausschuss der deutschen Juden fuer Hilfe und Aufbau (Z.A.) (Central Committee of the German Jews for Help and Reconstruction) The Z.A. was organized in April 1933 as an umbrella organization that coordinated the activities of established agencies in the fields of social welfare aid, economic assistance, emigration, education and professional and vocational training and retraining. It had many local branches and was strictly non-partisan. Dr. Leo Baeck served as Chairman. Ludwig Tietz was the first Executive Secretary, and following his untimely death he was succeeded by Max Kreutzberger (1934-1935), and Friedrich Borchardt (1935-1936). Between 1933-1937, the Z.A. received allocations from the JDC, the ICA, the Central British Fund, (CBF), and the Council for German Jewry (CGJ), in addition to funds raised locally in Germany. In those years, over one-half of the funds from abroad, $1,670,000, came from the JDC. The rest stemmed from the ICA, $686,000, the CBF, $468,000 and the CGJ, $376,000. In Nov. 1938, the Z.A. was closed along with every other Jewish organization. It never reopened, although selected affiliated organizations, e.g., the Hilfsverein der Juden in Deutschland, did reopen subsequently. They received a new affiliation, with the Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland.
File 649: Germany: Organizations, Zentral Ausschuss der deutschen Juden fuer Hilfe und Aufbau (Z.A.), Reports, 1935
Annual: in German* and English* Supplement, in German, on the organization structure of the Z.A. Zentral Ausschuss der deutschen Juden fuer Hilfe und Aufbau (Z.A.) (Central Committee of the German Jews for Help and Reconstruction) The Z.A. was organized in April 1933 as an umbrella organization that coordinated the activities of established agencies in the fields of social welfare aid, economic assistance, emigration, education and professional and vocational training and retraining. It had many local branches and was strictly non-partisan. Dr. Leo Baeck served as Chairman. Ludwig Tietz was the first Executive Secretary, and following his untimely death he was succeeded by Max Kreutzberger (1934-1935), and Friedrich Borchardt (1935-1936). Between 1933-1937, the Z.A. received allocations from the JDC, the ICA, the Central British Fund, (CBF), and the Council for German Jewry (CGJ), in addition to funds raised locally in Germany. In those years, over one-half of the funds from abroad, $1,670,000, came from the JDC. The rest stemmed from the ICA, $686,000, the CBF, $468,000 and the CGJ, $376,000. In Nov. 1938, the Z.A. was closed along with every other Jewish organization. It never reopened, although selected affiliated organizations, e.g., the Hilfsverein der Juden in Deutschland, did reopen subsequently. They received a new affiliation, with the Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland.
File 650: Germany: Organizations, Zentral Ausschuss der deutschen Juden fuer Hilfe und Aufbau (Z.A.), Reports, 1936
Annual: in German and English Zentral Ausschuss der deutschen Juden fuer Hilfe und Aufbau (Z.A.) (Central Committee of the German Jews for Help and Reconstruction) The Z.A. was organized in April 1933 as an umbrella organization that coordinated the activities of established agencies in the fields of social welfare aid, economic assistance, emigration, education and professional and vocational training and retraining. It had many local branches and was strictly non-partisan. Dr. Leo Baeck served as Chairman. Ludwig Tietz was the first Executive Secretary, and following his untimely death he was succeeded by Max Kreutzberger (1934-1935), and Friedrich Borchardt (1935-1936). Between 1933-1937, the Z.A. received allocations from the JDC, the ICA, the Central British Fund, (CBF), and the Council for German Jewry (CGJ), in addition to funds raised locally in Germany. In those years, over one-half of the funds from abroad, $1,670,000, came from the JDC. The rest stemmed from the ICA, $686,000, the CBF, $468,000 and the CGJ, $376,000. In Nov. 1938, the Z.A. was closed along with every other Jewish organization. It never reopened, although selected affiliated organizations, e.g., the Hilfsverein der Juden in Deutschland, did reopen subsequently. They received a new affiliation, with the Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland.
File 651: Germany: Organizations, Zentral Ausschuss der deutschen Juden fuer Hilfe und Aufbau (Z.A.), Reports, 1937
Semi-Annual: 1/1/37 – 6/30/37, in English* Zentral Ausschuss der deutschen Juden fuer Hilfe und Aufbau (Z.A.) (Central Committee of the German Jews for Help and Reconstruction) The Z.A. was organized in April 1933 as an umbrella organization that coordinated the activities of established agencies in the fields of social welfare aid, economic assistance, emigration, education and professional and vocational training and retraining. It had many local branches and was strictly non-partisan. Dr. Leo Baeck served as Chairman. Ludwig Tietz was the first Executive Secretary, and following his untimely death he was succeeded by Max Kreutzberger (1934-1935), and Friedrich Borchardt (1935-1936). Between 1933-1937, the Z.A. received allocations from the JDC, the ICA, the Central British Fund, (CBF), and the Council for German Jewry (CGJ), in addition to funds raised locally in Germany. In those years, over one-half of the funds from abroad, $1,670,000, came from the JDC. The rest stemmed from the ICA, $686,000, the CBF, $468,000 and the CGJ, $376,000. In Nov. 1938, the Z.A. was closed along with every other Jewish organization. It never reopened, although selected affiliated organizations, e.g., the Hilfsverein der Juden in Deutschland, did reopen subsequently. They received a new affiliation, with the Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland.
Series 3: Germany: Subject Matter
Cultural and Religious: JDC cultural and religious expenditures for Germany came to $441,868 in all, and occurred between 1935 – 1941. The funds stemmed basically from the JDC appropriations to the Reichsvereinigung and to its successor, the Reichsvertretung. The major share of the funds went for the maintenance of primary and secondary education, and became a necessity in April 1935 when Jewish children were disbarred from attendance at German primary and secondary schools. 1935: $66,000; 1936: 81,000; 1937: 108,500; 1938: 90,500; 1939: $26,000; 1940: 50,368; 1941: 20,000; Total: $441,868. Emigration: Jewish emigration from Germany was negligible in size in the early 1930’s. But the rise of Hitler touched off a great wave of it. An accurate record of emigration from Germany is non-existent, but the High Commissioner for Refugees of the League of Nations estimated the number at some 312,000 Jews, in the pattern outlined below. The number is on the conservative side, since thousands of Jews made their own travel and financial arrangements and presumably were not included. 1933: 51,700; 1934: 33,400; 1935: 27,400; 1936: 31,900; 1937: 23,500; 1938: 47,400; 1939: 68,000; 1940: 16,000; 1941: 13,000; Total: 312,300. The major areas of reception were: U.S.: 65,000; Palestine: 55,000; South America: 50,000; England: 40,000; France: 30,000; Shanghai: 16,000. Three Jewish agencies busied themselves with expediting emigration from inside Germany: the Palaestina Amt (To Palestine), the Hilfsverein der Juden in Deutschland (To overseas lands other than Palestine), and the Repatriation Committee of the Reichsvertretung (Hauptstelle fuer Juedische Wanderfuersorge). The latter aided non-German Jews in Germany to return to their native lands, e.g., Poland, Rumania et al, when the necessity arose. Transportation arrangements to overseas lands were handled via the HICEM. Between 1933 – 1940, the JDC, the ICA, the HIAS and the Council for German Jewry covered between them the transportation costs and landing fees expended by the HICEM on behalf of German refugees from Europe. For the rest of W.W. II, the JDC shouldered the transportation costs in major degree. Up to May 1940, German emigrants sailed to overseas lands from European ports, but the entry of Italy into the war, closed the Mediterranean to civilian shipping. For the next year or so, several thousand German emigrants came out of Europe via the Trans-Siberian R.R. to Vladivostok and thence overseas to Japanese ports. For sailings of vessels from those ports, see below, Sailings, Trans-Siberian Route. For sailings of vessels from European ports, see: Emigration, Files 369-389 The U.S. Consulates in Germany ceased to grant visas on 6/11/41, and closed their doors a month or so later, months in advance of Pearl Harbor. For additional materials on emigration from Germany, see: Germany, Z.A., Reports, Files 647-651; Germany,RdJD, Reports, File 644; Germany,HICEM, Files 674-676; 677-682; England, Anglo-Hicem, File 586; HIAS, Files 244-248; Emigration, Files 363 and ff. Sailings: The refugees who sailed to the Western hemisphere from Japanese ports (Kobe/Yokohama) stemmed from Germany, in major degree. Those who sailed westward from Portuguese, Spanish and North African ports came from many European countries, including Germany. For the sailings from Europe, see: Emigration, Files 369-389. Various sailings were beset with crises involving refugees who possessed valid visas to overseas countries, which were then disavowed by the governments in question upon the arrival of the refugees. Refugees who could not be landed were subject to return to Japan and to internment. In all these instances, the JDC and the local refugee committees succeeded in gaining temporary sanctuary somewhere, but only at the cost of wideranging effort and expense, out of all proportion to the number of persons affected. For additional materials, see: Files 363-365, and 659-663.
File 652: Germany: Subject Matter, Canteens, 1934 - 1939
The Juedische Heimspeisung Berlin (formerly the Baerwald Kitchens) were established to provide impoverished gentle-folk with free meals served in a home setting. Mrs. Emil Baerwald was the driving force. In 1933, the JDC contributed DM 20,000 directly, while lesser sums in succeeding years were transmitted via the Z.A. Also see below: Files 648-650. Reports: 9/1/33 – 9/1/34, 1/1/34 – 12/31/34, 1/1/35 – 12/31/35, 7/1/35 – 7/1/36, Jan. 1934 – July 1936, 1/1/36 – 10/31/36, 1/1/36 – 12/31/36, 1/1/37 – 12/31/37. Correspondence: J.D. Baerwald, P. Baerwald, J.C. Hyman, D.J. Schweitzer
File 653: Germany: Subject Matter, Children
Jewish child care in Germany, in the traditional sense, was provided by the Z.A. and subsequently by the Reichsvertretung. For materials, see: Z.A., File 647-650, Reichsvertretung, File 644. The materials in this file deal mainly with emigration problems of children and youth in moving to other countries. Reports and Memos: Emigration of Jewish Youth from Germany to Palestine by Dr. Leo Baeck, 4/1/35 attachment to 4/23/35. Jews in Germany and Austria by age, 12/2/38. Emigration of Jewish Children 4/1/33 – 7/31/39 attachment to 10/12/39. Correspondence: L. Baeck, I.S. Heller, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, M.J. Kohler, S. Lowenstein, E. Mittwoch.
File 654: Germany: Subject Matter, Concentration Camps, 1935; 1944
Report on the treatment of repatriates in a concentration camp near Hamburg, 5/10/36. Report on Bergen-Belsen by Israel Taubes 1944, attached to 3/15/45. Note: An extensive correspondence on German concentration camps was conducted with JDC’s European Headquarters first at Paris and subsequently at Lisbon. The Paris and Lisbon Archives have not survived.
File 655: Germany: Subject Matter, Cultural and Religious, General, 1933 - 1941
Brief Reports on Jewish Schools: 8/27/34, 2/25/36, 3/9/36 attachment. Jewish schools aided by the Reichsvertretung, 1/16/34 attachment to 2/23/34, 4/22/37. Jewish institutions of higher learning and their enrollments, 3/12/34. Notes on Jewish schools, 1940 (?). Also see below: Frankfurter Yeshiva (Rabbi Breuer): File 639. Lehranstalt fuer das Wissenschaft des Judentums: File 638. Samson Raphael Hirsch Schule, Frankfurt/Main: File 639. Verein der Israelitische Realschule, Fuerth: File 639. Zentral Ausschuss, Annual Reports 1933 – 1936: Files 647-650. Reichsvertretung, Annual Reports 1937 – 1939: File 644. Correspondence: C. Adler, P. Baerwald, F. Borchard, H.K. Buchman, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, M.A. Leavitt, E.M. Morrisse, J. Rosenheim, E.M. Warburg.
File 656: Germany: Subject Matter, Cultural and Religious, Shechitah, 1936 - 1938
In 1935, the Nazi Gov’t prohibited Schechitah in Germany, but limited quantities, at high prices, could be imported under existing trade agreements until the end of that year. Early in 1936, the JDC and the Central British Fund for German Jewry allocated $7,500 each, as matching grants, for importing kosher meats to Germany for Jewish hospitals, homes for the aged and children’s homes which were orthodox. Subsequently, the JDC contributed $10,000 more via the Jewish Friends Food Fund, London, which was organized to conduct the activity. See Below: 8/31/37, 11/9/38. Correspondence: C. Adler, P. Baerwald, J. Hoffman, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, H. Katzki, E. Munk, J. Rosenheim, E. Silver.
File 657: Germany: Subject Matter, Emigration, General, 1933 - 1937
On the status of emigration from Germany: 9/30/34, 12/12/34, 12/31/34, 11/19/35, 3/18/36, 4/2/36, 4/20/36, 5/25/36, 6/7/36, 9/30/36, 12/15/36, 2/26/37, 3/10/37, 10/28/37, 12/31/37(2). Informal discussions on emigration between J.C. Hyman and James McDonald, 11/13/33. Estimates of the number of non-Jewish emigrants from Germany, 4/30/37. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, D.M. Bressler, O.E. d’Avigdor Goldsmid, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, N. Katz, H. Katzki, C. Razovsky, M. Warburg.
File 658: Germany: Subject Matter, Emigration, General, 1938 - 1939
On the status of emigration from Germany: 9/6/38, 12/2/38, 5/15/39, 6/21/39, 7/3/39, 10/14/39. Reports on German emigration: “The Emigration of German Jews Since 1933”, Kurt Zielenziger, 3/5/38; “A Survey of Overseas Countries into which Jews Have Immigrated During the Last Five Years”, JDC June 1938; “Statistics of Jewish Emigration from Greater Germany April 1933 – 7/1/39”, 8/1/39; Register of Names of German Emigrants 1933 – 1938, 8/9/39. Correspondence: W.L. Bein, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, H. Katzki, G.V. Tijn, M.C. Troper
File 659: Germany: Subject Matter, Emigration, General, 1940 (Jan.-July)
On the status of emigration from Germany (other than via Siberia: 1/3/40, 1/11/40, 1/18/40, 1/30/40, 4/13/40, 5/10/40, 5/31/40, 6/6/40(2), 6/7/40. Emigration via Trans-Siberian Route: 5/2/40, 6/3/40, 6/4/40, 6/6/40(2), 6/7/40, 6/12/40(3), 6/20/40(2), 6/21/40 RJD, 6/25/40 Leavitt to Haber, 7/1/40, 7/5/40(2), 7/18/40 Leavitt to Greenleigh. Also see below: Sailings, Files 667-673. Correspondence: J.C. Hyman, E.M. Morrissey, J.J. Schwartz, S. Trone, M.C. Troper.
File 660: Germany: Subject Matter, Emigration, General, 1940 (Aug.-Sept.)
Emigration via Trans-Siberian Route: 8/2/40, 8/4/40, 8/5/40, 8/8/40, 8/9/40, 8/14/40 Rosen to Greenleigh and Mund to the RJD, 7/24/40 attachment to 8/15/40, 7/17/40 attachment to 8/16/40, 8/19/40, 8/30/40, 9/5/40, 9/11/40, 9/12/40, 9/21/40, 9/28/40, 9/30/40 Hyman to Lebau. Also see below: Sailings, Individual ships. Correspondence: E. Baerwald, J.C. Hyman, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel.
File 661: Germany: Subject Matter, Emigration, General, 1940 (Oct.-Dec.)
On the status of emigration from Germany (other than via Siberia): 10/25/40, 11/6/40 memo, 11/12/40, 11/23/40 memo. Emigration via Trans-Siberian Route: 10/9/40, 10/11/40 JDC to Vienna, 10/25/40 N.Y. to Yokohama, 11/6/40 memo, 11/6/40 cable Berlin to N.Y., 11/13/40 Rosen to Zien, 11/20/40 Rosen to Quito, 11/23/40 memo, 11/25/40 Steinfeld to JDC, 11/26/40 Rosen to Greenleigh, 12/12/40. Correspondence: J.C. Hyman, R. Pilpel, I. Rosen, R. Sundel.
File 662: Germany: Subject Matter, Emigration, General, 1941 (Jan. -March)
On the status of emigration from Germany (other than via Siberia): 1/7/41, 2/18/41, 3/6/41 Leavitt to Strull, 3/6/41 Schwartz – Leavitt, 3/15/41, 3/24/41. Emigration via Trans-Siberian Route: 1/23/41 cable Berlin to N.Y., 1/24/41 cable Kobe to N.Y., 2/10/41 Pilpel to Weinstein, 2/18/41, 2/19/41 Yokohama to JDC, 3/6/41 Leavitt to Shanghai, 3/14/41, 3/24/41, 3/25/41 letter Osaka Line. Correspondence: M.A. Leavitt, E.M. Morrissey, R. Pilpel, I. Rosen, S. Tarashanski.
File 663: Germany: Subject Matter, Emigration, General, 1941 (April-July)
On the status of emigration from Germany (other than via Siberia): 4/4/41, 4/8/41, 4/25/41, 6/3/41 Berliner to Borchardt, 6/4/41, 6/12/41, 6/16/41, 6/18/41(3), 7/3/41 Pilpel to Frieder, 7/15/41. Emigration via Trans-Siberian Route: 4/25/41, 5/5/41, 5/15/41. Correspondence: C. Berliner, J.C. Hyman, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel, M.C. Troper.
File 664: Germany: Subject Matter, Emigration, General, 1941 Aug. - 1945
On the status of emigration from Germany: 8/1/41, 8/8/41, 8/25/41, 11/3/41, 11/4/41, 11/5/41, 11/11/41 11/24/41, 12/1/41, 2/27/42, 5/24/43, 6/7/43. Table of Jewish Emigration 1933 – 1941, 11/19/42. Correspondence: C. Berliner, H. Katski, M.A. Leavitt, J.J. Schwartz, M. Siegel.
File 665: Germany: Subject Matter, Emigration, Baggage Expenses, 1940 - 1941
On numerous occasions, the baggage of refugees who were migrating overseas was delayed en route and reached the port of embarkation after the owners had sailed. Severe financial problems often followed in the attempt to reunite refugees and their baggage. Also see: Sailings, SS St. Louis, File 382. Correspondence: A.D. Greenleigh, A.J. Lindo, R. Pilpel, P. Schoenholz, S. Treguboff.
File 666: Germany: Subject Matter, Emigration, Panic Emigration
Reports and Memos: SS Imperial, 1/12/39. “Bound for Nowhere, Disorganized Panic Migration”, by Cecilia Razovsky, 3/9/39. SS Conte Grande, 3/15/39 Hirsch to Hyman, 4/14/39. Verbatim extract from JDC officers meeting, 3/15/39 attachment to 3/23/39. Panic Migration, 3/30/39 (List and itineraries of boats). SS St. Louis, 6/21/39(3), 6/23/39, July 1939 (JDC Bulletin); for additional materials, see: SS St. Louis, Files 378-386. Notes on Status of Jewish Refugees from Germany in Various European Countries, by H. Katzki, 7/5/39. Also see: Illegal Emigration, Files 679-681. Correspondence: A. Hirsch. J.C. Hyman, H. Katzki, R. Pilpel, C. Razovsky, J.N. Rosenberg.
File 667: Germany: Subject Matter, Emigration, Sailings, Trans-Siberian Route, General
The General file contains only lists of refugees who sailed to the Western hemisphere from Japanese ports on the ships named. The files on individual sailings that are cited below contain correspondence as well. In addition, the general file contains a few lists of overland travelers to Shanghai, via the Trans-Siberian R.R. President Lines (U.S.): President Cleveland, 9/9/40, 10/7/40, April 1941; City of Los Angeles, 9/22/40; President Pierce, 10/21/40. Japanese Lines: Tatuta Maru, 6/28/40; Kamakura Maru, 7/13/40, 9/15/40, June 1941; Argentina Maru, 7/15/40; Hikawa Maru, 7/22/40, 9/7/40, 6/5/41; Nitta Maru, 7/29/40, 10/17/40; Heian Maru, 8/14/40, 10/16/40, 4/2/41; Asama Maru, 8/16/40, 10/4/40; Yawata Maru, 8/31/40, 10/24/40, April 1941; Brazil Maru, 9/15/40; Yasukuni Maru, 10/28/40.
File 668: Germany: Subject Matter, Emigration, Sailings, Trans-Siberian Route, Buenos Aires Maru
Sailings: 8/13/40, Yokohama – South America; 1/21/40, Yokohama – South America. Passenger lists: 8/13/40, 2/8-9-10/41, 6/24/41.
File 669: Germany: Subject Matter, Emigration, Sailings, Trans-Siberian Route, Ginyo Maru
Sailings: 10/24/40, Yokohama – South America; April (?) 1941, Yokohama – South America. Passenger lists: 10/24/40, 5/13/41. On the 10/24/40 voyage, 16 refugees were denied landing permits in Panama on the ground that their transit visas for that country, en route to their destinations, were invalid. When the ship sailed from Panama on the way to South American ports, it carried the refugees with them. Shipment back to Japan and internment there faced them unless the JDC could find a sanctuary country. The JDC, acting through local refugee committees in various countries, launched wide-ranging efforts to find at least a temporary haven, by guaranteeing refugee maintenance costs ashore. Several countries had already denied landing permission when Ecuador granted a temporary landing permit at Salinas. From there, the refugees were able to make their way individually to the countries of their destination. Correspondence: S. Lubrainschik, A. Mayerson, R. Pilpel, L. Zelwer.
File 670: Germany: Subject Matter, Emigration, Sailings, Trans-Siberian Route, Heiyo Maru
Sailings: 10/1/40, Yokohama – South America; 2/13/41, Yokohama – South America; 6/29/41, Yokohama – South America. Passenger lists: 10/1/40, 3/4/41, 7/18/41. On the voyage of 10/1/40, all but 2 of the 105 refugees aboard reached the countries of their destination. Those two carried Chilean visas which the Chilean Gov’t disavowed. JDC attempts to find them a temporary haven all failed, and their return to Japan and internment became inevitable. Help arrived at the 12th hour, when the ship touched at Los Angeles, on the return trip to Yokohama. Arrangements were completed there to permit the refugees to land in the Philippines. Correspondence: A. Fishzohn, M. Glikovsky, S. Lubrainschik, R. Pilpel, O. Rocca S., S. Treguboff, L. Zelwer.
File 671: Germany: Subject Matter, Emigration, Sailings, Trans-Siberian Route, Hie Maru
Sailings: 9/26/40, Yokohama to South America; Nov. 1940, Kobe to South America. Passenger lists: 9/26/40, 12/10/40 attachment. On the Nov. 1940 voyage, 32 refugees were denied landing permits in Panama, and had to continue with this ship to South America. In the next few weeks, the JDC and its local refugees found sanctuary for 14 refugees, but the other 18 lacked prospects. After wide-ranging efforts, temporary landing permits in Ecuador were finally obtained, when the JDC agreed to cover all maintenance costs ashore. From Ecuador, the refugees were able subsequently to make their way individually to the countries of their destination. Correspondence: S. Lubrainschik, R. Pilpel, O. Rocca S., L. Zelwer.
File 672: Germany: Subject Matter, Emigration, Sailings, Trans-Siberian Route, Montevideo Maru
Sailing: 11/21/40, Kobe – South America. There were 120 refugees aboard, but when the vessel reached Panama the Panamanian Gov’t disavowed the transit visas held by 14 passengers, on the ground that their visas were based on Haitian visas which that gov’t had previously revoked. When the M.M. neared Montevideo, the Uruguan Gov’t granted permission for a temporary landing, but revoked it at the last moment. Finally, the Argentine Gov’t permitted the 14 refugees to land. They were interned at Buenos Aires for over 10 months and then proceeded to Montevideo, when the Uruguyan Gov’t reversed course a second time and granted them temporary visas. Correspondence: M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel, P. Zander.
File 673: Germany: Subject Matter, Emigration, Sailings, Trans-Siberian Route, Rakuyo Maru
Sailings: 8/4/40, Yokohama – South America; Jan. 1941, Yokohama – South America; 2/8/41, Kobe – South America; June 1940, Yokohama, South America. Passenger lists: 8/4/40, 1/28/41, 2/8/41, 6/23/41. On the 8/4/40 sailing, 8 refugees were denied admission to Chile although they bore valid Chilean visas. They were headed back to Japan and internment when the Ecuador Gov’t granted landing permission. At the last moment, that gov’t revoked it, but ultimately, the refugees landed informally in Mexico, with the aid of the JDC. Correspondence: F.W. Borchardt, M.A. Leavitt, S. Lubrainschik, P. Lisker, R. Pilpel, O. Rocca S., L. Zelwer.
File 674: Germany: Subject Matter, Emigration, HICEM, 1934 - 1939
Reports: Activities in Favour of German Refugees March 1933 – 3/31/34, undated; March 1933 – Oct. 1934, undated. Statistical tables of Emigration: 1/1/34 – 12/31/34, 5/15/33 – 9/30/35, 1/1/33 – 8/31/36, 1/1/36 – 9/30/36, 1/1/37 – 10/31/37, 1933 – 1937, April 1933 – 7/1/39, 8/1/39. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, N. Bentwich, J. Bernstein, O.E. d’Avigdor Goldsmid, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, O. Schiff, M. Stephany. The HICEM was established by the HIAS and the ICA to aid in preparing refugees for emigration and in helping them to settle in other lands. It was an operating agency with no funds of its own. Its seat was in Paris. Between 1933 – 1940, the ICA, the HIAS, the British Council for German Jewry, and the JDC covered all the transportation costs and landing fees expended by the HICEM on behalf of German refugees from Europe, while the HIAS and the ICA covered the costs of administration. During W.W. II, the JDC shouldered the transportation costs in overwhelming degree, while the HIAS contributed to those costs and shouldered the administration costs in full. When W.W. II broke out, HICEM, as a French agency, was unable to transmit funds out of that country and, as a temporary measure, the Amsterdam Committee for Jewish Refugees took over its activities for Germany. Early in 1940, HICEM resumed its services out of Brussels and conducted activities until the Nazi invasion of Belgium in May. For additional materials on the HICEM, see below: EUREXCO Reports, Files 188-191. HIAS, Files 244-248. ICA, File 260. Emigration, Introduction, File 363. England, Anglo-HICEM, File 586.
File 675: Germany: Subject Matter, Emigration, HICEM, 1940 (Jan.-July)
Reports: HICEM activities, 1/3/40, 2/14/40. HICEM budgetary forecast for 1940, 1/5/40. Tables of emigration: 1939, 6/6/40, Tables of emigration: 1939, 6/6/40, 1/1/40 – 3/31/40, 4/15/40. HICEM overseas committees, attachment to 2/18/40. Correspondence: J. Bernstein, M.C. Goldsmith, S. Hochschild, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, R. Pilpel, I. Rosen, J.J. Schwartz, G.v. Tijn, M.C. Troper. The HICEM was established by the HIAS and the ICA to aid in preparing refugees for emigration and in helping them to settle in other lands. It was an operating agency with no funds of its own. Its seat was in Paris. Between 1933 – 1940, the ICA, the HIAS, the British Council for German Jewry, and the JDC covered all the transportation costs and landing fees expended by the HICEM on behalf of German refugees from Europe, while the HIAS and the ICA covered the costs of administration. During W.W. II, the JDC shouldered the transportation costs in overwhelming degree, while the HIAS contributed to those costs and shouldered the administration costs in full. When W.W. II broke out, HICEM, as a French agency, was unable to transmit funds out of that country and, as a temporary measure, the Amsterdam Committee for Jewish Refugees took over its activities for Germany. Early in 1940, HICEM resumed its services out of Brussels and conducted activities until the Nazi invasion of Belgium in May. For additional materials on the HICEM, see below: EUREXCO Reports, Files 188-191. HIAS, Files 244-248. ICA, File 260. Emigration, Introduction, File 363. England, Anglo-HICEM, File 586.
File 676: Germany: Subject Matter, Emigration, HICEM, 1941 (July) - 1942
Reports: Extract from the HICEM budget estimate for 1/1/42 – 6/30/42, 11/10/41. Activities of HICEM Marseille 9/1/41 – 12/31/41, 3/26/42. HICEM activities in Europe 1/1/42 – 3/26/42. Analysis of HICEM Steamship Sailings as of 4/30/42, 7/22/42. Correspondence: J.C. Hyman, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel, J.J. Schwartz. The HICEM was established by the HIAS and the ICA to aid in preparing refugees for emigration and in helping them to settle in other lands. It was an operating agency with no funds of its own. Its seat was in Paris. Between 1933 – 1940, the ICA, the HIAS, the British Council for German Jewry, and the JDC covered all the transportation costs and landing fees expended by the HICEM on behalf of German refugees from Europe, while the HIAS and the ICA covered the costs of administration. During W.W. II, the JDC shouldered the transportation costs in overwhelming degree, while the HIAS contributed to those costs and shouldered the administration costs in full. When W.W. II broke out, HICEM, as a French agency, was unable to transmit funds out of that country and, as a temporary measure, the Amsterdam Committee for Jewish Refugees took over its activities for Germany. Early in 1940, HICEM resumed its services out of Brussels and conducted activities until the Nazi invasion of Belgium in May. For additional materials on the HICEM, see below: EUREXCO Reports, Files 188-191. HIAS, Files 244-248. ICA, File 260. Emigration, Introduction, File 363. England, Anglo-HICEM, File 586.
File 677: Germany: Subject Matter, Emigration, Palestine, General, 1933 - 1936
General Status: 8/9/33, 10/13/34(2), 10/16/34, 10/27/34, 10/29/34, 11/3/34(2), 11/7/34, 1/18/35 – 3/4/35 Rosenberg to Baerwald, 3/8/35 – 3/15/35 Adler to Hyman, 3/19/35, 3/21/35, 5/11/35 – 12/6/35, 3/17/36, 3/20/36 – 4/6/36, 5/21/36, 6/26/36 Statistics: Jan. 1933 – June 1934, 7/15/34; 1925 – 1934 (Oct.), 11/22/34; Comparative figures for 1933 and 1934, 12/31/34; 1933 – 1934, 3/15/35; Jan. 1933 – Sept. 1935, 1/13/36; 1/1/33 – 12/31/35, Feb. 1935 and 3/27/36 attachment to 4/10/36; 5/19/36; 1/1/33 – 6/30/36, August 1936. Reports: Summary of “Report on Jewish Immigration from Germany to Palestine in 1933 and 1934”, W. Senator, 4/4/35. “The Emigration of German-Jewish Children and Youth to Palestine”, Leo Baeck, 4/1/35 attachment to 4/23/35. Report #3, “Youth Emigration from Germany to Palestine”, March 1935. “The Immigration of German Jews into Palestine”, 3/11/36 attachment to 3/16/36. Also see: Z.A., Files 647-650. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, S. Brodetsky, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, M. Kreutzberger, G. Landauer, J.B. Lightman, E.M. Morrissey, M. Rosenblueth, Herbert Samuel, F. Warburg, W. Senator.
File 678: Germany: Subject Matter, Emigration, Palestine, General, 1937 - 1941
General Status: 12/2/38, 6/15/39, 6/23/39, 9/27/39, 10/9/39, 11/4/39, 1/30/40, 1/15/41. Statistics: 1/1/37 – 11/30/37, 1/7/38. 1933 – 1937, Feb. 1938, 4/12/38. 1933 – 1939, 11/29/39, 3/30/40(2). 1933 – 1940, 1/16/41, Feb. 1941. Reports: Five Years Jewish Emigration from Germany and the Haavara Transfer 1933 – 1938, W. Feilchenfeld. The German Aliyah 1939, in German and Hebrew; English summary, 8/8/39. Palestine and Jewish Emigration from Germany, 1939. Also see: Reichsvertretung, File 644. Correspondence: O.E. d’Avigdor Goldsmid, J.C. Hyman, H. Katzki, B. Kahn, M.A. Leavitt, M.C. Troper, C. Weizmann, S.S. Wise.
File 679: Germany: Subject Matter, Emigration, Palestine, Illegal Immigration, 1939-1940 (Aug.)
Reports and memos on illegal immigration: 6/15/39, 7/24/39, 8/22/39, 10/9/39(2), 1/25/40, 1/30/40(2), 2/8/40, 2/14/40, 2/19/40(2), 2/26/40, 2/27/40 attachment, 5/7/40, 8/30/40. JDC aid for refugees on stranded or shipwrecked vessels: $10,000 for refugees stranded on the Isle of Rhodes, 8/22/39. $10,000 for ships stranded in Rumania, 1/5/40. $55,000 for Kladovo refugees, 5/7/40. For additional materials, see: SS Rim: Italy, File 721; Kladovo: SM Archives, File 31. Correspondence: E. Ben-Horin, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, I. Millstein, J.J. Schwartz, S. Spitzer, B. Storfer, M.C. Troper, M. Ussoskin. Illegal immigration to Palestine, in groups and through private initiative, began in 1936 on the momentum of the Arab attacks on Jewish settlements. It accelerated after the Anschluss and the breakup of Czechoslovakia. During W.W. II it had its up and downs as the fortunes of war shifted. In great part, particularly in the war years, the vessels employed were ancient and decrepit tubs that were lamentably unseaworthy. Gross overcrowding was frequent, and sanctuary and cooking facilities were conspicuous for their scarcity. As a point of policy, the JDC granted no funds for illegal immigration and refused to participate in the planning, 8/11/39, 9/11/39, 10/9/39, 1/23/40 Hyman to Troper, 1/23/40 Hyman to Montor. However, when disaster struck vessels en route to Palestine which were engaged in the traffic, the JDC did provide sizeable allocations for relief aid, in many instances. The major episodes described in these files pertain to: the SS Rim and the Isle of Rhodes 1939 and following, the Kladovo affair 1939 – 1941, the SS Milo, the SS Atlantic and the SS Pacific 1940, the SS Pencho 1940, the SS Salvador 1940, and the internees on the Island of Mauritius 1941 – 1945. The latter group were on the SS Atlantic. The ship was intercepted by the British authorities when it sought to land in Palestine in Nov. 1941. The refugees were interned on the Island of Mauritius and remained there for the duration of the war in harsh circumstances. For materials on the SS Struma 1941, see: File 389. For the SS Rim and the SS Pencho, see: Italy, File 721; for the Kladovo affair; also see: SM Archives, File 31.
File 680: Germany: Subject Matter, Emigration, Palestine, Illegal Immigration
Reports and memos on illegal immigration: 10/16/40, 10/25/40 and attachment 9/24/40, 10/27/40 attachment to 10/31/40, 11/6/40 and attachments, 11/23/40 – 11/26/40, 12/3/40, 12/4/40(2) Morrissey to Troper, 12/14/40 – 12/16/40, 1/16/41(2), 1/17/41, 1/20/41, 2/6/41 – 2/13/41, 2/18/41 – 2/20/41, 3/25/41, 4/7/41, 4/17/41, 5/13/41. Correspondence: E. Ben-Horin, J. Blum, N. Goldmann, S.B. Jacobson, B. Kahn, M.A. Leavitt, J.J. Schwartz, M.C. Troper. Illegal immigration to Palestine, in groups and through private initiative, began in 1936 on the momentum of the Arab attacks on Jewish settlements. It accelerated after the Anschluss and the breakup of Czechoslovakia. During W.W. II it had its up and downs as the fortunes of war shifted. In great part, particularly in the war years, the vessels employed were ancient and decrepit tubs that were lamentably unseaworthy. Gross overcrowding was frequent, and sanctuary and cooking facilities were conspicuous for their scarcity. As a point of policy, the JDC granted no funds for illegal immigration and refused to participate in the planning, 8/11/39, 9/11/39, 10/9/39, 1/23/40 Hyman to Troper, 1/23/40 Hyman to Montor. However, when disaster struck vessels en route to Palestine which were engaged in the traffic, the JDC did provide sizeable allocations for relief aid, in many instances. The major episodes described in these files pertain to: the SS Rim and the Isle of Rhodes 1939 and following, the Kladovo affair 1939 – 1941, the SS Milo, the SS Atlantic and the SS Pacific 1940, the SS Pencho 1940, the SS Salvador 1940, and the internees on the Island of Mauritius 1941 – 1945. The latter group were on the SS Atlantic. The ship was intercepted by the British authorities when it sought to land in Palestine in Nov. 1941. The refugees were interned on the Island of Mauritius and remained there for the duration of the war in harsh circumstances. For materials on the SS Struma 1941, see: File 389. For the SS Rim and the SS Pencho, see: Italy, File 721; for the Kladovo affair; also see: SM Archives, File 31.
File 681: Germany: Subject Matter, Emigration, Palestine, Illegal Immigration, 1941 (July) - 1945
Correspondence and memo on illegal immigrants interned on Island of Mauritius: 7/10/41, 9/18/41 and attachments, 10/15/41 and attachments, Interim Report 12/26/40 – 9/30/41, 4/16/42, 6/11/43, 2/5/44, 2/28/44, 3/14/44, 3/17/44, 4/3/44 – 4/19/44, 5/11/44 and attachments, 5/30/44 – 8/22/44, 9/6/44 – 9/15/44, Interim Report 10/1/43 – 9/30/44, 10/12/44, 10/17/44 – 11/27/44. Reports and memos on other illegal immigrants: 8/1/41, 9/10/41, 12/18/42. Correspondence: H.K. Buchman, M.A. Leavitt, J. Meyer, J.J. Schwartz, M. Stephany. Illegal immigration to Palestine, in groups and through private initiative, began in 1936 on the momentum of the Arab attacks on Jewish settlements. It accelerated after the Anschluss and the breakup of Czechoslovakia. During W.W. II it had its up and downs as the fortunes of war shifted. In great part, particularly in the war years, the vessels employed were ancient and decrepit tubs that were lamentably unseaworthy. Gross overcrowding was frequent, and sanctuary and cooking facilities were conspicuous for their scarcity. As a point of policy, the JDC granted no funds for illegal immigration and refused to participate in the planning, 8/11/39, 9/11/39, 10/9/39, 1/23/40 Hyman to Troper, 1/23/40 Hyman to Montor. However, when disaster struck vessels en route to Palestine which were engaged in the traffic, the JDC did provide sizeable allocations for relief aid, in many instances. The major episodes described in these files pertain to: the SS Rim and the Isle of Rhodes 1939 and following, the Kladovo affair 1939 – 1941, the SS Milo, the SS Atlantic and the SS Pacific 1940, the SS Pencho 1940, the SS Salvador 1940, and the internees on the Island of Mauritius 1941 – 1945. The latter group were on the SS Atlantic. The ship was intercepted by the British authorities when it sought to land in Palestine in Nov. 1941. The refugees were interned on the Island of Mauritius and remained there for the duration of the war in harsh circumstances. For materials on the SS Struma 1941, see: File 389. For the SS Rim and the SS Pencho, see: Italy, File 721; for the Kladovo affair; also see: SM Archives, File 31.
File 682: Germany: Subject Matter, Emigration, Palestine, Youth Aliyah
General status: 3/16/36, 3/19/36, 2/27/37, 4/20/38 – 5/5/38, 6/17/38, 6/20/38, 9/16/38, 1/4/39, 1/17/39, 10/2/39, 1/9/40. Reports: Work of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft fuer Kinder und Jugend Aliyah, Dr. Leo Baeck, undated attachment to 4/23/35. Excerpt from report by B. Kahn on the Jews in Germany, 11/6/35. Publications: Youth Emigration from Germany to Palestine, Report #3, March 1935. Zur eroeffnung der Ludwig Tietz Lehrwerkstaette in Jager, 1937 (July). For other materials 1939 – 1944, see: Palestine, File 770. 1941 – 1945, SM Archives, Files 24-25. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, Leo Baeck, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, J.B. Wise.
File 683: Germany: Subject Matter, Emigration, United States
Between 1933 – 1941, the JDC granted annual allocations to the Reichsvertretung der deutschen Juden and its successor organizations and to the HICEM to aid in the emigration of German Jews from Europe; see above: Z.A., Files 645-651, RJD and RdJD, Files 642-644 and HICEM, Files 674-676. To aid German refugees in the U.S., between 1934 – 1944, the JDC made annual allocations to the NCC, Files 275-293, and to the NRS, Files 300-314. 1933 – 1944: Minutes of Committee on German-Jewish Immigration Policy, 1/26/34, 2/1/34, 3/20/34, 4/4/34, 1/7/36. Tables of annual immigration to the U.S. of German-born Jews 7/1/31 – 6/30/40, attachment (Page 5) to 7/15/41. Tables of annual immigration to the U.S. of Jews (without a country breakdown) 7/1/38-6/30/42, attachment (Page 5) to 12/11/42; 7/1/42 – 6/30/43, 8/24/43. Correspondence: J.C. Hyman, M.J. Kohler, M.A. Leavitt, W. Rosenwald, H. Schocken.
File 684: Germany: Subject Matter, Emigration, Hachscharah
Hachscharah was the training or retraining of perspective young emigrants for settlement in Palestine, in the main. The Zentralausschuss conducted such training programs within Germany (Inlands-Hachscharah) and in other countries (Auslands-Hachscharah). In the wake of the Kristalnacht outbreaks, the management of the program was transferred to London and entrusted to S. Adler-Rudel, at the request of the Reichsvereinigung, see: 4/29/41. Also see: Files 630, 644, 647-50. For materials on Hachscharah programs in individual countries see reports cited above as well as in individual country files. Reports: Hachscharah Outside of Germany, 2/14/36 Training and Retraining Within and Outside of Germany, July 1936. The Year 1939, attachment to 6/27/40 Adler-Rudel to Kahn. Hachscharah Training, 1/16/42. Publications: The Plight of German Jewry and the Great Urge for Readjustment, May 1936. Hilfe und Aufbau, October 1933. Ein Jahr Hilfe und Aufbau, September 1934. 5 Jahre Hilfe u. Aufbau, Nov. 1937. Correspondence: S. Adler-Rudel, B. Kahn, E.M. Morrissey, D.J. Schweitzer, B. Slor, M. Stephany, M.C. Troper.
File 685: Germany: Subject Matter, Medical
The status of the medical practice in Germany of Jewish doctors and dentists, 1936 – 1939.
File 686: Germany: Subject Matter, Reconstruction
Loan Kassas: Correspondence, reports, memos, addenda. The Central Office of the Jewish Loan Kassas in Germany (Zentralstelle fuer juedische Darlehnskassen) was established on 1/12/33 and it granted loans to individuals for constructive purposes. Local offices ranged from 40-65 in number and the funds stemmed from the JDC Recon. Corp., on a matching basis. The loan kassas went into liquidation at the end of 1938, by gov’t fiat, see below: 11/25/38 – 6/8/39. Also see below: Z.A. Annual Reports, Files 647-650 and Reichsvertretung, Annual Reports, File 644. Reports: Economic Structure of the Clientele of the Loan Kassas, Sept.-Oct. 1934 (German). Two Year Activity of Jewish Loan Kassas in Germany 1933 – 1934 (German) and a brief summary in English 2/27/35. Perspective of the General Development of Jewish Loan Kassas in Germany in 1936, Oct. 1936 (German). Reorganization Plan for the Jewish Loan Kassas in Germany, March 1937 (German). Annual Report for 1937 by the Central Office, undated (German). Correspondence: L. Batzner, B. Kahn, M. Kreutzberger, L. Oungre.
File 687: Germany: Subject Matter, Refugees, General, 1933-1938
The data below pertains to German refugees in a number of countries. For German refugees in any single country see the appropriate country listings. For status of Polish refugees from Germany at Zbanczyn, see: Poland, Files 878-879. Status of German refugees: 10/25/33, 11/28/33, 12/1/33, 2/7/34, April (?) 1934 (undated), 5/9/34, 7/27/34, 8/22/34, 10/16/34, 5/11/35, 6/15/35, 12/31/35, Feb. (?) 1936 (undated), 5/11/36, 6/3/36, 1/24/37, 1/28/37(2), 3/3/37, 3/14/37, 4/30/37, 1/13/38. Reports: Jewish Refugees from Germany, Report on the Activities of the AJDC, 11/21/35. Survey of Overseas Countries into which Jews from Germany have Immigrated during the Last Five Years, June 1938. Also see above: File 628 and a report by B. Kahn, 11/14/34 attachment to 11/21/34. Publications: The Wandering Jew Whither Goes He, B. Kahn, 1/5/35. Aid to Refugees from Germany, JDC Annual Report 1935, Oct. 1936. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, N. Bentwich, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, M. Kreutzberger, A.A. Landesco, E.M. Morrissey, M. Warburg.
File 688: Germany: Subject Matter, Refugees, General, 1939-1942
The data below pertains to German refugees in a number of countries. For German refugees in any single country see the appropriate country listings. For status of Polish refugees from Germany at Zbanczyn, see: Poland, Files 878-879. Status of German refugees: 3/31/39, 5/17/39, 6/8/39, 7/5/39, 9/21/39, 3/1/40. Statistical data: 4/25/39, 5/31/39 attachment to 6/12/39, 10/11/39, 10/30/39, 12/31/39, 4/1/40, 4/13/40, 5/7/42. Correspondence: N. Bentwich, J.C. Hyman, H. Katzki, J.J. Schwartz, G.V. Tijn, M.C. Troper.
Record Group 4.24: Greece
File 689: Greece, General
Status of German refugees, 7/5/39. Reports on happenings in Greece, 2/10/44, 4/27/44 attachment to 10/23/44, 8/16/44. Report: The Rescue of Jews Remaining in Greece, attachment to 8/12/44. Correspondence: H. Hill, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, M.A. Leavitt.
Record Group 4.25: Guatemala
File 690: Guatemala
The Sociedad Israelita agreed to raise locally the funds needed for refugee aid, and to embark on a fund-raising drive on behalf of JDC relief aid in Europe, 8/8/44, 8/17/44, 9/29/44(2). Correspondence: E. Engel, E.W. Heinemann, I.H. Levy, R. Pilpel, L. Rosenthal.
Record Group 4.26: Haiti
File 691: Haiti, 1938-1941 (April)
On the status of refugees in Haiti: 11/5/39, 12/5/39, 12/7/39 attachment to 12/16/39, 6/12/40 attachment to 6/18/40-6/24/40, 8/2/40, 10/7/40, 3/4/41, 4/11/41, 4/16/41. Reports: W.A. Frey 10/8/39, W.J. Friedman 10/30/39. Fin. and Statistical Reports: Quarterly, Oct.-Dec. 1939; Monthly, Jan. 1940 – April 1941 (Jan. 1941 missing). Correspondence: F.W. Borchardt, W.A. Frey, J.C. Hyman, L. Koenigsberger, F.L. Mayer, L. Prinz, R. Pilpel, C. Razovsky, R. Schachne, E.J. Sparks, G.L. Warren.
File 692: Haiti, 1941-1942
Inspection trip to Haiti by Manuel Segal: 5/20/41-5/27/41(2), 6/5/41-6/11/41 Siegel – Pilpel, 6/14/41-6/24/41, 6/29/41(2), 6/30/41, 7/3/41. Other materials on the status of refugees in Haiti: 5/2/41, 6/4/41, 7/23/41, 8/9/41, 8/16/41, 12/6/41, 1/8/42, 2/25/42, 3/24/42, 4/24/42, 6/19/42, 7/27/42. Report on the JRC by M. Siegel, 6/10/41, 6/15/41. Fin. and Statistical Reports: Monthly, May 1941-Nov. 1942. Loeb and Troper Field Audits: 1939-1941, 1942. Correspondence: J. Goldstein, M.A. Leavitt, H. Lewinnek, R. Pilpel, M. Siegel.
File 693: Haiti, 1943-1944
On the status of refugees in Haiti: 1/26/43, 2/23/43, 4/14/43, 4/22/43, 6/7/43, 4/15/44, 11/21/44. Fin. and Statistical Reports: Monthly, Jan. 1943-Dec. 1944 (April, June 1943 missing). Correspondence: H.D. Biele, J. Goldstein, C.H. Jordan, H. Lewinnek, J.A. Lowenstein, R. Pilpel, C. Pincherle, N. Reich, L.H. Sobel.
Record Group 4.27: Hawaii
File 694: Hawaii
Emigration: Correspondence: M.A. Leavitt, M.C. LeVine, R. Pilpel, I. Weinstein.
Record Group 4.28: Holland
Series 1: Holland: Administration
File 695: Holland: Administration, General, 1933-1940 (Sept.)
Status of Jewish refugees from Germany: 5/11/36, 10/26/38, 12/26/38, 3/3/39, 7/5/39, 2/14/40. Reports: Work Report of the Jewish Refugee Committee activities, 1/20/34. Fourth Work Rep. of the Comite 4/1/34-10/1/34, 10/31/34. Comite activities Jan.-Feb. 1938, 4/11/38; for the year 1938, 3/3/39. Refugee Problem in Connection with the General Situation in Holland, 2/29/40 and Summary, Feb. 1940. Situation of the Jewish Community in Holland, 9/23/40. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, H. van Boeyen, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, M.A. Leavitt, I. Rosen, M. Stephany, G. van Tijn, M.C. Troper.
File 696: Holland: Administration, General, 1940 Oct. -1944; 1953
Report on Jews in the Economic Life of Holland and in the Liberal Professions according to the census of 12/31/30, Nov. 1940. Status report on Jewish Life in Holland by G. van Tijn, 5/6/41. Statistical Survey for 1939-1940 prepared by the Comite, 4/15/41. correspondence on the transfer of funds, 10/31/40-7/7/41. Statement by the Dutch Prime Minister on the Nazi Persecution of the Dutch Jews, 9/15/42. Some 285 Dutch and German refugees released from concentration camps in exchange for German nationals were interned in the Middle East, 9/17/43, 11/13/43, 3/28/44, 7/11/44, 7/13/44, 7/27/44; also see: File 697. Report, Contribution towards the History of the Jews in Holland 5/10/40 – June 1944 by G. van Tijn, 11/23/44, pp. 116-117. Statements on the Persecution of Dutch Jewry by G. van Tijn, 8/12/44 attachment to 10/7/44, 8/31/44. Statement by David Cohen of his activities in Holland during and after W.W. II, 12/27/53 attachment to 12/30/53. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, H. van Boeyen, D. Cohen, J.C. Hyman, H. Katzki, M.A. Leavitt, J.J. Schwartz, G. van Tijn, M.C. Troper, A. Wiener.
File 697: Holland: Administration, Reports
1. Report on the Conditions of Jewish Social Work in Holland, June 1936. 2. Die Stellung der Juden in hollandischen Wirtschaftsleben und in der freien Berufen, by Eric Rosenberg (undated) Nov. 1940. 3. Contribution towards The History of the Jews in Holland 5/10/40-June 1944, by G. van Tijn, 11/23/44.
File 698: Holland: Administration, Documents by Gertrude van Tijn.
Memoirs, August 1959, pp. 1-193 Supplementary Data to the Memoirs, undated Personal Chronical in Abbreviated Form, 5/5/68
Series 2: Holland: Organizations
The organizations listed in the following files had their seats in Amsterdam, unless noted otherwise.
File 699: Holland: Organizations, Comite voor Bijzondere Joodsche Belangen (Comite), Reports, Monthly, 1935 - 1937
1935 (Mar.-Dec.) 1936 (Jan.-Apr.) 1937 (Jan.-Dec.)
File 700: Holland: Organizations, Comite voor Bijzondere Joodsche Belangen (Comite), Reports, Monthly, 1938 - 1940
1938 (Jan.-Dec.) 1939 (Mar.-Dec.) 1940 (Jan.-Feb.)
File 701: Holland: Organizations, Comite voor Bijzondere Joodsche Belangen (Comite), Reports, Annual, 1934-1938
File 702: Holland: Organizations, Miscellaneous
1. International Jewish Colonization Society, The Hague, 1938-1939, Correspondence: J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, M.J. Karpf, M. Waldman. 2. Jewish Central Information Office, 1934, The Information Office, headed by Dr. Alfred Wiener, was transferred to London in 1939 where it became the nucleus of the Wiener Library. For materials on the Wiener Library, see: 9/20/34, 12/31/34.
Series 3: Holland: Subject Matter
Deportations, See: File 697.3, Report by G. van Tijn, 11/23/44.
File 703: Holland: Subject Matter, Miscellaneous
1. Children, 1938-1943: For additional materials, see: German Jewish Children’s Aid, Files 233-239. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, B. Kahn, H. Katzki, E.M. Morrissey, C. Razovsky, G.v. Tijn, M.C. Troper. 2. Concentration Camps, 1933 – 1944: Vught, 1942-1944 – Report by G. van Tijn, 8/31/44, Page 2. Also see: File 697.3, Report by G. van Tijn, 11/23/44, pp. 72-74. Westerbork, 1940-1945; 1953 – Report on Westerbork, by Israel Taubes, 3/15/45. Statement by Dr. David Cohen upon his role in Holland during the war years, 12/30/53. Also see: File 697.3, Report by G. van Tijn, 11/23/44, pp. 49-51, 75-91. Correspondence: B. Kahn, H. Katzki, M.A. Leavitt, J.W. Prins, G.V. Tijn. 3. Loan Fund, 1935: Correspondence: B. Kahn, G.V. Tijn. 4. Wieringen Agricultural Training School, 1934-1941; 1968; 1982: The Wieringer Werkdorf, an agricultural training school, was opened in 1934 by the Foundation of Jewish Labor (Stichting Joodsche Arbeit) to prepare Jewish refugees from Germany coming to Holland for emigration to other countries. It carried on its functions until the Nazi authorities closed it in 1943. Reports: B. Kahn, April 1936; G.v. Tijn, 5/6/41, 9/21/68; AJR Info., Jan. 1982; also see: File 697.3, Contribution Towards the History of the Jews in Holland, 11/23/44, pp. 15-17. Correspondence: I. Rosen, G.v. Tijn, J.v. Tijn, M.C. Troper.
File 704: Holland: Subject Matter, Emigration
The Dutch Jews, as Dutch citizens, were legally eligible to emigrate to any Dutch possession. Those possessions were all in the tropics. German refugees seeking admission to those territories were subject to the restrictions imposed on all foreigners, and after the war broke out, they were treated as enemy aliens. The materials in the folder below pertain to Dutch Jews in overwhelming degree, and treat of three areas of emigration: Dutch East Indies, Jamaica (as a way station to Surinam) and Surinam (Dutch Guiana). The JDC contributed $80,800 for the maintenance in Surinam of Dutch Jews, and some $60,000 for German and Polish refugees. a. Dutch East Indies, 1940-1941: The JDC contributed $10,000, to enable some 90 Dutch refugees to settle in the Dutch East Indies and to the transportation costs of 34 others, 11/29/40, 2/21/41(3), 3/21/41, 8/18/41. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, H.F. Linder, J.J. Schwartz, A. Wiener. b. Jamaica, 1942-1943: Lists of refugee arrivals in Jamaica, 12/6/42, 3/1/43. Status of refugees in Jamaica: 2/12/43, 2/26/43, 1/3/44 and attachments, 2/22/44. Correspondence: C.H. Jordan, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel, B.H. Sajet, D.L. Speiser. c. Surinam, 1940-1949; 1956-1957: Emigration to Surinam: 4/28/42, 5/6/42, 5/21/42, 8/19/42, 9/16/42(2), 10/29/42, 11/25/42, 12/24/42, 12/30/42, 1/25/43, 1/26/43(3), 2/6/43, 2/10/43-2/25/43(2), 3/5/43-3/10/43, 3/26/43, 4/6/43, 4/21/43, 6/10/43, 9/7/43-11/24/43, 12/28/43, 3/24/44, 12/15/44, 1/3/57, 2/6/57. Visit to Surinam 12/26/43-12/28/43 by L.H. Sobel, 12/28/43. Correspondence: S. Dijier, Baron van Harinxma thoe Slooten, J.C. Hyman, F. Kohn, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel, J.W. Prins, B.H. Sajet, J.J. Schwartz, L.H. Sobel, H. Trobe.
Record Group 4.29: Honduras
File 705: Honduras: Refugees, 1939-1942 (June)
Fin. and Statistical Reports: 1/1/39 – 11/30/39; Monthly from Jan. 1940 (missing: Jan. 1940). Correspondence: F.W. Borchardt, A. Gluecksmann, H. Goldmann, R. Katzenstein, H. Katzki, R. Pilpel, S.S. Schacher.
File 706: Honduras: Refugees, 1942 (July) - 1944
Fin. and Statistical Reports, Monthly: July 1942-Nov. 1944 (missing: April 1943). Correspondence: H. Goldmann, R. Pilpel, S.S. Schacher.
Record Group 4.30: Hungary
Series 1: Hungary: Administration
File 707: Hungary: Administration, General, 1936-1940
The Central Jewish Committee for welfare aid was established in Budapest, 1/25/39 attachment to 1/27/39, 2/11/39, 4/7/39. JDC allocations for refugee aid: 6/19/39, 7/6/39, 7/13/39, 8/14/39, 9/18/39, 10/16/39, 4/28/40-4/30/40, 10/8/40, 11/18/40(2). Status of Jews in Hungary: 3/17/39 and attachments, 5/3/39, 5/8/39, 10/3/39 – 10/10/39, 1/26/40. Correspondence: H.K. Buchman, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, M.A. Leavitt, L. Rittenberg, J.J. Schwartz, M.C. Troper, M. Ussoskin.
File 708: Hungary: Administration, General, 1941-1944
JDC allocations for refugee aid: 2/17/41, 7/23/41. Reports on the Situation of the Jews: 6/13/44 by Josef Blum, 9/29/44 by Raoul Wallenberg, 10/18/44 on Jewish children, Nov. 1944 attachment to 12/15/44 digest of various IRC reports. Correspondence: J. Blum, A. Eppler, J.W. Pehle, J.J. Schwartz, R. Wallenberg.
Series 2: Hungary: Subject Matter
Child Care See below: Emigration, File 710a, 9/2/42 – 10/27/42.
File 709: Hungary: Subject Matter, Cultural and Religious
a. Beth Jacob Schools, 1940-1941: The 15 B.J. schools in Hungary and their enrollments, 2/28/41. Correspondence: H.K. Buchman, A. Deutsch, M.A. Leavitt. b. Jewish Gymnasium Munkacy, 1939-1941: Correspondence: H.K. Buchman, R. Illes, E.M. Morrissey. c. Rabbinical Seminary of Budapest, 1933-1941: he Seminary was established in 1877 and it is the only Rabbinical Seminary in Central and Eastern Europe that survived the Holocaust. It remains in active service to this day. Small JDC allocations for upkeep began in 1922, and continued except for a wartime break until 1950, when the JDC was expelled from the country. Aid began again in 1957 when the JDC was invited to return, and it then continued for Cult. and relig. projects until 1964, in conjunction with the Memorial Foundation for Jewish Culture. From 1965 to date, the Memorial Foundation has granted annual allocations. For materials in earlier years, see: Archives, 1921-1932, File 213a. Correspondence: L. Blau, H.K. Buchman, M. Guttmann, Wm. Hausbrunner, J.C. Hyman, d. Yeshivot, 1940-1942: A number of yeshivot were aided with small grants for upkeep, at one time or another. Correspondence: H.K. Buchman, H. Friedman, S. Fruchter, F. Grubel, S. Wiesner.
File 710: Hungary: Subject Matter, Emigration and Loan Funds
a. Emigration, General, 1939-1944: Emigration of Hungarian refugees Jan. 1939-Feb. 1942, by months, undated. Aliyah of 270 refugee children from Hungary and Rumania, 9/2/42 – 10/27/42. Correspondence: H.K. Buchman, J.C. Hyman, J.J. Schwartz, J.J. Smertenko, M.C. Troper. b. Loan Funds, 1933 – 1944: The JDC Foundation granted funds over the years in aid of the Hungarian loan kassas. Reports and Memos: 6/12/39, 1/26/40(2), 10/11/40. Correspondence: B. Kahn, M. Ussoskin.
Record Group 4.31: India
File 711: India, General
Annual Report for 1939 by the Jewish Relief Association of Bombay, 2/17/40. Reports by the Chairman and Secretary of the Association presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association, 3/5/40. Correspondence: M.A. Leavitt, J.J. Schwartz, H. Viteles.
Record Group 4.32: Iran
File 712: Iran, General
Status of Jewish Refugees in Teheran: 6/18/42, 9/13/42, 9/24/42 attachment to 11/16/42, 9/30/42, 10/19/42, 12/1/42, 12/10/42, 12/15/42, 1/13/43, 3/29/43, 7/29/43, 3/23/44. The movement of Bukhara Jews from Iran to Palestine: 12/9/43, 12/11/43, 1/6/44, 3/13/44-3/22/44, 5/1/44, 8/25/44, 9/3/44, 12/15/44. JDC aid to the Alliance School: 6/2/43, 6/23/43, 8/22/43, 9/2/43, 11/24/43, 5/1/44, 5/4/44, 3/28/44, 10/26/44. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, H.K. Buchman, D.B. Hurwitz, J.C. Hyman, M.A. Leavitt, J.L. Magnus, J.J. Schwartz, Lawrence A. Steinhardt, H. Viteles.
File 713: Iran, Viteles Report
Harry Viteles report of his Visit to Teheran 11/11/42 – 12/2/42, plus three duplicate copies.
Record Group 4.33: Iraq
File 714: Iraq, General
Proposal for the settlement of German refugees in Iraq, 5/5/38, 5/15/38. The JDC Recon. Foundation offered a $60,000 loan to serve as a revolving loan fund for the use of artisans and tradesmen, 9/3/41(2), 11/17/41, 12/18/41. The Jewish community made a fin. settlement with the Iraq Gov’t authorities and the loan fund was no longer needed, 1/23/42, 2/16/42, 4/7/42, 4/13/42, 12/18/42. The JDC allocated $10,000 for emigration aid from Iraq to Palestine, 9/22/43, 9/29/43. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, B. Kahn, A.A. Landesco, J.L. Magnes, H. Viteles.
Record Group 4.34: Italy
Series 1: Italy: Administration
File 715: Italy: Administration, General, 1938 - 1941
The Italian Gov’t demanded that Jews of foreign nationality leave the country by 3/11/39, 9/8/38 – 12/2/38. About two-thirds left by the deadline date, and the others remained behind, 3/20/39, 8/15/39 attachment to 8/18/39. Reports on the Situation of Jews in Italy: Charles C. Gray, 11/30/38; Anonymous, Dec. 1938, Boris Smolar, 1/6/39 attachment to 1/10/39 and Resume attachment to 1/22/39; Sir Andrew McFadyean, 1/25/39 attachment to 2/22/39; Cecil Roth, 1/31/39; L.V. Valobra, Feb. 1940. Other Reports: Comitato Assistenza per gli Ebrei in Italia, 3/4/39; DELASEM, Emigrazione Dall’Italia di Ebrei Stranieri 6/1/40 – 11/30/40. Also see: SM Archives, File 47. Correspondence: A.R. Alter, A.R. Ascoli, G. Castelbolognesi, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, N. Katz, M.C. Troper, L.V. Valobra, M.C. Waldman.
File 716: Italy: Administration, General, 1943 - 1945; 1961 - 1962
Reports on the Situation of Jews in Italy. P.M. Malin: 2/24/44; M.S. Perlman: 8/18/44; A. Greenleigh: 8/20/44, 9/1/44, 9/22/44 Greenleigh to JDC, 9/25/44, 10/21/44, 11/9/44, 11/11/44; S. Sorani: 7/11/44 attachment to 1/25/62 as Supplement to Hist. of Delasem after 9/8/43 – for that report, see, SM Archives, File 47. Other data on Jews in Italy: 6/7/43, 4/18/44, 6/1/44, 9/1/44(3), 12/13/44. Also see: SM Archives, Files 47-48. Correspondence: H.D. Biele, Albert Einstein, A.D. Greenleigh, J.C. Hyman, M.A. Leavitt, P.M. Malin, Robert D. Murphy, M.S. Perlman, R.B. Resnik, J.J. Schwartz, L.H. Sobel, S. Sorani, H.H. Tittman, A. Treves.
File 717: Italy: Administration, Financial
Delasem, Fin. Statements 1941 – 1944 (July): 9/5/44, 9/25/44. Communities, Fin. and Statistical Reports, 1944. Ancona: Oct. 1944 – Jan. 1945. Bari: July, 8/18/44 attachment to 9/15/44, Aug., Sept., attachment to 11/27/44, Oct. attachment to 3/9/45, Nov., 12/13/44 attachment to 3/6/45, Dec. Naples: Sept., Oct. attachment to 12/18/44, Nov. Perugia: Aug., Sept., Oct. Rome: Aug., Sept., Oct.
Series 2: Italy: Subject Matter
Refugees: For Italian refugees in Switzerland, see: File 720, 10/6/43, and SM Archives, File 50 (1). For Yugoslav refugees in Italy, see: Yugoslavia, File 1,058.b
File 718: Italy: Subject Matter, Refugees, General, 1937 - 1939
Situation of refugees in Italy: 4/15/37, 4/23/37, 5/3/37, 5/10/37, 3/31/38, 9/28/38, 12/2/38, 1/10/39, 2/22/39(2). The Italian Gov’t prescribed that all Jews who entered the country after 1919 must leave by 3/12/39, 9/8/38, 11/22/38, 3/15/39 memo, 3/20/39, 8/15/39 attachment to 8/18/39. Some 120 refugees booked to sail from Trieste on the Italian vessel, SS Saturnia, were stranded when it cancelled its sailing and they were required to book passage on other vessels with dollars; the JDC arranged to provide the necessary funds, 9/6/39 – 9/12/39(2), 9/25/39, 10/4/39, 10/5/39, 10/7/39, 10/14/39, 10/30/39, Oct. 1939 report attachment to 12/15/39, 11/9/39, 11/30/39. For additional materials 1938, 1939, see: EUREXCO, Files 188-191. Also see below: File 719, 2/17/40, 2/23/40, 4/3/40, 6/8/40. Reports on Refugees: A. Chapiro, 3/17/39 and summary 4/6/39; H.D. Froelich, 8/15/39 attachment to 8/18/39; L.V. Valobra, 12/27/39. Fin. Statements: Jewish Refugee Committee Milan: 1937, 12/31/37; 1938, 12/31/38; 1939, Aug. attachment to 10/12/39, Oct. attachment to 10/26/39. Correspondence: G. Castelbolognesi, C.G. Grey, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, H. Katzki, J.J. Schwartz, M.C, Troper, L.V. Valobra.
File 719: Italy: Subject Matter, Refugees, General, 1940 - 1942
Situation of refugees in Italy: 6/12/40, 7/4/40 attachment to 7/22/40 Schwartz to N.Y., 3/31/41 and attachments, 8/21/40, 4/9/42. Reports on Refugees: A.R. Alter, 3/26/40 attachment to 4/9/40; L.V. Valobra, attachment to 9/27/40; report summary on Jewish refugees from Poland in Italy, 4/17/40. Correspondence: P. Baerwald, J.C. Hyman, B. Kahn, H. Katski, B. Long, J.J. Schwartz, G. Treves, L.V. Valobra.
File 720: Italy: Subject Matter, Refugees, General, 1943 - 1945
Situation of refugees in Italy: 6/7/43, 9/11/43, 2/18/44, 5/5/44, 6/1/44, 6/12/44, 6/29/44, 7/18/44, 7/25/44, 8/1/44, 8/18/44, 9/12/44, 12/13/44. Lists of concentration camps in liberated and Nazi occupied Italy, 2/28/45. Ferramonte Camp: 10/31/43 attachment to 11/18/43, 11/30/43 attachment to 3/10/44, 12/18/43, 12/28/43, 1/30/44 attachment to 2/8/44, 2/14/44, 4/20/44, 8/18/44, 10/12/44, 10/20/44 attachment to 10/30/44, 12/13/44. Correspondence: G. Cantoni, A.D. Greenleigh, C.E. Heathcote-Smith, J.C. Hyman, M.A. Leavitt, P.M. Malin, M.S. Perlman, J.J. Schwartz.
File 721: Italy: Subject Matter, Refugees, Island of Rhodes
The materials below pertain to 3 groups of Jews; Inhabitants of the Isle of Rhodes. Rhodes belonged to Turkey until 1923, when it passed under Italian rule. Many natives were Turkish nationals and the Italian Gov’t decreed their expulsion as foreign Jews when it enacted its racial legislation in 1938. See above: File 718, 11/20/38 – 6/14/39. SS Rim. The SS Rim, a small unseaworthy vessel carrying some 770 German refugees, was en route to Palestine on an illegal voyage when it burnt and sank in the harbor of Rhodes. The survivors were interned for weeks in a detention camp on Rhodes, where they received JDC aid, and were then re-embarked on another vessel bound for Palestine. See above: 7/11/39 attachment to 7/21/39 memo, 8/8/39(3), 8/22/39(2). SS Pencho. On 5/16/40, the SS Pencho, a 79 ton coastal tug-boat, sailed from Bratislava, bearing 508 refugees, on an illegal voyage to Palestine. Four months later, the SS Pencho passed thru the Black Sea and into the Aegean Sea. Food, water and fuel were all but exhausted, and the vessel was shipwrecked in a heavy gale, on a rocky uninhabited island. After a week, an Italian naval vessel spotted them and brought them to Rhodes where they were interned. In the spring of 1942, the Italian authorities transferred them to the mainland and interned them at the camp of Ferramonte/Tarsia, where they remained until they were liberated by Allied troops in late 1943. See below: 10/28/40, 10/29/40 Leavitt to Ben Horin, 11/26/40, 12/3/40, 1/22/41, 1/27/41 attachment to 3/17/41, 3/15/41, 4/8/41, 5/6/41, 5/22/41, 6/2/41 attachment to 6/23/41, 7/1/41, 8/8/41, 10/15/41, 10/29/41, 6/12/42, 4/28/44. Correspondence: J.C. Hyman, H. Katzki, L. Lasker, M.A. Leavitt, D. de Sola Pool.
Record Group 4.35: Jamaica
File 722: Jamaica, Refugees
Lists of interned refugees, 9/8/32, 11/5/32. Correspondence: O.K. Henriques, R. Pilpel, M. Stewart.
Record Group 4.36: Japan
File 723: Japan: Emigration, 1939 - 1941 (March)
On the situation of the refugees: 12/11/39(2), 1/10/40, 7/11/40, 8/22/40, 9/8/40, 12/3/40, 1/13/41, 1/16/41, 1/27/41, 1/28/41(3), 2/13/41, 2/18/41(3) Kobe to JDC, 2/19/41, 2/24/41, 2/28/41, 3/5/41, 3/6/41, 3/7/41 Kahn to Monsky, 3/8/41(7), 3/14/42(2) Kobe to JDC, 3/20/41(2), 3/21/41 P. Baerwald to E. Baerwald, 3/24/41, 3/27/41, 3/28/41 Memo on Emigration from Lithuania to Palestine, 3/29/41. Fin. and Statistical Reports by Kobe Community: March 1941. Correspondence: E. Baerwald, P. Baerwald, M.W. Beckelman, M. Birman, H.K. Buchman, H. Hochheimer, B. Kahn, M.A. Leavitt, S. Meilbergen, A. Ponevejsky, S. Tarschansky.
File 724: Japan: Emigration, 1941 (Apr. - June)
On the situation of the refugees: 4/4/41 memo, 4/7/41 Leavitt to E. Baerwald, 4/9/41 Buchman to Hayes, 4/24/41 Kahn to Tartakower, 4/25/41 Zyngol to JDC, 5/2/41 Leavitt to E. Baerwald, 5/5/41 Baerwald to JDC, 5/18/41, 5/23/41 Kobe to JDC, 6/9/41 Baerwald to Leavitt. Fin. and Statistical reports by the Kobe Community: 1941 – April, May, June; also see tables: 5/5/41, 6/6/41. Correspondence: E. Baerwald, N.W. Beckelman, B. Kahn, M.A. Leavitt, K. Zyngol.
File 725: Japan: Emigration, 1941 (July - Dec.)
On the situation of the refugees: 7/28/41, 8/12/41 Meibergen to JDC, 8/25/41 Leavitt to Mayerson, 8/27/41 Leavitt to Veret, 10/24/41, 11/3/41 Zien to Hayes. Statements on refugee arrivals and departures: July 1941, 8/1/41; 9/19/41 Tabatchnik to Rosner. Correspondence: W.L. Brand, H.K. Buchman, M.A. Leavitt, R. Pilpel, L. Schupakewitch, Z. Wahrhaftig.
File 726: Japan: Emigration Lists
Lists #1-16 of refugee arrivals in Japan, Nov. 1940 – 5/5/41. Lists of refugee departures from Japan, April – July 1941.
File 727: Japan: Yeshivah and Rabbinical Groups
Summary of Meeting at JDC N.Y. to consider the situation of 450 rabbinical students and rabbis in Japan, 8/29/41, Also see: Lithuania, Files 738 – 739. Correspondence: M.W. Beckelman, H.K. Buchman, M.A. Leavitt.